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Contempt of parliament

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In countries with a parliamentary system of government, contempt of parliament is the offence of obstructing the legislature in the carrying out of its functions, or in the hindering any legislator in the performance of their duties.

Typology

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The concept is common in countries with a parliamentary system in the Westminster model, or which are derived from or influenced by the Westminster model. The offence is known by various other names in jurisdictions in which the legislature is not called "parliament", most notably contempt of Congress in the United States.[1] Actions that may constitute contempt of Parliament include:

  • deliberately misleading a house of the legislature, or a legislative committee
  • refusing to testify before, or to produce documents to, a house or committee
  • attempting to influence a member of the legislature by bribery or threats

In some jurisdictions, a house of the legislature may declare any act to constitute contempt, and this is not subject to judicial review. In others, contempt of parliament is defined by statute; while the legislature makes the initial decision of whether to punish for contempt, the person or organisation in contempt may appeal to the courts. Some jurisdictions consider contempt of parliament to be a criminal offence.[2]

Australia

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In the Commonwealth of Australia, the Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987 defines contempt of parliament as:

Conduct (including the use of words)... [which] amounts, or is intended or likely to amount, to an improper interference with the free exercise by a House or committee of its authority or functions, or with the free performance by a member of the member's duties as a member.

Contempt decisions by the House of Representatives or the Senate are subject to review by federal courts. This follows after the Browne–Fitzpatrick privilege case, in which Morgan, Fitzpatrick and Frank Browne were denied legal representation, subsequently convicted, and served 90 days each in jail for publishing an allegedly defamatory article against a member of Parliament.

Punishments are limited under the act to (for individuals) a fine of $5,000 and six months' imprisonment, or (for corporations) a fine of $25,000.

In the Senate, allegations of contempt are heard by the Privileges Committee, which decides whether or not contempt was committed, and if so, what punishment is to be imposed. In practice, there have been very few times when a hearing determined that anyone was in contempt, and on no occasions has anyone been punished beyond a warning, with an apology or other appropriate remedial action.

Canada

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Federal level

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See also: Censure § Canada, and Parliamentary privilege § Canada

The power to find a person in contempt of Parliament stemmed from Section 18 of the Constitution Act, 1867 in which "The privileges, immunities, and powers to be held, enjoyed ... shall not confer any privileges, immunities, or powers exceeding those at the passing of such Act held, enjoyed, and exercised by the Commons House of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and by the members thereof."[3]

Regarding the "privileges", there is an important difference between the "individual parliamentary privileges" and "collective parliamentary privileges". This difference is also important in any case of "breach of privilege" as it applies to parliamentary privilege in Canada.

Contempt citation cases for individuals

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Rarely has the Canadian federal parliament invoked its power to find an individual in contempt: There were "contempt citation" cases in 1913,[4] 1976,[4] 2003,[4] 2008[4] and 2011.[5]

The April 10, 2008, case involved Royal Canadian Mounted Police deputy commissioner Barbara George who was cited for contempt for deliberately misleading a parliamentary committee over an income trust scandal. She was ultimately found in contempt but was not punished further than the motion itself.[6]

The March 2011 contempt citation case involved Conservative MP Bev Oda.[5] While she was found to be prima facie in contempt by the speaker, Oda was not formally held in contempt because Parliament was dissolved before a vote could be held on the matter.[7]

Contempt citation cases for governments

On March 9, 2011, Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada Peter Milliken made two contempt of Parliament rulings: The first found that a Conservative Party cabinet minister, Bev Oda, could possibly be in contempt of Parliament.[5] The second ruling found the Cabinet could possibly be in contempt of Parliament for not meeting Opposition members' requests for details of proposed bills and their cost estimates, an issue which had "been dragging on since the fall of 2010".[5][8] Milliken ruled that both matters must go to their responsible parliamentary committees and that the committee was required to report its findings to the Speaker by March 21, 2011 – one day before the proposal of the budget.

