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Bee hummingbird

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Not to be confused with bumblebee hummingbird.

Bee hummingbird
Male in flight
Female in flight
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Mellisuga
Species:
M. helenae
Binomial name
Mellisuga helenae
(Lembeye, 1850)

The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird, native to the island of Cuba in the Caribbean. It is the smallest known bird.[3][4] The bee hummingbird feeds on nectar of flowers and bugs found in Cuba.[5]

Description

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The bee hummingbird is the smallest living bird.[3][4] Females weigh 2.6 g (0.092 oz) and are 6.1 cm (2+3⁄8 in) long, and are slightly larger than males, which have an average weight of 1.95 g (0.069 oz) and length of 5.5 cm (2+1⁄8 in).[3] Like all hummingbirds, it is a swift, strong flier.

The male has a green pileum and bright red throat, iridescent gorget with elongated lateral plumes, bluish upper parts, and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white.[4][5] Compared to other small hummingbirds, which often have a slender appearance, the bee hummingbird looks rounded and plump.[5]

Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside.[5] The tips of their tail feathers have white spots. During the mating season, males have a reddish to pink head, chin, and throat. The female lays only two eggs at a time, each about the size of a coffee bean.[4]

The bee hummingbird's feathers have iridescent colors, which is not always noticeable, but depends on the viewing angle. The bird's slender, pointed bill is adapted for probing deep into flowers. The bee hummingbird feeds mainly on nectar, by moving its tongue rapidly in and out of its mouth. In the process of feeding, the bird picks up pollen on its bill and head. When it flies from flower to flower, it transfers the pollen. In this way, it plays an important role in plant reproduction. In one day, the bee hummingbird may visit 1,500 flowers.[6] It is a diurnal bird that can fly at 40–48 km/h (22–26 kn; 11–13 m/s), and it beats its wings 80–200 times per second, which allows it to remain stationary in the air to feed on flowers. The bee hummingbird lives up to seven years in the wild, and 10 years in captivity.[3]

The bee hummingbird has also been described as "the smallest dinosaur".[7] This characterization is based upon the recognition that birds are, in fact, a living form of theropod dinosaurs (or, strictly speaking, avian dinosaurs),[8] and no smaller bird or non-avian dinosaur has been found in the fossil record.[7]

The call is described as "high pitched, jumbled twitter".[9] Within their territory a male will often sing atop the highest tree.[10]

  • Size of M. helenae compared to a human hand
    Size of M. helenae compared to a human hand
  • Adult male, Cuba
    Adult male, Cuba
  • Juvenile male
    Juvenile male

Diet

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Bee hummingbird feeding on Hamelia patens

The bee hummingbird has been reported to visit ten plant species, nine of them native to Cuba.[11]

Plant Name Picture
Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae)
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
Pavonia paludicola (Malvaceae)
Forsteronia corymbosa (Apocynaceae)
Lysiloma latisiliquum (Mimosaceae)
Turnera ulmifolia (Passifloraceae)
Antigonon leptopus (Polygonaceae)
Clerodendrum aculeatum (Verbenaceae)
Tournefortia hirsutissima (Boraginaceae)
Cissus obovata (Vitaceae)

They occasionally eat insects and spiders. In a typical day, bee hummingbirds will consume up to half their body weight in food.[11]

Taxonomy

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The closest evolutionary relative of the bee hummingbird is the vervain hummingbird (Mellisuga minima), the only other member of its genus.[12] The habitats of the vervain hummingbird are in Cuba's neighboring islands, Hispaniola and Jamaica.[12]

Habitat and distribution

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The bee hummingbird is endemic to the entire Cuban archipelago, including the main island of Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud in the West Indies.[3][13] In these regions bee hummingbirds generally live in areas of thick growth that contain lianas and epiphytes.[5] Its population is fragmented; it is found in Cuba's mogote areas in Pinar del Río Province[14] and more commonly in Zapata Swamp (Matanzas Province) and in eastern Cuba, with reference localities in Alexander Humboldt National Park and Baitiquirí Ecological Reserve (Guantánamo Province) and Gibara and Sierra Cristal (Holguín Province).[15]

Breeding

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Side view of the nest

Bee hummingbirds reach sexual maturity at one year of age.[3] Male bee hummingbirds court females with sound from tail-feathers, which flutter during display dives.[16] The bee hummingbird's breeding season is March–June, with the female laying one or two eggs.[17]

