Fort Lawton
Fort Lawton | |
 Fort Lawton post exchange and gymnasium | |
| Location | Seattle, Washington |
|---|---|
| Built | 1900–1917 |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 78002752 |
| Added to NRHP | August 15, 1978 |
Fort Lawton was a United States Army post located in the Magnolia neighborhood of Seattle, Washington overlooking Puget Sound. In 1973 a large majority of the property, 534 acres of Fort Lawton, was given to the city of Seattle and dedicated as Discovery Park. Both the fort and the nearby residential neighborhood of Lawton Wood are named after Major General Henry Ware Lawton.
While Fort Lawton was a quiet outpost prior to World War II, it became the second largest port of embarkation of soldiers and materiel to the Pacific Theater during the war. The fort was included in the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure list. Fort Lawton officially closed on September 14, 2011.
History
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2022) |
In 1896, the Secretary of War selected what would later be Fort Lawton for construction of an artillery battery intended to defend Seattle and the south Puget Sound from naval attack. Local citizens and governments donated 703 acres (2.84 km2) land to the United States Army for the installation the next year.
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Fort Lawton was named after Major General Henry Ware Lawton (1843–1899), a veteran of the American Civil War, the Indian Wars, and Spanish–American War campaigns, who was killed in action in the Philippines. The fort opened on February 9, 1900[1] on a 1,100 acres (4.5 km2).
The military encampment was redesigned in 1902 for infantry use. In 1910, a design overhaul, to include housing for officers and enlisted men, was prepared by landscape architect John C. Olmsted. In 1938 during the Great Depression, the Army offered to sell Fort Lawton back to the city of Seattle for one dollar, but the city declined, citing maintenance concerns.
Boxer Rebellion
[edit]Fort Lawton was used as a marshaling camp for soldiers preparing to travel to China to deal with the Boxer Rebellion. Seattle photographer Theodore E. Peiser photographed horse corrals, soldiers, and United States Army Transport ships that departed Seattle for Nome, Alaska, on their way to China.
Buffalo Soldiers
[edit]On October 5, 1909, the United States Army's 25th Infantry Regiment which primarily consisted of African American soldiers transferred from the Philippines to Fort Lawton. These men are known as the Buffalo Soldiers. The initial 900 men stationed at the fort and their families accounted for about a third of Seattle's African American population.[2]
World War II
[edit]During World War II, at least 20,000 troops at a time were stationed at Fort Lawton, with more than 1 million troops passing through both before and after the war. It was the second-largest port of embarkation for US forces and material to the Pacific Theater during the war.[citation needed]
The post was also used as a prisoner-of-war camp, with more than 1,000 Germans imprisoned there. Approximately 5,000 Italians were passed through en route to Hawaii for imprisonment. On August 15, 1944 an Italian POW, Guglielmo Olivotto, was found murdered at Fort Lawton after a night of rioting between Italian POWs and American soldiers. Twenty-eight African-American soldiers were later court-martialed, convicted of the crime, and sent to prison. They and their families challenged the convictions; after an investigation, the convictions were set aside in 2007. A formal army apology ceremony was held on July 26, 2008; officials also presented the relatives of former US soldiers and the two remaining survivors with years of back pay, following the overturn of their dishonorable discharges.[3][4]
On Memorial Day 1951, a grove of trees and monument honoring the war dead was dedicated near the post chapel. The Korean War brought a flurry of activity as troops headed to or returned from Korea were processed through Fort Lawton. In February 1953, the Fort Lawton Processing Center transferred half of its functions, the outbound tasks, to Fort Lewis (now called Joint Base Lewis McChord). Returnees continued to process through Fort Lawton.