Concerning the Speaker's first ruling, on March 18, 2011, Opposition members of the committee (who outnumbered the government members) said they still judged Oda to be in contempt of Parliament, despite her testimony that day,[9] but the committee process never proceeded far enough to make a finding as to whether Oda was in contempt.[7][8]

Concerning the Speaker's second ruling, on March 21, 2011, the committee tabled a report[10] that found the Government of Canada in contempt of Parliament.[8] As such, a motion of no confidence was introduced in the House.[11] On March 25, 2011, Members of Parliament voted on this motion, declaring a lack of confidence by a vote of 156 to 145 and forcing an election.[12] The contempt finding is unique in Canadian history. In a wider context, it is the first time that any government in the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations, either Commonwealth Realm or parliamentary republic, has been found in contempt of Parliament.[13][14]

Earlier that week, all three opposition parties had indicated that they would oppose the government's budget, with the NDP saying that the Conservatives' concessions did not go far enough, and the Bloc's earlier demands for $5 billion to their home province (including compensation for the 1998 ice storm and a new arena for the Quebec Nordiques) being rejected outright. Though the vote on the budget was never scheduled, a budget is a confidence matter in its own right, so Prime Minister Stephen Harper asked the Governor General to dissolve Parliament.[15]

During the campaign the Conservatives portrayed the "Liberal motion of non-confidence over the contempt-of-Parliament finding" as mischief, instead of focusing on the economy and making constructive proposals for the budget. The Conservatives framed the election as a choice between a stable Conservative majority government or a Liberal coalition backed by the NDP or Bloc Québécois.[15] The resulting election devastated two of the opposition parties who supported the contempt motion, with the Liberals losing more than half their seats to drop to third place in the Commons for the first time, while the Bloc Québécois was nearly wiped out, with both their leaders also personally losing their ridings. The Conservatives gained enough seats to form a majority government, while the New Democratic Party won a record number of seats to form the Official Opposition.

On June 17, 2021, Opposition parties voted to declare the Liberal government in contempt of Parliament for refusing to provide unredacted documents to the House of Commons that could explain the firing of two scientists from Canada's top infectious disease lab in Winnipeg, amid concerns over their ties with Chinese military research. The vote passed 176–150. There were more than 250 pages of records on the matter that had been withheld from MPs. The contempt vote was made possible by a ruling from Speaker Anthony Rota on June 16, 2021, that the Liberal government breached parliamentary privileges by failing to provide documents to the House that would explain the firing of the two scientists. The motion adopted by the Conservatives, Bloc Québécois and NDP censured the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) for failing to produce the requested records. It also ordered PHAC President Iain Stewart to appear before the Commons on June 21, 2021, to be admonished and to produce the confidential documents. The vote to summon Mr. Stewart “before the bar” invokes rare powers of the House. He was required to stand at the “bar,” a brass rod extending across the floor of the House of Commons, to be admonished. The last time an MP was summoned before the bar was 2002, and the last time a private citizen was called before it was 1913, according to the House of Commons’ website.[16]

Provincial level

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At the provincial level, contempt operates in the legislative assemblies in much the same way that it does in the Senate or the House of Commons.

While Section 18 of the Constitution Act, 1867 only grants parliamentary privilege (and therefore contempt powers) to the Senate and the House of Commons,[3] court cases have since clarified that the provinces do have parliamentary privileges. The Supreme Court of Canada, in New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly), ruled that parliamentary privilege in both the provincial and the federal context is an unwritten convention of the Canadian constitution.[17]

More recent case law more clearly defined what parliamentary privileged means in the Canadian context, with the Supreme Court in Canada (House of Commons) v. Vaid defining parliamentary privilege in part as "the sum of the privileges, immunities and powers enjoyed by the Senate, the House of Commons and provincial legislative assemblies."[18] With case law establishing that provincial legislatures maintain parliamentary privileges, the door is open for a provincial legislature to use contempt of parliament powers.

