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*[http://link.library.utoronto.ca/reed/venue.cfm?VenueListID=35 Atherton Hall on the ''Patrons and Performances Web Site'']
*[http://link.library.utoronto.ca/reed/venue.cfm?VenueListID=35 Atherton Hall on the ''Patrons and Performances Web Site'']
*[http://www.Atherton.towntalk.co.uk Atherton.towntalk.co.uk Community Guide]



{{Greater Manchester}}
{{Greater Manchester}}

Revision as of 14:57, 27 September 2009

Atherton
Atherton's Market Street
Population20,302 
OS grid referenceSD672030
Metropolitan borough
Metropolitan county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townMANCHESTER
Postcode districtM46
Dialling code01942
PoliceGreater Manchester
FireGreater Manchester
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Greater Manchester

Atherton is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England. Historically within Lancashire, Atherton one of the six vills or townships that made up the ancient parish of Leigh.[1] Atherton is built on and around seven brooks.

It has an industrial past with a history of coal mines, cotton mills, and nail manufacture. An early 20th century description says it was the centre of a district of collieries, cotton-mills, and iron-works, which cover the surface of the country with their inartistic buildings and surroundings, and are linked together by the equally unlovely dwellings of the people.[2]

For about three hundred years Atherton was referred to as Chowbent which was frequently shortened to Bent, the town's old nickname. The town's population according to the 2001 census was 20,302.[3]

History

Toponymy

Atherton has been recorded as Aderton in 1212 and 1242, and Atherton in 1259.[2] There are differing opinions as to the derivation of the name. One is the farmstead or village of a man named Aethelhere, Old English personal name and the suffix tun, meaning a farmstead;[4] another is adre, Saxon for little brook with the suffix tun.[5] Either is possible as Atherton is bounded by brooks to the west and south, and crossed by several others. The western boundary is Hindsford Brook which was originally named Goderic Brook after a Saxon saint.[6]

The Chow – also recorded as Chew, Cholle, and Chowl – family were tenants of the Athertons living at the valley by Chanters Brook. This part of the township became known as Chow's Bent but the meaning of Bent has been lost, perhaps a bend or slope. It was first referred to in the 14th century as Chollebynt or Shollebent.[2][7] Chowbent, or even Bent, was the name given to the built up part of Atherton from the mid 1600s for at least 300 years.[8] As the population grew, the resulting town was called Atherton, although the names Chowbent or Bent are still sometimes used by locals.

Early history

Romano-British coins and evidence of a Roman road and Bronze Age settlement have been found in the Atherton area.[9] The Roman Road between Manchester and Wigan is shown quite prominently on the 1849 6” OS map crossing Miller's Lane at 90 degrees about half way down. [10]

Manor

The manor of Atherton was held by the Atherton family from the de Botelers, whose chief manor was at Warrington.[2] William and Nicholas Atherton served in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.[11] The manor house, Atherton Hall, was situated towards the south of the ancient township. Saxton's map shows that there was a deer park here in the time of Elizabeth I.[2] [12] This portion of Atherton was incorporated into Leigh in 1894.[13] The Atherton family had a long association with the township until the death of Richard Atherton in 1726 when the estate passed to the Powys family by marriage.[14] "Mad" Richard Atherton, the last direct male descendant of the Athertons, died in 1726 aged 26 but is remembered for two events, the first being that he expelled the congregation from the first Chowbent Chapel in 1721.[15] He also rebuilt Atherton Hall on a very grand scale to designs by architect William Wakefield. Work started in 1723 and wasn't finished until 1743.[16] Thomas Powys, son of Henrietta Maria Atherton and Thomas Powys, was enobled by Pitt in 1797 and he took the title of Baron Lilford. He died in 1800. Atherton Hall was demolished in 1824 when Lord Lilford found it too expensive to keep.[17] When part of Atherton were incorporated into the borough of Leigh in the 1890s, the grounds of Atherton Hall became Lilford Park, one of Leigh's public parks. The long avenue from the Hall to Leigh Parish Church is now The Avenue, Leigh, and the land closest to Leigh is built on and occupied by many house.