Using strands of cobwebs, bark, and lichen, female bee hummingbirds build a cup-shaped nest about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft) off the ground. The nest is lined with a layer of soft plant wool.[18] Branches in mature, leafy jucaro (Terminalia buceras) and juvenile ocuje (Calophyllum antillanum) trees are commonly used for nest building.[citation needed] After completion of the nest, the eggs are incubated for 21 days by only the female, followed by 2 days of hatching, and 18 days of care by the mother. During days of care the mother will hunt for small insects while chicks are left alone in the nest. Over the final 4–5 days of care, juvenile bee hummingbirds practice their flight capabilities. The nests are used only once.[17]

Coevolution with flowers

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The bee hummingbird's interaction with the flowers that supply nectar is a notable example of bird–plant coevolution with its primary food source (flowers for nectar).[4][13] Flowers that bee hummingbirds often feed from are odorless, have long narrow tubular corolla that are brightly colored, and has dilute nectar.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Mellisuga helenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22688214A178593744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22688214A178593744.en. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Glick, Adrienne. "Mellisuga helenae". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e Simon, Matt (10 July 2015). "Absurd Creature of the Week: The World's Tiniest Bird Weighs Less Than a Dime". Wired. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e Chai, Peng; Kirwan, Guy M. (4 March 2020). "Bee Hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae)". In Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). Bee Hummingbird, Mellisuga helenae. Birds of the World, Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.beehum1.01. S2CID 216294824. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  6. ^ Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'. Greenwood Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0313339226.
  7. ^ a b Norell, Mark; Dingus, Lowell; Gaffney, Eugene (1995). Discovering dinosaurs: evolution, extinction, and the lessons of prehistory. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-520-22501-5.
  8. ^ Chiappe, Luis M. (2009). "Downsized Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary Transition to Modern Birds". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 248–256. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4.
  9. ^ "Bee Hummingbird - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  10. ^ Mitchell, Andy; Wells, Lyn (7 April 1997). "The threatened birds of Cuba project report" (PDF). Cotinga (7): 71 – via Neotropical Birding and Conservation.
  11. ^ a b Dalsgaard, Bo (2012). "Floral traits of plants visited by the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae)" (PDF). Ornitologia Neotropical. 23 (1): 143–149. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  12. ^ a b "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List, v14.1. 24 December 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  13. ^ a b Dalsgaard, B; Martín González, A. M.; Olesen, J. M.; Ollerton, J; Timmermann, A; Andersen, L. H.; Tossas, A. G. (2009). "Plant-hummingbird interactions in the West Indies: Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size". Oecologia. 159 (4): 757–66. Bibcode:2009Oecol.159..757D. doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1255-z. PMID 19132403. S2CID 35922888. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  14. ^ Ibarra, Elena (2002). "Bird Surveys In The Mogote Vegetational Complex In The Sierra Del Infierno, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, June 2000". El Pitirre. 15 (1): 7–15. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  15. ^ Navarro, Nils (2015). Endemic Birds of Cuba. A Comprehensive Field Guide. Ediciones Nuevos Mundos. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-9909419-1-0.
  16. ^ Clark, Christopher J.; McGuire, Jimmy A.; Bonaccorso, Elisa; Berv, Jacob S.; Prum, Richard O. (2018). "Complex coevolution of wing, tail, and vocal sounds of courting male bee hummingbirds". Evolution. 72 (3): 630–646. doi:10.1111/evo.13432. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 29380351.
  17. ^ a b Martínez García, Orestes; Bacallao Mesa, Loraiza; Nieves Lorenzo, Elio (1998). "Estudio preliminar de la conducta reproductiva de Mellisuga helenae (Aves, Apodiformes) en condiciones naturales" [Preliminary study on the reproductive behaviour of Mellisuga helenae (Aves, Apodiformes) in natural conditions]. El Pitirre (in Spanish). 11 (Winter): 102–106. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  18. ^ Handbook of the birds of the world. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 1992. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
  19. ^ Bolten, Alan B.; Feinsinger, Peter (1978). "Why Do Hummingbird Flowers Secrete Dilute Nectar?". Biotropica. 10 (4): 307–309. doi:10.2307/2387684. ISSN 0006-3606.
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