In 1960, the Air Force established a radar station at Fort Lawton. Additionally, Nike anti-aircraft missiles and Air Force radars were in use at Fort Lawton, but in 1968 the site was rejected for proposed defense upgrades.[citation needed]
Native American occupation
[edit]In 1970, the fort was occupied for three weeks[citation needed] in March by a group of Native Americans, led by Bernie Whitebear, Ella Aquino, and Ramona Bennett, asserting that the Native Americans had claim to the land that was surplus to requirements.[5][6] The Native Americans succeeded in garnering 40 acres of land and the establishment of the Daybreak Star Cultural Center, but 534 acres (2.16 km2) of the land was declared surplus by the Army in 1971. The property was transferred back to the city in 1972, and dedicated as Discovery Park in 1973.[7]
Closure
[edit]In 2005, the fort was included in the Base Realignment and Closure list for that year. Fort Lawton's family housing, consisting of the non-commissioned officer housing below and officer housing on the crown of the hill, has been used by the U.S. Navy for Navy and Coast Guard personnel for almost 40 years. They were purchased by a private developer, remodeled, and now in private ownership. The Capehart Housing in the center of the park was vacated by December 2009 and demolished during the summer of 2010; the land has become part of Discovery Park.
Fort Lawton officially closed on September 14, 2011, and the 364th Expeditionary Sustainment Command, the last U.S. Army Reserve tenant on the post, moved to its new facility in Marysville, Washington. A closing ceremony took place on February 25, 2012.[8] The remainder of the fort property (with the exception of the military cemetery[9] on site) was transferred to the City of Seattle in 2012. As of 2018, there are plans to convert the property into low-income housing.[10] On 10 June 2019 the Seattle City Council voted to build 200-plus low-income and homeless housing units on part of the property but local residents sued to block such development.[citation needed]
Historic district
[edit]The Fort Lawton Historic District (FLHD) in the heart of Discovery Park contains numerous historic buildings and structures that were once in, and part of, Fort Lawton. The following list includes only buildings and structures that survived at least into the 1980s.
| Official structure number |
Structure | Constructed | Comments | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 417 | Administration Building | 1902 | 
| |
| 640 | Double Officers Quarters | 1904 | ||
| 642 | Double Officers Quarters | 1904 | ||
| 644 | Double Officers Quarters | 1904 | ||
| 653 | Air Defense Operations Building | 1960 | torn down 2008 | |
| 654 | FAA Radar Building | c. 1959 | torn down 2008 |  Radar buildings Building 672 and 670 can also be seen at left, and 640–644 at right. |
| 655 | FAA Radar Antenna Dome | c. 1959 | ||
| 670 | Single Officers Quarters | 1904 | Post commander's quarters |  670-area housing
|
| 672 | Double Officers Quarters | 1899 | ||
| 676 | Double Officers Quarters | 1899 | ||
| 679 | Double Officers Quarters | 1899 | ||
| 681 | Reviewing Stand | 1900 | Concrete foundation still extant | |
| 730 | Double Barracks | 1904 | Destroyed by fire February 13, 1983 | |
| 731 | Double Barracks | 1899 | No longer exists | |
| S-732 | Post Gymnasium | 1942 | ||
| 733 | Post Exchange and Gymnasium | 1905 | 
| |
| 734 | Band Barracks | 1904 | 
| |
| 735 | Bakehouse | 1902 | Bakery until c. 1938, offices until c. 1960, no longer exists | |
| 754 | Quartermaster Shops | 1905 | no longer exists | |
| 755 | Civilian Employees Quarters | 1908 | 
| |
| T-756 | Commissary Warehouse | 1939 | no longer exists | |
| 757 | Quartermaster Storehouse | 1899 | no longer exists | |
| 759 | Guard House | 1902 | 
| |
| T-760 | Storehouse | 1938 | Used at some point as a garage for a fire truck, no longer exists | |
| T-761 | Bus Stop | 1949 | Scenes from movie Expiration Date (released 2006), filmed at this location | 
|
| 901 | Double NCO Quarters | 1933 |   900-area housing
| |
| 902 | Double NCO Quarters | 1933 | ||
| 903 | Double NCO Quarters | 1904 | ||
| 904 | Single Family NCO Quarters | 1930s | Burned down approximately 2000 | |
| 905 | Double NCO Quarters | 1899 | ||
| 906 | Single NCO Quarters | 1902 | Former hospital steward's quarters; previously adjacent to post hospital, north east of administration building, moved to present location around WWII | |
| 907 | Double NCO Quarters | 1899 | ||
| 909 | Double NCO Quarters | 1904 | ||
| 915 | Quartermaster Storehouse | 1905 | no longer exists | |
| 915A | Addition to Quartermaster Storehouse | 1939 | no longer exists | |
| 915B | Bulk Storage Warehouse | 1938 | no longer exists | |
| 916 | Quartermaster Stables | 1908 |  Building 916
| |
| 917 | Quartermaster Stables | 1902 | ||
| S-918 | Post Engineer Facility and Vehicle Storage Building | 1904 | Later turned into a groundskeeper's building, no longer exists |
Source for buildings, construction dates, comments:[11]
The Chapel
[edit]Chapel-on-the-Hill,[12] outside the Historic District, has the status of a city landmark.[13] In July 2008, the City Council passed an ordinance that changed the boundary of the Fort Lawton Landmark District to include the Chapel and the Chapel Grounds.[14]
References
[edit]- Fort Lawton Landmark District, Department of Neighborhoods (City of Seattle)
- Heather MacIntosh, Preservation at Fort Lawton and Discovery Park, Preservation Seattle (Historic Seattle), January 2004.