Two battles

In 1642 men of Chowbent were on their way to Leigh Church when word came that Lord Derby's troops were marching through Leigh probably on route for Manchester. The men of Chowbent armed themselves and drove the Earl's men back to Lowton Common, killing some, wounding others and taking prisoner about 200 men. "....we are all upon our guard, and the Naylors of Chowbent, instead of making Nayles, have busied themselves making Bills and Battle Axes." (Civil War tracts of Lancashire, Chetham Society Series, vol II)[18]

James Wood was the son of minister James Wood of the Old Bent Chapel and became minister there himself in 1695.[19] In 1715, during the Jacobite Uprising the supporters of the Old Pretender were marching on Preston. General Charles Wills sent a letter to Minister Wood of Chowbent asking him to raise a force to be at Cuerden Green on the the following day, 12th November.[20] Minister Wood led a force of Chowbent men who were given the job of guarding the bridges at Walton and a ford at Penwortham which they defended successfully. The Highlanders were routed and for his efforts Parson Wood was given £100 annuity by Parliament.[21] James Wood was given the title "The General" by his Chowbent congregation.

Industrial history

This area and neighbouring Shakerley was long associated with coal mining and nail manufacture. Alexander Naylor was taxed on his goods in 1332, showing the industry was present for at least 600 years. Outcrops of coal were the reason for the location of this industry. Iron was brought from Derbyshire, Yorkshire and even Spain. A variety of nails were made, lath nails, slate nails, thatching nails and sparrowbills. The nail smithies would also have manufactured ploughs and scythes. The products of the smithies were taken by pack horse to be sold in Manchester, Denbigh, Clitheroe and Kendal.[22] The nail industry in Atherton developed into the making of nuts and bolts. Thomas Blakemore was the first in 1843 by 1853 there were eight makers of nuts and bolts in the town including James Prestwick and Robert Parker.[23] Some of the manufacturers of nuts and bolts also made spindles and flyers for spinning machinery. [2]

Coal had been mined for several hundred years in numerous shallow shafts and adits but took on greater importance when in 1776 Robert Vernon Atherton leased the Atherton coal rights to Thomas Guest from Leigh and John Fletcher from Bolton.[24] In 1845 the era of deep mining arrived in Atherton with the sinking of Fletcher's Lover's Lane pit at Howe Bridge which closed in 1898. The Crombouke Day-Eye, a drift mine accessing the shallow Brassy and Crombouke Mines, opened in 1870 and closed in 1907. (A coal seam was referred to as a "mine" in this part of Lancashire) By the early 1870s Howe Bridge Colliery, the biggest of the three Howe Bridge pits was sunk to the Black & White, or Seven Foot Mine. This pit lasted until 1959.[25][26] Gibfield Colliery was working in 1829, coal was mined from the Trencherbone locally the Five Foot) Mine alongside the Bolton and Leigh Railway.[27] 40 years later a shaft was sunk to Arley Mine at 1169ft depth. The pit closed in 1963. In September 1913 the first pit head baths at any colliery in the country were opened at Gibfield. Chanters Colliery was in Hindsford where in 1854 shafts were sunk 1120 feet to the Trencherbone Mine.[28] In the late 1890s shafts were deepened to 1800 feet to reach the Arley Mine. However with the closure of Chanters in 1966, the era of deep coal mining in Atherton came to an end.[29] A Mines Rescue Station was opened in Howe Bridge in 1908 by the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Owners Association.[30]

