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Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus

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Frontispiece of the 1558 edition of the Historia, published in Basel.

The Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus (History of all the kings of the Geats and the Swedes) is a posthumously published, partly pseudo-historical work by Johannes Magnus, Sweden's last Catholic archbishop. In 1554 (ten years after his death), it was published in Latin by his brother Olaus Magnus.[1]

The Historia was implicitly critical of King Gustav Vasa, who had introduced the Protestant Reformation in 1527 and caused the exile of Johannes Magnus. It was nevertheless used widely by Gustav Vasa's sons and successors, to whom it had been dedicated, since it extolled the glorious past of the Swedish kingdom. In particular, the sons used the (fictitious) king-list which began with Magog, grandson of Noah. As a consequence, Eric XIV and Charles IX adopted much higher regnal numbers than warranted by the historical sources. A Swedish translation was published by Ericus Benedicti Schroderus in 1620. A modern Swedish version, translated by Kurt Johannesson and with comments by Johannesson and Hans Helander, was published in 2018 by Michaelisgillet and the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities.

Content

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Book One

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The book opens up with the creation of the world, around 3960 years before the birth of Christ. Noah sets up his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth to govern Asia, Africa, and Europe, respectively. Citing Flavius Josephus, Johannes says that a son of Japheth, Magog, is the father of the Scythian peoples (which Johannes identifies as the Goths and in turn the Geats), and at first rules over “that part of European Scythia now called Finland”. Eighty-eight years after the Deluge, however, Magog and a great number of people cross the Baltic Sea and reach Götaland on the Scandinavian peninsula, which Magog settles and makes his new seat of power, thus becoming the first King of Sweden. This assertion, Johannes explains, is supported by “our fatherland's most reliable chronicles”.

Of Magog's five sons, Suenno and Gethar are set up to rule over (and give their names to) the Swedes and Geats, respectively, while the younger brothers Thor, German, and Ubbo help administer their brother's domains. When Suenno dies around 246 years after the flood, Ubbo becomes ruler of the Swedes, and he builds the city of Uppsala to be his seat of power, its etymology being the Halls of Ubbo. Ubbo is succeeded by Siggo I, who builds the city of Sigtuna by Lake Mälaren as a fortress against the Estonians, Finns, and “other peoples in the East”. Already by this point, the runic alphabet has been invented, which Johannes claims are older than both the Greek and Latin alphabets.

While Siggo rules over the Swedes, a man named Eric has been elected King of the Geats. Johannes describes Eric as a man who became renowned for his "good customs" and his "love for the Fatherland", and reproduces a song about the King which he claims dates back from the oldest of times, though latter-day scholars believe it more likely to be a composition of Johannes himself.[2] Already by this point, the Geatish population has grown to such an extent that the Scandinavian peninsula can no longer support them, and to solve this problem, Eric expels all rebels in his realm to isles in the west, where they become the Danes.

After Eric's death in around 425 years after the Deluge, the Golden Age quickly comes to an end, and the Scandinavian peoples soon are converted to paganism. The temple at Uppsala is constructed, “built in such grandeur that all in its walls, roofs, and pillars seemed to be shining of purest gold”. Drawing on Saxo Grammaticus, Johannes gives a brief description of the gods in Norse mythology, which he says are related to the gods of the Roman religion. Over the next four hundred years, the amicable relations between Swedes and Geats deteriorate, and Johannes mentions the kings Uddo, Alo, Odin, Charles, Björn, and Gethar as rulers, of whom he writes that no knowledge has survived, save their names.

Identifying as he does the Geats with the Goths, the author now starts drawing on the Getica of Jordanes, and declares that in around 836 years after the Deluge, Berig, a mythical king of the Goths from the aforementioned work, is unanimously elected king by both the Swedes and the Geats, reuniting the two peoples. Concerned about how Finns, Curonians, and Ulmerugians have been raiding Sweden, Berig rallies the people for a war of conquest against the tribes across the Baltic Sea to seek vengeance and to regain the national honour. Appointing his eldest son Humulphus to rule in his absence, Berig assembles a mighty fleet and sails to the isle called Gothiscandza by Jordanes, which Johannes identifies as Gotland. From thence, they proceed to invade the land of the Ulmerugians, which Johannes identifies as the territory which would later become Prussia. Though the Ulmerguians put up a brave fight, they eventually realize that their forces are inferior to those of the Geats, and so burn their homes and fields and flee into "inner Vandalia". Though the land now is desolate, the Geats nonetheless colonizes it, as well as the neighbouring provinces of Pomerania, Poland, and Mecklenburg.