Most provinces have codified parliamentary privilege, at least in part,[19] such as in British Columbia's Legislative Assembly Privilege Act,[20] or Manitoba's The Legislative Assembly Act,[21] both of which touch on the powers of the legislatures to find people in contempt. Quebec, the only civil law province in Canada, has maintained its "tradition of codification"[10] and has fully set out the privileges of their legislature, The National Assembly, in Division 1 of Chapter 3 of An Act Respecting the National Assembly, and maintains the "power to protect its proceedings against all interference."[22]

Hong Kong

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Contempt of the Legislative Council is a criminal offence in Hong Kong.[23]

Taiwan

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See also: 2024 Taiwanese legislative reform protests and zh:中華民國國會改革 § 爭議法案

In 2024, the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) in the newly elected parliament proposed an amendment to introduce the concept of contempt of parliament, officially termed "contempt of the legislature" (藐視國會罪). The charge empowers members of the parliament to prosecute individuals who refuse to answer or provide false information when questioned by members of the parliament, with fines & imprisonments[24] and without right to legal counsel free from legislative speaker's permission.[25] The bill also allows mandatory summons to anyone to attend legislature hearings, in addition to governmental and public officials, and are subjected to the controversial clauses too.[26] A motion to charge individual for offenses that are liable for fines requires at least 6 legislators to propose, which would then requires a simple majority in the whole legislature to proceed.[27] Some clauses in these bills are defined vaguely.[25][28][29]

Both KMT & TPP allegedly ram through the bill without proper legislative review and procedures,[30][31] and were widely seen as a power grab for themselves.[29][31] Judicial Reform Foundation, a Taiwanese NGO focusing on judicial issues, was against this bill because of its vague definitions.[25] The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) members opposed the amendment because of its vague definitions and a lack of discussion with them. The proposal incited a large fighting in the parliament. Thousands of people gathered to the Legislative Yuan to protest the proposal as well,[32][33][34][35] calling for such bill to undergo review in line with due process.[36]

In spite of public pleas, the controversial bill was passed nonetheless on 28 May 2024 while legal challenges are expected from DPP on unconstitutionality ground.[24] On October 25, the Constitutional Court ruled against the "contempt of the legislature" charge and quashed it.[37]

United Kingdom

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Contempt of Parliament consists of interference with parliamentary privilege[38] and of certain acts that obstruct the house and its members in their business.[39] The same rules as apply to the House of Commons apply to the House of Lords mutatis mutandis (i.e. with the necessary modifications). It is further contempt to bribe or attempt to bribe any member (and for any member to accept or solicit a bribe), to disrupt the sittings of the House or a committee—wherever it is sitting, to refuse to appear before a committee to testify, to refuse to answer any question put by a committee, to lie to a committee or to refuse to swear an oath (or make a solemn affirmation) when testifying, or to otherwise obstruct the business of the House.

MPs accused of contempt of Parliament may be suspended or expelled,[40] however expulsion is extremely rare.[41] They may also be committed to the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster,[40] although this practice has not been used since Charles Bradlaugh was detained in 1880. Since the passage of the Recall of MPs Act 2015, if an MP is convicted of certain crimes or suspended from Parliament for more than 10 days, they may face a recall petition and subsequent by-election.

Strangers (those who are not members of the House) may be committed to prison during the life of the Parliament. The House of Lords has the power to fine as well as to order imprisonment for up to an indefinite term, with the ability to also stop that imprisonment at any time.[42][43][44]

In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that arresting a Member of Parliament in the course of carrying out their duties may constitute contempt of Parliament,[45] although immunity from criminal arrest was removed by the Parliamentary Privilege Acts of the 18th century.

On 4 December 2018, the UK Government was found in contempt of Parliament for the first time in history on a motion passed by MPs by 311 to 293 votes.[46] The vote was triggered by the government failing to lay before Parliament any legal advice on the proposed withdrawal agreement on the terms of the UK's departure from the European Union, after a humble address for a return was unanimously agreed to by the House of Commons on 13 November. The government then agreed to publish the full legal advice[47] for Brexit that was given to the Prime Minister by the Attorney General during negotiations with the European Union. However, this advice was never published in full.