The cotton mills grew out of a cottage spinning and weaving industry that was prevalent across the district. Fustian was woven and after 1827 silk[2] also was brought from Manchester.[31] In 1938 James Burton owned cotton mills on both sides of the Hindsford Brook including Lodge Mill Hindsford. Dan Lane Spinning and Doubling Mills were built in the 1840s and work lasted until the 1950s.Howe Bridge Spinning Mills, the largest complex in Atherton was started in 1868 and the last mill built in 1919. It closed as a textile factory in early 1999.[32] The mills built in the 20th century were Laburnum Mills, built in 1905 and closed in 1999[33] and the Ena Mill of 1908 which also closed in 1999. The Ena mill is a Grade II listed buildingconverted for other uses.[34] [35]

Governance

Atherton forms an electoral ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan. The ward elects three councillors to the 75-member metropolitan borough council, Wigan's local authority. As of 2009, two ward councillors of Atherton are Independents and one is a member of the Labour Party.[36] Historically, Atherton formed part of the hundred of West Derby, a judicial division of southwest Lancashire. Atherton was one of the six townships or vills that made up the ancient parish of Leigh.[5] The townships existed before the parish. The manor of Atherton was held by the Atherton family from the de Botelers, whose chief manor was at Warrington.[2]

Under the terms of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 the townships formed part of the Leigh Poor Law Union which was established on 26 January 1837 comprising an area covering the whole of the ancient parish of Leigh and part of Winwick. There were workhouses in existence in Pennington, Culcheth, Tyldesley,Lowton and Hag Fold in Atherton but a central workhouse at Atherleigh replaced these in the 1850s.[37] In 1863 the Local Government Act 1858 was adopted for the township of Atherton, meaning it was governed by a local board of health, a type of regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation in the township. In 1894 part of the township was added to Leigh Urban District; the remainder became Atherton Urban District. The urban district was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, when the area became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, a local government district of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. [38]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester


Atherton which includes the neighbourhoods of Hindsford to the south east, Howe Bridge in the south west and Hag Fold in the north is generally low lying. The soil is clay overlying coal measures in much of the township.[2] The southwest of the town is 100 feet above sea level and this rises to 250 feet in the north.[2] Atherton's seven brooks are the Shakerley Brook which forms the western boundary with Tyldesley, Chanters Brook in the valley, Knight's Brook (Bag Lane), Colliers Brook, Small Brook the boundary with Westleigh, Westhoughton Brook, the boundary with Daisy Hill, and Red Waters Brook.[39] The town is situated on the old high road, now the A579 from Bolton to Leigh and there are roads to Tyldesley and Wigan, the A572.

Atherton has a small pedestrian shopping centre, with small independent traders.

Demography

Atherton Compared
2001 Census Atherton Wigan MB GM Urban Area England
Total population 20,302 301,415 2,240,230 49,138,831
White 98.5% 98.7% 90.3% 90.9%
Asian 0.5% 0.4% 6.2% 4.6%
Black 0.2% 0.2% 1.3% 2.3%
Source: Office for National Statistics[40][41]

At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, according to the Office for National Statistics, the Urban Subdivision of Atherton[42] was part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area and had a total resident population of 20,302, of which 9,908 (48.8%) were male and 10,394 (51.2%) were female. The settlement occupied 429 hectares, compared with 431 in the 1991 census. Its population density was 47.32 people per hectare compared with an average of 40.20 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.[43] The median age of the population was 40, compared with 36 within the Greater Manchester Urban Area and 37 across England and Wales.[44]

The majority of the population of Atherton were born in England (96.29%); 1.56% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 0.89% within the rest of the European Union, and 1.26% elsewhere in the world.[45]

Data on religious beliefs across the town in the 2001 census show that 86.6% declared themselves to be Christian, 7.2% said they held no religion, and 0.3% reported themselves as Hindu.[46]

The northern part of Atherton is within the Bolton Travel to Work Area, whilst the southern part is within the Manchester TTWA.[47] The entire town is within the Manchester Larger Urban Zone.[48]

At the time of the 2001 Census, there were 8,755 people (43.1%) in employment who were resident within Atherton. Of these, 19.65% worked within the wholsesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 19.28% worked within manufacturing industry; and 10.27% worked within the health and social work sector.[49]

