Porpidia
| Porpidia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Porpidia albocaerulescens | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecideales |
| Family: | Lecideaceae |
| Genus: | Porpidia Körb. (1855) |
| Type species | |
| Porpidia trullisata (Kremp.) Körb. (1855)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Porpidia is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Lecideaceae.[2] Porpidia species primarily inhabit siliceous rocks, pebbles, and stonework, with rare occurrences on bark, wood, and compacted soil. The thallus, or body of the lichen, varies in appearance from thick and crusty to barely visible. It may form a continuous layer or develop cracks resulting in a segmented, areolate structure. The colour of the thallus ranges from grey and white to orange.
Taxonomy
[edit]Porpidia was circumscribed by the German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855, with Porpidia trullisata designated as the type species.[3]
Description
[edit]Genus Porpidia consists of crustose lichens, meaning the thallus (the main body of the lichen) is closely attached to the surface it grows on. The thallus can vary in appearance, from thick and scaly to almost invisible, and may be solid or cracked into small pieces called areoles. Its colour typically ranges from grey to white, though some species may show orange hues. A prothallus, a thin, often black or orange border between neighbouring lichens, may be present but is not always visible. The lichen's inner structure, or medulla, may or may not react with iodine (I+ or I–), and some species produce powdery soredia for reproduction, while others do not. One species of Porpidia even has isidia—small, finger-like structures that aid in reproduction. The lichen's green algae partner is usually from the genera Trebouxia or Asterochloris.[4]
The apothecia (fruiting bodies) are common and can appear either scattered or in clusters. These round, dark brown to black discs are often relatively large, ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter, and may be coated with a frosty layer (a pruina). The apothecia have a distinct outer margin, which may fade as the lichen ages, and are seated directly on the surface of the thallus without a thalline margin (a rim formed by the thallus itself). The rim surrounding the apothecia is usually dark blue-black or brown, and made of tightly packed fungal filaments.[4]
Under the surface, the reproductive layer (the hymenium) reacts with iodine (I+) to turn blue, a useful trait for identification. The asci, the spore-producing sacs, each hold eight spores and have a distinctive shape called the "Porpidia-type". The ascospores are typically ellipsoid and measure 15–22 μm long, with a thick outer layer. In some species, other reproductive structures, known as conidiomata, are present and often have a rough surface.[4]
Species
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As of September 2024[update], Species Fungorum accepts 41 species of Porpidia:[5]
- Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph (1984)
- Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph (1984)
- Porpidia circumnigrata (Vězda) Knežević & Mayrhofer (2008)
- Porpidia contraponenda (Arnold) Knoph & Hertel (1984)
- Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph (1984)
- Porpidia degelii (H.Magn.) Lendemer (2014)
- Porpidia flavicunda (Ach.) Gowan (1989)[6]
- Porpidia flavocruenta Fryday & Buschbom (2005) - Austria, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Iceland, and North America (Alaska)[7]
- Porpidia grisea Gowan (1989)[6]
- Porpidia hydrophila (Fr.) Hertel & A.J.Schwab (1984)
- Porpidia hypostictica L.Hu & Z.T.Zhao (2015)[8] – China
- Porpidia irrigua Orange (2014)[9]
- Porpidia islandica Fryday (2005) - Scotland and Iceland[7]
- Porpidia kashmirensis Fayyaz, Afshan, Niazi & Khalid (2022) – Pakistan
- Porpidia littoralis P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2018)[10] – Australia
- Porpidia lowiana Gowan (1989)[6]
- Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J.Schwab (1984)
- Porpidia melinodes (Körb.) Gowan & Ahti (1993)