In June 2023, a former prime minister was found in Contempt of Parliament for the first time in history. The Commons Privileges Committee found Boris Johnson had deliberately misled MPs by denying "Partygate" while prime minister. He was also found in contempt for his behaviour following his resignation as prime minister by deliberately misleading the committee, referring to the committee's findings before they were published, and for partaking in a "campaign of abuse" against MPs on the committee. Johnson resigned in response to the report, claiming bias. The report recommended a 90-day suspension had he remained an MP.[48]

United States

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This section is an excerpt from Contempt of Congress.[edit]
Contempt of Congress[49] is the misdemeanor act of obstructing the work of the United States Congress or one of its committees. Historically, the bribery of a U.S. senator or U.S. representative was considered contempt of Congress. In modern times, contempt of Congress has generally applied to the refusal to comply with a subpoena issued by a congressional committee or subcommittee—usually seeking to compel either testimony or the production of requested documents.[50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ West, E. Garrett, Revisiting Contempt of Congress, Wisconsin Law Review, Vol. 2019, Issue 6 (2019), pp. 1419-1488.
  2. ^ "Contempt of Parliament".
  3. ^ a b "Constitution Acts, 1867". Laws.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d Canwest News Service (April 10, 2008). "Examples of 'rare' contempt of Parliament cases". CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d Laura Payton (March 9, 2011). "PM on rulings: 'win some, lose some'". CBC News. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  6. ^ "RCMP deputy commissioner found in contempt of Parliament". Cbc.ca. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  7. ^ a b Mike De Souza (March 26, 2011). "Oda off the hook". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  8. ^ a b c "MPs' report finds government in contempt". CBC News. March 21, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  9. ^ Laura Payton (March 18, 2011). "MPs to return Monday on contempt debate". CBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  10. ^ a b "Question of Privilege Relating to the Failure of the Government To Fully Provide the Documents as Ordered by the House: Report of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs" (PDF). March 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  11. ^ "Global News | Latest & Current News - Weather, Sports & Health News". Globaltvcalgary.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  12. ^ CBC News (March 25, 2011). "MPs gather for historic vote". CBC. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  13. ^ Bruce Cheadle (March 25, 2011). "Harper government topples on contempt motion, triggering May election". The Canadian Press; CTV news. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  14. ^ Thomas Walkom (March 25, 2011). "Walkom: Yes, contempt of Parliament does matter". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  15. ^ a b Wells, Paul (May 5, 2011). "The untold story of the 2011 election: Chapter 2". Macleans.ca. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  16. ^ "Liberal government found in contempt of Parliament over case of fired Winnipeg lab scientists".
  17. ^ New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly), 1 SCR 319 (SCC 1993).
  18. ^ Canada (House of Commons) v. Vaid, 1 SCR 667, 29 (SCC 2005).
  19. ^ A Matter of Privilege: Discussion Paper on Canadian Parliamentary Privilege in the 21st century (PDF). Senate of Canada (Report). June 2015. p. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2024.
  20. ^ "Legislative Assembly Privilege Act, RSBC 1996, c 259, s 8". CanLII. 1996.
  21. ^ "The Legislative Assembly Act, CCSM c L110, ss, 40, 42". CanLII. 2019.
  22. ^ "An Act Respecting the National Assembly, Chapter 3, Division 1, Section 42". CanLII. 2019.
  23. ^ "Cap 382 s 17 Contempts (Legislative Council (Powers and Privileges) Ordinance)". legislation.gov.hk. June 30, 1997. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  24. ^ a b "KMT, TPP pass controversial measures". Taipei Times. May 29, 2024. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024. The Cabinet said it will send the bills back for another legislative review, while the DPP vowed to seek a constitutional interpretation...Legislative Yuan yesterday passed bills...They also criminalize contempt of the legislature by government officials, and made changes to the Criminal Code that would impose a fine of up to NT$200,000 and jail time of up to one year for public officials who lie during a legislative hearing...The DPP has pledged to seek a constitutional review. "There will be two violations of the Constitution," DPP caucus whip Ker Chien-ming (柯建銘) said on Monday, adding that they were procedural and substantive contraventions.