Population change

Population growth in Atherton from 1777–2001
Year 1777 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891
Population 2,200 3,249 3,894 4,145 4,181 4,475 4,659 5,907 7,531 12,602 15,833
Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 16,211 18,982 19,856 19,989 20,098 20,596 19,756 no data 22,032 21,696 20,302

Parish 1777-1861[50][51]  • Township 1871-1891[52]  • Urban District 1901-1961[53]  • Urban Subdivision 1981-2001 [54][55][3]

Landmarks

There are some fine examples of historic buildings in and around Atherton mostly, but not all, in the area referred to as Chowbent including the 17th century Alder House,[56] Chowbent Chapel[57], Chanters Farmhouse [58] and St John's Church (1879)[59]. All are listed buildings.

In Howe Bridge between 1873 and 1875, mineowners Fletcher Burrows built a small model village comprising cottages, shops, Atherton Collieries Village Club and a bath house for their employees. This Victorian village on either side of Leigh Road[60][61], together with St Michael and All Angel's Church[62] is a conservation area.[63]

Transport

The Bolton to Leigh road was made a turnpike in about 1770, there was a toll gate on the Atherton boundary on Bolton Road.[64]

In 1825 The Bolton and Leigh Railway received Royal Assent and the single track railway was opened in 1828 bringing the railway to the western side of the township where it was close to the coal mines at Howe Bridge and Gibfield. There was a station at Atherton Bag Lane and[65] one further south at Atherleigh[66] This line was connected to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway by the Kenyon and Leigh Junction Railway in 1831. It was also connected to the Tyldesley-Wigan line in 1883 and a station on the Tyldesley-Wigan line opened at Chowbent, renamed Howe Bridge in 1901.[67] The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's line from Manchester to Southport passed to the north of Atherton and Atherton Central Station was opened in 1887-88. It remains open.[68]

In 1900, a Bill authorising the South Lancashire Tramways Company to construct over 62 miles (100 km) of tramway in southern Lancashire was given Royal Assent.[69] However, by November 1900 the South Lancashire Electric Traction and Power Company had acquired the shares. The first section of tramway opened on 20 October 1902 between Lowton and Four Lanes Ends via Leigh and Atherton. This company got into financial difficulty and in turn became Lancashire United Tramways later Lancashire United Transport. LUT had its headquarters and a large depot in Atheron.On 16th December 1933, the last tram service ran from Leigh to Four Lane Ends. The following day trolleybuses took over.[70].

Today there are public transport links: by rail links to Wigan and Manchester, and by bus to Bolton, Leigh, Wigan, St Helens, Manchester, the Trafford Centre and Middlebrook Retail and Leisure Complex.

Education

Further information: List of schools in Wigan

The oldest school in Atherton was Chowbent Grammar School founded before 1654 [2]and followed by Chowbent Chapel School in 1734. Lane Top National School opened in 1840 and Chowbent Unitarian School and Hindsford St Anne's in 1860. Howe Bridge School opened in 1869 and St Phillip's a year later. An undenominational School in Lee Street opened in 1871 followed by St George's and Sacred Heart School in Hindsford in 1873. In the 1890's the Technical School originally opened as a school for Science and Art and in 1891 St Richard's and 1893 Flapper Fold Higher Grade Schools opened. Green Hall Special School opened in 1957 and a new infant school was opened on Lodge Lane for Sacred Heart. Hesketh Fletcher Senior School opened in 1967.[71]

Religion

St John's parish church, Atherton
See also: List of churches in Greater Manchester

There have been three chapels or churches on the site of the Parish Church of St. John the Baptist. A chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist at Chowbent was built in 1645 by John Atherton. It is sometimes referred to as the Old Bent Chapel. [72] It wasn't consecrated and was used by the Presbyterians.[2] In 1721 Richard Atherton expelled the dissenters and it was consecrated in 1723 by the bishop of Sodor and Man. A new chapel on the site was consecrated by the bishop of Chester in 1814. The present church was consecrated in 1879.[2]The outside of the church, designed by Austin and Paley, is Runcorn Stone, the interior, Stourton Stone with a Yorkshire stone floor. It is 60 feet wide, 127 feet long and the 24 feet square tower rises to 120 feet. The fabric of the church has suffered from mining subsidence.

