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Great skua

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"Bonxie" redirects here. For the Stornoway album, see Bonxie (album).
This article is about the skua which breeds in the northeast Atlantic and winters in the north Atlantic. For the southern great skua, which is distributed in the Southern Ocean, see Brown skua.

Great skua
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Stercorariidae
Genus: Stercorarius
Species:
S. skua
Binomial name
Stercorarius skua
(Brünnich, 1764)
Synonyms

Catharacta skua

The great skua (Stercorarius skua), sometimes known by the name bonxie in Britain, is a large seabird in the skua family Stercorariidae. It is roughly the size of a herring gull. It mainly eats fish caught at the sea surface or taken from other birds.

Taxonomy

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The great skua was described from the Faroe Islands and Iceland by the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich in 1764 under the binomial name Catharacta skua.[2][3] It is now placed in the genus Stercorarius that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[4][5] The English name and species name "skua" is believed to originate from the Faroese skúvur or skúgvur [ˈskɪkvʊər] and is the only known bird name to originate from the Faroes that has come into regular use elsewhere.[6][7] In Britain, it is sometimes known by the name bonxie, a Shetland name of Norse origin.[8][9] The genus name Stercorarius is Latin and means "of dung"; the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement.[10] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5]

Description

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Displaying white wing flashes

Great skuas measure 50–58 cm (20–23 in) long and have a 125–140 cm (49–55 in) wingspan. One study found that 112 males weighed an average of 1.27 kg (2 lb 13 oz) and that 125 females weighed an average of 1.41 kg (3 lb 2 oz).[11] Adults are a streaked greyish brown, with a black cap, while juveniles are a warmer brown and unstreaked below. They have a short, blunt tail, and a powerful flight. The great skua's call is a harsh hah-hah-hah-hah; quacking and croaking noises have also been heard. Distinguishing this skua from the other North Atlantic skuas (parasitic jaeger, pomarine jaeger and long-tailed jaeger) is relatively straightforward. The herring gull size, massive barrel chest and white wing flashes of this bird are distinctive even at a distance. It is sometimes said to give the impression of a common buzzard. Identification of this skua is only complicated when it is necessary to distinguish it from the closely related large southern-hemisphere skuas. Despite its name, the great skua is marginally smaller on average than the other 3 large southern-hemisphere skuas, although not by enough to distinguish them by size in the field.[11] Some authorities still regard the great skua as conspecific with some of these southern skuas, and as a group they have sometimes been separated in the genus Catharacta, although currently this taxonomy is not commonly followed.

Great skua, as another pair flew too close to their nest site (Shetland)

Origins

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Genetic studies have found surprising similarities between the great skua and the pomarine skua, despite their dissimilar appearance. Many ornithologists now believe either that the great skua originated as a hybrid between the pomarine skua and one of the southern-hemisphere species,[12] presumably as a result of vagrancy or migration across the equator by the southern species, or that the pomarine skua evolved from hybridization of the great skua and one of the small Arctic species (see pomarine jaeger for details).

Breeding

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Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

The great skua breeds in Iceland, Norway, the Faroe Islands, and on Scottish islands, with some individuals breeding on mainland Scotland and in the northwest of Ireland. They breed on coastal moorland and rocky islands, usually laying two spotted olive-brown eggs in grass-lined nests. Like other skuas, they will fly at the head of a human or other intruder approaching their nest. Although it cannot inflict serious damage, such an experience with a bird of this size is frightening. They are a migrant species, wintering at sea in the Atlantic Ocean and regularly reaching North American waters. They are vagrant to Mediterranean countries (e.g. Turkey).

Diet

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They eat mainly fish, birds, eggs, carrion, offal, rodents, rabbits, and occasionally berries. They have been known to prey on lambs, and even pony foals. Probably their most prolific food source is by-catch abandoned by fishing vessels.[13]

Great skua robbing a northern gannet near Stac an Armin (St Kilda, Scotland)

They will often obtain fish by robbing gulls, terns and even northern gannets of their catches. They will also directly attack and kill other seabirds, up to the size of herring gulls. Like most other skua species, it continues this piratical behaviour throughout the year, showing less agility and more brute force than the smaller skuas when it harasses its victims. A common technique is to fly up to a gannet in mid-air and grab it by the wing, so that it stalls and falls into the sea, where the great skua then physically attacks it until it surrenders its catch. Due to its size, aggressive nature and fierce defence of its nest, the great skua has little to fear from other predators. While fledglings can fall prey to rats, cats or the Arctic fox, healthy adults are threatened only by greater raptors such as the golden eagle, the white-tailed eagle, and more rarely, at sea by the orca.

Predation account

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An aerial apex predator, the great skua is an also an aggressive kleptoparasite, deliberately harassing birds as large as gannets to steal a free meal. It also readily kills and eats smaller birds such as puffins. Great skuas show little to no fear of humans – anybody getting close to the nest will be repeatedly dive-bombed by the territorial adults. Unusual behaviour by St Kilda's skuas was recorded in 2007 during research into recent falls in the Leach's storm petrel population. Using night vision gear, ecologists observed the skuas preying on the petrels at night, a remarkable strategy for a seabird.[14]

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  • Great skua in water
    Great skua in water
  • At the Norwegian bird island Runde
    At the Norwegian bird island Runde
  • At Runde
    At Runde
  • In flight.
    In flight.
  • Great skua at North Sea island Hallig Hooge / Germany
    Great skua at North Sea island Hallig Hooge / Germany
  • At Handa Island / Scotland
    At Handa Island / Scotland
  • Museum specimen
    Museum specimen

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Catharacta skua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694160A132532556. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694160A132532556.en. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  2. ^ Brünnich, Morten Thrane (1764). M. Th. Brünnichii Ornithologia borealis, sistens collectionem avium : ex omnibus, Imperio danico subjectis, provinciis insulisqve borealibus Hafniæ factam, cum descriptionibus novarum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium et icone (in Latin). Hafniae [Copenhagen]: Typis Andreæ Hartvigii Godiche. pp. 33–36.
  3. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 309–310.
  4. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 56, Vol. 6, p. 149.
  5. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Noddies, gulls, terns, auks". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  6. ^ Salomonsen, F. (1935). "Den færøiske ornithologis historie indtil aar 1800 supplement". Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tidsskrift (in Danish): 67–100.
  7. ^ "Skua". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  8. ^ English Review Magazine, vol. 2–3, Eyre and Spottiswoode limited., 1949, p. 369
  9. ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language".
  10. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 365. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  11. ^ a b Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  12. ^ Furness, Robert W.; Hamer, Keith (2003). "Skuas and Jaegers". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 270–273. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
  13. ^ "Foula: Britain's most remote inhabited island".
  14. ^ McKenzie, Steven (5 November 2007). "Bird night attacks may be unique". BBC News. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
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