  25. ^ a b c Chung, Jake (May 26, 2024). "Foundation urges halt to proposed amendments". Taipei Times. Central News Agency (Taiwan). Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024. Judicial Reform Foundation yesterday urged...halt the Legislative Yuan proceedings immediately on the grounds that...could be illegal and unconstitutional...Amendments regarding powers of inquiry were too vague, failing to provide legal bases for procedures summoning individuals to give testimony, it said, adding that the amendments regarding an individual refusing to testify were also vague. Amendments that said individuals attending a testimony hearing could ask for, per agreement of the Legislative Speaker, legal counsel or professional aid was procedurally flawed and infringed on a person's right to legal representation...
  26. ^ Hsiao, Alison (May 17, 2024). "Highlights of disputed 'parliamentary reform bills'". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency (Taiwan). Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. ...convene investigatory committees and hearings that can summon those involved in various matters to provide testimony and materials. In addition, the scope of those subject to such a summons would also be expanded to include private entities. Those who refuse, procrastinate, conceal, or provide false statements to the Legislature's demand for an investigation, questioning, and access to documents would be fined or dealt with...
  27. ^ 趙, 婉淳 (May 5, 2024). "立院職權修法 學者憂虛偽陳述罰鍰恐淪政治決定" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Radio Taiwan International. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. ...出席聽證會的政府人員證言為虛偽陳述者，由主席或質詢委員提議，出席委員5人以上連署或附議，經院會決議，移送彈劾或懲戒，並依法追訴其刑事責任。
  28. ^ Hsiao, Alison (May 21, 2024). "Several legislative reform amendments pass 2nd reading". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency (Taiwan). Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. The amendment aims to place tighter restrictions on those questioned in the Legislature, stating that they cannot "reverse-question," without defining the term.
  29. ^ a b Hioe, Brian (May 22, 2024). "Tens of Thousands Protest Bill to Expand Legislative Power in Taiwan". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024. A move by the KMT and its ally, the TPP, to quickly pass the controversial bill...Moreover, they would not be allowed to "reverse-question," an unclearly defined term that probably refers to some manner of speaking back against questioning, which would be punished by a fine of 200,000 Taiwanese dollars...For critics, this is another power grab by the KMT in a manner reminiscent of its authoritarian past...The TPP voted together with the KMT for the new amendments
  30. ^ Hsiao, Alison (May 17, 2024). "Legislature in chaos over legislative reform bills". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency (Taiwan). Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. ...KMT and the TPP had voted last month in committee, where bills are usually reviewed and discussed, to take their versions of the bills directly to a floor vote without clause-by-clause deliberation, and left the ruling Democratic Progressive Party's (DPP) proposed bills in the committee...
  31. ^ a b Chau, Thompson (May 20, 2024). "Taiwan's Lai faces early pressure from opposition legislative power play". Nikkei Asia. Nikkei, Inc. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. ...with the China-leaning opposition attempting to ram through a set of bills that lawyers and critics consider a power grab...
  32. ^ LaMattina, Lily (May 22, 2024). "Taiwan legislature seeks amendments to increase its powers | Taiwan News | May. 22, 2024 11:59". taiwannews.com.tw. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  33. ^ "Protesters slam KMT, TPP reform bills - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  34. ^ "Fight breaks out in Taiwanese parliament over chamber reforms – video". The Guardian. Reuters. May 17, 2024. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  35. ^ Davidson, Helen; Lin, Chi Hui (May 21, 2024). "Lai Ching-te's first day as Taiwan president marked by protests". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  36. ^ Lin, Sean (May 21, 2024). "Protesters call for transparency regarding 'legislative reform bills'". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency (Taiwan). Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024. The demonstrators, including some affiliated with about 20 civic groups, decried perceived "procedural issues" and called for the bills...to undergo a committee review in line with due process.