The New Bent or Chowbent Chapel,the earliest Nonconformist chapel in Atherton was built in 1721 and opened in 1722.[73] The chapel was built by the Presbyterian congregation after they were expelled from the first chapel. [2]

St. Anne's at Hindsford was originally a brick building, formerly a barn. In 1901 a church designed by Austin and Paley was built on Tyldesley Road. [2]It has since closed and been converted to residential use. St. Michael and All Angels at Howe Bridge was built in 1877. [2] There are chapels of the Wesleyan, Baptist, Independent Methodist, and Primitive Methodist denominations and a Congregational church at Howe Bridge was opened in 1904.[2] Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church opened in Hindsford in 1874 serving the growing Roman Catholic population in Hindsford and Tyldesley.

Culture

In 1850 Atherton Botanical Garden Club was formed, rambles on Chat Moss, lectures and study groups were organised. It remains open as a social club.[74] A public library was opened in 1905 with an Andrew Carnegie grant.[75] Before this opened Bent Chapel had a library in the Chowbent School and donated 4,000 books to the new town library.[76] A public park of 10 acres was made in 1912, this was Central Park. Other parks were later provided in Lodge Lane, Hindsford and Devonshire Place. The Urban District Council also acquired the Howe Bridge Welfare grounds in 1963.[77] In the early and mid 20th century Atherton had three cinemas, the Gem in Bullough St, the Savoy and the Palace on Market Street.[78] An amateur photographic society was formed in 1938.[79]

Atherton has many pubs along the main street (Market Street. The town is vibrant at night with most people choosing to stay in Atherton, rather than travel to Wigan or Manchester city centre. Formby Hall also plays host to the Bent 'n' Bongs Beer Festival over the last weekend of every January.

Notable residents

There were several ministers of note of Chowbent Chapel including "General" James Wood, 1672 - 1759, who distinguished himself at the Battle of Preston in 1715. Thomas Walker Horsfield[80] (1792-1837) was a historian and topographer. Joseph Nightingale (26 October 1775 – 9 August 1824), born in Chowbent, was a prolific English writer and preacher who subsequently became a Unitarian. Eric Roberts Laithwaite (14 June 1921 – 27 November 1997) was an engineer, principally known for his development of the linear induction motor and Maglev rail system. Chess grandmaster, Nigel Short grew up in Atherton and attended St Philip's School. More recently singer Laura White and Lancashire cricketer Karl Brown also hail from Atherton.

