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Išartu

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Išartu
Divine personification of righteousness
Major cult centerMari
Genealogy
SpouseMīšaru

Išartu was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the divine hypostasis of righteousness. She was closely associated with a deity of similar character, Mīšaru, and in the god list An = Anum they are described as a couple. Evidence of the worship of Išartu includes early Akkadian theophoric names, offering lists from Mari and late religious texts from Uruk.

Character

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Išartu functioned as the divine hypostasis of righteousness.[1] Julia Krul describes her as the feminine equivalent of Mīšaru.[2] Volkert Haas assumed that in Mariote tradition they were regarded as twins.[3] In the god list An = Anum (tablet III, line 247) she is described as his spouse.[4] Manfred Krebernik argues that the pair represented the concept of law and order.[5]

Like Mīšaru, Išartu belonged to the circle of deities associated with Adad.[5] Paul-Alain Beaulieu notes that both of them show affinity with another deity from this group, Uṣur-amāssu, and presumes the latter's own association with justice was influenced by this.[6] Two known instances of the word išartu being used as an epithet of Shala, a balag composition and an eršaḫunga prayer, are presumed to be related to Išartu's presence in Adad s circle too.[4]

Išartu should not be confused with the theonym dI-šìr-tu4 known from a single late god list, which is instead assumed to mean "the ten gods."[4]

Worship

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The deity Išar, presumed to be identical with Išartu, first appears in Old Akkadian theophoric names.[4] She was worshiped in Bad-tibira during the reign of Shu-Sin of the Third Dynasty of Ur[7] and appears in an offering list from Mari (ARM 24 263) alongside Mišaru.[8] In the latter city both forms of the name were used,[4] with the longer one attested in the offering list ARM 23 264, between Dagan and Yakrub-El.[9] A possible reference to her is also present in the Old Babylonian god list from Isin, but the signs are damaged and the name cannot be restored with certainty.[4]

According to Daniel Schwemer, the only source of evidence regarding the worship of Išartu in later periods are documents from Uruk.[4] She was a member of the local pantheon in the Seleucid period, but she is not attested in earlier sources from this city.[10] She is one of the deities mentioned in a description of a parade accompanying Ishtar during the akitu celebrations; among other participants are chiefly figures typically associated with this goddess or the city of Uruk, such as Nanaya, Ninsianna, Ninigizibara or Ninmeurur.[1] Despite her presence in religious texts, Išartu is not attested in legal formulas or theophoric names from the late Uruk text corpus.[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 126.
  2. ^ Krul 2018, p. 68.
  3. ^ Haas 2015, p. 564.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Schwemer 2001, p. 68.
  5. ^ a b Krebernik 2008, p. 356.
  6. ^ Beaulieu 2014, p. 511.
  7. ^ Sallaberger 2021, p. 363.
  8. ^ Sasson 2015, p. 237.
  9. ^ Sasson 2015, p. 236.
  10. ^ a b Krul 2018, p. 73.

Bibliography

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