  37. ^ Strong, Matthew (July 19, 2024). "Taiwan Constitutional Court quashes most expansions of legislative powers". Taiwan News. Retrieved October 25, 2024. The Constitutional Court also ruled against the opposition-backed "contempt of the Legislature" act... In addition, the court ruled against new legislative powers to investigate government officials.
  38. ^ Parliamentary privilege consists of freedom of speech on the floor of the House and in committee, freedom from arrest, regulating its membership and exclusive cognisance of internal affairs. Privilege extends to the publication of papers and reports by order of the House, including the official record Hansard. Freedom from arrest originally prevented the arrest (on criminal as well as civil grounds) of members, their goods and their staff. The freedom from arrest of servants and goods were removed in the 18th century as the privilege was open to abuse, as was immunity from arrest for criminal acts. MPs today are only protected from arrest on civil grounds, for contempt of court. Regulation of composition extends to determining who is elected and whether they may take their seat. The result of elections is now de facto a matter for an Election Court composed of High Court judges, who issue a certificate to the Speaker in the case of elections where the result is disputed. The House also has exclusive right to determine whether members may take up their seat, including whether a member is eligible to take the relevant oath. Exclusive cognisance of internal affairs extends to the right to determine the oaths to be taken by members and who may take them (Bradlaugh v Gossett), the right to determine who may use House of Commons facilities and the exclusion of the jurisdiction of the courts as to alcohol sale offences within the Palace of Westminster.
  39. ^ Walker, Peter (December 3, 2018). "Brexit legal advice and threat of contempt of Parliament – explainer". The Guardian. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  40. ^ a b Peter Lyne (March 26, 1964). "Contempt Drama Grips Parliament". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 13.
  41. ^ "Boris Johnson report: Key findings from the Partygate inquiry". BBC News. June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  42. ^ Rozenberg, Joshua (May 2, 2012). "Contempt and punishment: what might befall News International". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  43. ^ Armitage, Blair; Robert, Charles (December 6, 2007). "Perjury, Contempt and Privilege: The Coercive Powers of Parliamentary Committees". www.revparl.ca. Canadian Parliamentary Review. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  44. ^ Chapter 6 : Disciplinary and Penal Powers (Report). Parliamentary Privilege. Vol. Session 1998-99 - First Report. Parliament of the United Kingdom. March 30, 1999. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  45. ^ Watt, Nicholas; Sparrow, Andrew (November 28, 2008). "Damian Green arrest: PM accused of contempt for parliament". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Michael Howard, the former Tory leader and an ex-home secretary, said the decision to arrest Green could be seen as a "contempt of parliament" – an offence against parliament which in the pre-democratic age would result in culprits being jailed – and he said that there were "real questions" about the incident for Brown to answer.
  46. ^ Keir Starmer, Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (December 4, 2018). "Privilege (Withdrawal Agreement: Legal Advice)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 650. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 728–731. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  47. ^ Child, David (December 4, 2018). "In historic first, UK government found in contempt of parliament". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  48. ^ "Boris Johnson report: Key findings from the Partygate inquiry". BBC News. June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  49. ^ "Contempt of Congress". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  50. ^ Congressional Research Service (December 27, 2007). "Obstruction of Congress: A Brief Overview of Federal Law Relating to Interference with Congressional Activities". EveryCRSReport.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019. Obstruction of justice is the impediment of governmental activities. There are a host of federal criminal laws that prohibit obstructions of justice. The six most general outlaw obstruction of judicial proceedings (18 U.S.C. 1503), witness tampering (18 U.S.C. 1512), witness retaliation (18 U.S.C. 1513), obstruction of congressional or administrative proceedings (18 U.S.C. 1505), conspiracy to defraud the United States (18 U.S.C. 371), and contempt (a creature of statute, rule and common law). All but Section 1503 cover congressional activities.
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