- Yardley, William (October 26, 2007). "1944 Conviction of Black G.I.'s Is Ruled Flawed" (Newspaper article). The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- City of Seattle ordinance number 114011 Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Wilma, David (October 17, 1999). "Fort Lawton is established on February 9, 1900". Essay 1757. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- ^ "Buffalo Soldiers are stationed at Fort Lawton beginning on October 5, 1909". Retrieved 2018-06-07.
- ^ "Black soldiers receive apology for wrongful convictions - CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
- ^ Yardley, "1944 Conviction of Black G.I.'s Is Ruled Flawed"
- ^ Parham, Vera (2017). Pan-Tribal Activism in the Pacific Northwest: The Power of Indigenous Protest and the Birth of Daybreak Star Cultural Center. Lexington Books. pp. 18–19, 50. ISBN 978-1-4985-5952-2.
- ^ Lossom Allen, "By Right of Discovery: United Indians of All Tribes Retakes Fort Lawton, 1970", Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, Fall 2005. Accessed 3 March 2018.
- ^ Duane Colt Denfeld, "Fort Lawton to Discovery Park", HistoryLink.org Essay 8772, 23 September 2008. Accessed 2 April 2010.
- ^ Gutierrez, Scott (24 Feb 2012). "Historic Fort Lawton will officially close during weekend ceremony" (Newspaper article). Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
- ^ Fort Lawton Military Cemetery; 47°39′37″N 122°24′22″W / 47.6604°N 122.4060°W
- ^ "Fort Lawton Redevelopment", City of Seattle. Accessed 16 January 2018.
- ^ Steve Wilke and Karen James, An Archeological Evaluation of the Fort Lawton Historical District, Seattle, Geo-Recon International (Seattle), July 1984. A report submitted to the City of Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation. p 43–47.
- ^ Marriage Certificate between Walter J. Monkerud and Eva Lee Start performed by army chaplin, on June 14, 1943, (# 91322) uses the name "Chapel-on-the-Hill, Ft. Lawton
- ^ Landmarks Alphabetical Listing for F Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Individual Landmarks, Department of Neighborhoods, City of Seattle. Accessed 28 December 2007.
- ^ Ordinance Number 122750
External links
[edit]
- Impromptu query for historical sites in Magnolia, Department of Neighborhoods (City of Seattle). Most of the listings are Fort Lawton buildings.
- Fort Lawton Cemetery listing at Find a Grave
- Fort Lawton housing redevelopment47°39′40″N 122°24′53″W / 47.66104°N 122.41479°W
- Seattle Chamber of Commerce Army Post Committee. 1896-1897. 1 volume. Contains records about the fundraising campaign ran by the Army Post Committee to raise funds for the purchase of land for Fort Lawton. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collection.
- Forts in Washington (state)
- National Register of Historic Places in Seattle
- Former installations of the United States Army
- Military facilities in Seattle
- Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
- Magnolia, Seattle
- Military installations established in 1900
- 1900 establishments in Washington (state)