Johannes goes on to invent a list of rulers with six Erics before Eric the Victorious and six Charles before Charles VII. In that way the 16th-century monarchs Eric XIV and Charles IX could boast with ordinal numbers on par with the popes. These fictitious rulers were usually described in positive terms, but the invented King Gostagus (Ostanus, Östen III, number 90 in the list) is referred as a tyrant: "There was hardly a night throughout the year with him abstaining from fornication, rape, incest and the filthiest sexual intercourse". The account of Gostagus contains hateful hints about Gustav Vasa.[3] The strongly patriotic work also displays strong antipathy towards Denmark.[4]

List of Swedish monarchs appearing in the Historia

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Woodcut by Petter Lorens Hoffbro from ca. 1750 illustrating many of the monarchs appearing in the Historia, as well as all subsequent monarchs from Gustav I up to Gustav III.

The list includes various rulers from the Hervarar and Ynglinga saga as well as several legendary Nordic and Gothic heroes, albeit in different chronological order. All pre-12th century dates there are approximates, as stated throughout the book.

No. King Swedish name Accession
1 Magog Magog 2216 BC[5]
2 Suenno Sven
3 Gethar Getar I
4 Ubbo Ubbe 2058 BC[6]
5 Siggo Sigge
6 Ericus Erik I 1947 BC[7]
7 Uddo Udde 1879 BC[8]
8 Alo Ale
9 Othen Odin
10 Carolus Karl I
11 Biorno Björn I
12 Gethar Getar II
13 Gertho Gert
14 Berico Berik 1468 BC[9]
15 Humulphus Humulf
16 Humelus Humel
17 Gothilas Gottila
18 Sigthunius Sigtun
19 Scarinus Skarin
20 Sibdagerus Sibdager
21 Asmundus Asmund
22 Uffo Uffe
23 Hunigus Hunding
24 Regnerus Regnar
25 Hothebrotus Hotbrot
26 Attilus Adils I
27 Hotherus Höder
28 Rodericus Rörik
29 Attilus Adils II
30 Botuildus Botvild
31 Carolus Karl II
32 Grimerus Grimmer
33 Tordo Tord I
34 Gotharus Gotar I
35 Adulphus Adolf
36 Algothus Algot I
37 Ericus Erik II
38 Lindormus Lindorm
39 Gefsillus Gestill
40 Ericus "Diserti" Erik III the Eloquent 34 BC[10]
41 Getricus Götrik 4 AD[10]
42 Haldanus Haldan I
43 Vilmerus Vilmer
44 Nordianus Nordian
45 Sivardus Sivard I
46 Carolus Karl III
47 Ericus Erik IV
48 Haldanus Haldan II
49 Euginus Evgin
50 Ragnaldus Ragnald
51 Amunudus Amund I
52 Hacho Hake
53 Sivardus Sivard II
54 Ingo Inge I
55 Nearchus Neark
56 Frotho Frode
57 Urbarus Urbar
58 Ostenus Östen I
59 Fliolmus Fliolm
60 Svercherus Sverker I
61 Valander Valand
62 Visbur Visbur
63 Domalde Domald
64 Domarus Domar
65 Attilus Adils III
66 Dignerus Digner
67 Dagerus Dager
68 Alaricus "Alverum" Alarik, Alver
69 Ingemarus "Ingo" Ingemar I
70 Ingellus Ingel
71 Germundus Germund
72 Haquinus Ringo Håkan I Ring
73 Egillus Egil "Vendelkråka"
74 Gotharus Gotar II
75 Fatho Faste
76 Gudmudus Gudmund
77 Adelus Adel
78 Ostanus Östen II
79 Ingemarus "Canutus" Ingemar II, Knut
80 Holstanus Holsten
81 Biorno Björn II
82 Raualdus Ravald 464 AD[11]
83 Suartmanus Svartman 481 AD[12]
84 Tordo Tord II 509 AD[12]
85 Rodulphus Rodulf
86 Hathinus Hatin
87 Attilus Adils IV
88 Tordo Tord III
89 Algothus Algot II
90 Oftanus "Gostagus" Östen III (Gostag)
91 Arthus Artus 630 AD[13]
92 Haquinus Håkan II
93 Carolus Karl IV
94 Carolus Karl V
95 Birgerus Birger I
96 Ericus Erik V
97 Torillus Torill
98 Biornus Björn III 764 AD[14]
99 Alaricus Alrik
100 Biornus Björn IV 800 AD[15]
101 Bratemundus Bratemund
102 Sivardus Sivard III
103 Herotus Herod
104 Carolus Karl VI
105 Biornus Björn V
106 Ingevallus "Ingellus" Ingevald
107 Olaus Olof Trätälja
108 Ingo Inge II
109 Ericus "a Ventoso" Erik VI Väderhatt
Eric Weatherhat
110 Ericus "Victoriosus" Erik VII Segersäll
Eric the Victorious
111 Ericus Aorfel "Stenchillus" Erik Årsäll / Stenkil
112 Olaus Schotkonung Olof Skötkonung ~970 AD[16]
113 Amundus Anund Jacob 1018 AD[17]
114 Amundus Emund the Old
115 Haquinus Håkan Röde 13 years
116 Stenchillus Stenkil
117 Ingo Inge III
118 Halstanus Halsten
119 Philippus Philip 1080 AD[18]
120 Ingo Inge IV
121 Ragualdus Ragnvald II 1139 AD[19]
122 Magnus Magnus I
123 Suercherus Sverker II
124 Ericus "Sancti" Erik IX den helige
Eric the Saint 		1150 AD[20]
Magnus Magnus II Henriksson 1160 AD[20]
125 Carolus Karl VII Sverkersson 1160 AD[20]
126 Canutus Knut Eriksson 1168 AD[20]
127 Suercherus Sverker III 1192 AD[20]
128 Ericus Erik X Knutsson 1210 AD[20]
129 Ioannes Johan I 1216 AD[20]
130 Ericus "Blesus Balbus" Erik XI läspe & halte
Eric the Lame and Lisp 		1220 AD[20]
Canutus Knut II 1229 AD[20]
131 Valdemarus Valdemar 1250 AD[21]
132 Magnus Ladalos Magnus III Ladulås 1277 AD[22]
133 Birgerus Birger Magnusson 1290 AD[22]
134 Magnus Magnus IV Eriksson 1319 AD[23]
Ericus Erik XII Magnusson
Haquinus Håkon (VI of Norway)
135 Albertus Albrekt 1363 AD[24]
136 Margareta Margrethe I 1395 AD[25]
137 Ericus Pomeranus Erik XIII av Pommer 1412 AD[26]
138 Christophorus Christopher 1442 AD[27]
139 Carolus Canuti Karl VIII Knutsson 1448 AD[27]
140 Steno Sture senior Sten Sture the Elder 1470 AD[28]
141 Svanto Svante Nilsson 1504 AD[28]
142 Steno Sture junior Sten Sture the Younger 1512 AD[28]
143 Gostavus Gustav Vasa 1520 AD[29]