- Porpidia nadvornikiana (Vězda) Hertel (1984)
- Porpidia navarina U.Rupr. & Türk (2016)[11] – Chile
- Porpidia ochrolemma (Vain.) Brodo & R.Sant. (1995)
- Porpidia pachythallina Fryday (2005) - British Isles[7]
- Porpidia platycarpoides (Bagl.) Hertel (1987)
- Porpidia rugosa (Taylor) Coppins & Fryday (2005)
- Porpidia seakensis Fryday (2020)[12] – Alaska
- Porpidia shangrila Xin Y.Wang & Lu L.Zhang (2012)[13] – China
- Porpidia soredizodes (Lamy) J.R.Laundon (1989)
- Porpidia speirea (Ach.) Kremp. (1861)
- Porpidia squamosa Xin Y.Wang & Lu L.Zhang (2012)[13] – China
- Porpidia stephanodes (Stirt.) Hertel (1984)
- Porpidia striata Fryday (2005) - British Isles[7]
- Porpidia submelinodes Osyczka & Olech (2011)[14] – Antarctica
- Porpidia subsimplex (H.Magn.) Fryday (2006)
- Porpidia superba (Körb.) Hertel & Knoph (1984)
- Porpidia thomsonii Gowan (1989)[6]
- Porpidia trullisata (Kremp.) Körb. (1855)
- Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph (1984)
- Porpidia ulleungdoensis S.Y.Kond., L.Lőkös & J.P.Halda (2019)[15] – Ulleungdo, South Korea
- Porpidia umbonifera (Müll.Arg.) Rambold (1989)
- Porpidia vulcanoides Hertel & Fryday (2014)
- Porpidia zeoroides (Anzi) Knoph & Hertel (1984)
References
[edit]- ^ "Synonymy: Porpidia Körb". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
- ^ Körber, G.W. (1855). Systema lichenum Germaniae (in Latin). Breslau: Verlag von Trewendt & Granier. p. 221.
- ^ a b c Fryday, A.; Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Aptroot, A.; Sanderson, A.; Simkin, J. (2024). Lecideales, including Amygdalaria, Bellemerea, Bryobilimbia, Cecidonia, Clauzadea, Farnoldia, Immersaria, Koerberiella, Lecidea, Lecidoma, Porpidia, Porpidinia and Romjularia (Lecideaeae) and Lopadium (Lopadiaceae) (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 40. pp. 32–33.
- ^ "Porpidia". Catalogue of Life. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d Gowan, S.P. (1989). "The lichen genus Porpidia (Porpidiaceae) in North America". The Bryologist. 92 (1): 25–59. doi:10.2307/3244016. JSTOR 3244016.
- ^ a b c d Fryday, Alan M. (2005). "The genus Porpidia in northern and western Europe, with special emphasis on collections from the British Isles". The Lichenologist. 37 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0024282904014628.
- ^ Zhao, Xiang-Xiang; Zhang, Lu-Lu; Miao, Cong-Cong; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2016). "A new species of Porpidia from China". The Lichenologist. 48 (3): 229–235. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000128.
- ^ Orange, Alan (2014). "Porpidia irrigua, a new species related to P. contraponenda". The Lichenologist. 46 (3): 269–284. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000073.
- ^ Elix, J.A.; McCarthy, P.M. (2018). "Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 82: 20–59.
- ^ Ruprecht, Ulrike; Søchting, Ulrik; Türk, Roman (2016). "Porpidia navarina, a new endemic species from Isla Navarino (Southern Tierra del Fuego, Chile)". Herzogia. 29 (2): 596–609. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.596.
- ^ Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Svensson, Måns; Tønsberg, Tor; Ekman, Stefan; Holien, Håkon; Resl, Philipp; Schneider, Kevin; Stabentheiner, Edith; Thüs, Holger; Vondrák, Jan; Sharman, Lewis (2020). "Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska". The Lichenologist. 52 (2): 61–181. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079. PMC 7398404. PMID 32788812.
- ^ a b Wang, Xin Yu; Zhang, Lu Lu; Joshi, Yogesh; Wang, Hai Ying; Hur, Jae Seoun (2012). "New species and new records of the lichen genus Porpidia (Lecideaceae) from western China". The Lichenologist. 44 (5): 619–624. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000242.
- ^ Osyczka, Piotr; Olech, Maria (2011). "A new species of the genus Porpidia from Antarctica". The Lichenologist. 43 (4): 367–371. doi:10.1017/S002428291100017X.
- ^ Kondratyuk, S. Y.; Halda, J. P.; Lőkös, L.; Yamamoto, Y.; Popova, L. P.; Hur, J.-S. (2019). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 8" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 61 (1–2): 101–135. doi:10.1556/034.61.2019.1-2.8.