  • Jeffrey Forshaw, physicist

References

  1. ^ "Atherton map". genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Atherton". A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3. British History Online. 1907. pp. 435–439. Retrieved 2009-08-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". National Statistics. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  4. ^ Mills (1998), p.10.
  5. ^ a b Lunn(1971), p.1
  6. ^ Lunn (1971), p.2
  7. ^ Lunn(1971), p.15
  8. ^ Wright (1921), p.10.
  9. ^ Dutton, Dave. "Atherton, Lancashire" (HTTP). Atherton Online. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  10. ^ "Newsletter 71". wiganarchsoc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  11. ^ Lunn(1971), p.9
  12. ^ Christopher Saxton's 1579 map, retrieved 2009-09-16 {{citation}}: Text "freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com" ignored (help)
  13. ^ Lunn(1971), p.195
  14. ^ Lunn(1971), p.2
  15. ^ Lunn(1971), p.99
  16. ^ Atherton Hall, Google Books, retrieved 2009-09-17
  17. ^ Lunn(1971), p.160
  18. ^ Wright (1921), p.27.
  19. ^ Wright (1921), p.21.
  20. ^ Wright (1921), p.28.
  21. ^ Wright (1921), p.31.
  22. ^ Lunn(1971), p.19
  23. ^ Lunn(1971), p.171
  24. ^ Lunn(1971), p.117
  25. ^ Lunn(1971), p.187
  26. ^ Sweeney (1996), p. 38.
  27. ^ Sweeney (1996), p. 33.
  28. ^ Sweeney (1997), p. 328.
  29. ^ Lunn(1971), p.205
  30. ^ Howe Bridge Mines Rescue, colsal.org.uk, retrieved 2009-09-14
  31. ^ Holcroft (1998), p. 10.
  32. ^ Lunn (1971), p. 180.
  33. ^ Lunn (1971), p. 199.
  34. ^ Ena Mill, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  35. ^ Lunn (1971), p. 199.
  36. ^ Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council. "Councillor & Committee Details". wigan.gov.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
  37. ^ "Leigh". workhouses.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
  38. ^ "A select gazetteer of local government areas, Greater Manchester County". Greater Manchester County Record Office. 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  39. ^ Lunn(1971), p.2
  40. ^ KS06 Ethnic Group: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-02-16
  41. ^ KS06 Ethnic group: Key Statistics for urban areas, summary results for local authorities, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-02-16
  42. ^ D90224 : Greater Manchester Urban Area - Atherton (urban area subdivisions) map, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-09-24
  43. ^ KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-02-16
  44. ^ KS02 Age Structure: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-02-16
  45. ^ KS05 Country of Birth: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-02-16
  46. ^ KS07 Religion: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-02-16
  47. ^ Travel to Work Areas, Office for National Statistics, retrieved 2008-09-24
  48. ^ Towards a Common Standard (PDF), Greater London Authority, p. 29, retrieved 2008-10-05
  49. ^ KS11a Industry of Employment: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, National Statistics, retrieved 2009-02-16
  50. ^ "Atherton, Lancashire History". Dave Dutton. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
  51. ^ Lunn, John (1971), Atherton Lancashire, A manorial social and industrial history, Atherton UDC, p. 229
  52. ^ "Atherton Ch/CP". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  53. ^ "Atherton UD". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
  54. ^ 1981 Key Statistics for Urban Areas GB Table 1, Office for National Statistics, 1981
  55. ^ {{cite web |url="Greater Manchester Urban Area 1991 Census". National Statistics. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  56. ^ Alder House, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  57. ^ Chowbent Chapel, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  58. ^ Chanters Farmhouse, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  59. ^ Atherton St John the Baptist, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  60. ^ Leigh Rd Howe Bridge south side, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  61. ^ Leigh Rd Howe Bridge north side, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  62. ^ St Michael and all Angels, Images of England, retrieved 2009-09-14
  63. ^ Howe Bridge Conservation Area (PDF), Wigan MBC, retrieved 2009-09-16
  64. ^ Lunn(1971), p.119
  65. ^ Bag Lane Station, Subterranea Britannica, retrieved 2009-09-15
  66. ^ Sweeney (1996), p.8.
  67. ^ Sweeney (1996), p.8.
  68. ^ "Monument no. 499048". Pastscape.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
  69. ^ "History". lancashireunited.org.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  70. ^ LUT, lancashireunited.org.uk, retrieved 2009-08-31
  71. ^ Lunn(1971), Appendix 24
  72. ^ Wright (1921), p.37.
  73. ^ Wright (1921), p.37.
  74. ^ Lunn(1971), p.176
  75. ^ Lunn(1971), p.199
  76. ^ Wright(1921), p.93
  77. ^ Lunn(1971), p.200
  78. ^ Lunn(1971), p.198
  79. ^ Atherton & District Amateur Photographic Society, adaps.org., retrieved 2009-09-24
  80. ^ Thomas Walker Horsfield, The Weald.org, retrieved 2009-09-20

Bibliography


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