References

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  1. ^ Dick Harrison & Bo Eriksson, Sveriges historia 1350-1600. Stockholm: Norstedts, 2010, p. 310.
  2. ^ Richard Steffen (1929). "Reformationstidevarvet". Svenska Litteraturens Historia. p. 191.
  3. ^ Dick Harrison & Bo Eriksson, Sveriges historia 1350-1600. Stockholm: Norstedts, 2010, pp. 310-1
  4. ^ V. Söderberg, "Johannes Magnus", Nordisk Familjebok, 2nd Edition, pp. 39-40, https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0036.html
  5. ^ Chapters I-III: "It was 1656 years from Adam to the flood of Noah [...] About 3960 years passed from Adam and the creation of the world to the birth of Christ... [Magog] came to the region of the goats about the year 88 after the Flood."
  6. ^ Chapter Vl: "Ubbe gained the power over the Swedes about 246 years after the great flood."
  7. ^ Chapter VII-VIII: "[Siggo] died in Upsala around 412 years after the flood [1897 BC]. The Goths chose Erik as king in the 357 year post-flood. "
  8. ^ Chapter XIII: "But now to King Erik died around the year 425 after the Flood."
  9. ^ Chapter 14: "Berik then became king of these lands through the will of the Swedes and Goths around 836 after the Flood."
  10. ^ a b Book IV.31: "During the entire thirty-eight years during which he ruled over the Goths and Swedes, there were no wars... And if you ask in what year of Eric our Savior Jesus Christ was born, I will try to tell you, according to the reckoning of the true stories which we now have, that final work of divine pity happened about the thirtieth-fourth year of the reign of Eric. From this time there remained eight hundred years until the time of Emperor Charles the Great."
  11. ^ Book VIII, chapter 27.
  12. ^ a b Book VIII, chapter 29.
  13. ^ Book VIII, chapter 41.
  14. ^ Book VIII, chapter 44.
  15. ^ Book XVII, chapter 1.
  16. ^ Contemporary of Emperor Otto I (962–973)
  17. ^ Book XVII, chapter 23.
  18. ^ Book XVIII, chapter 13.
  19. ^ Book XVIII, chapter 15.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Book XIX, chapter 1–15
  21. ^ The book states that Eric XI died in 1250, after a rule of 29 years, but later gives Valdemar accession date as 1251.
  22. ^ a b Book XX, chapter 1–9
  23. ^ Book XXI, chapter 1.
  24. ^ Book XXI, chapter 10.
  25. ^ Book XXI, chapter 18. "She was elected Queen of the Swedes and Goths in 1395, the seventh year after Albrekt's capture [1389]."
  26. ^ Book XXII, chapter 1.
  27. ^ a b Book XXII, chapter 20–22.
  28. ^ a b c Book XXIII, chapter 9–20.
  29. ^ Book XXIV, chapter 4.

Sources

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