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Masovian dialect group

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Masovian dialect group
dialekty mazowieckie
Native toPoland
RegionMazovian Voivodeship, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Lublin Voivodeship, Warmia-Mazuria Voivodeship
Latin (Polish alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Linguasphere53-AAA-cc
(varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu)

The Masovian dialect group (Polish: dialekt mazowiecki), also Mazovian, is a dialect group of the Polish language spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland.[1] It is the most distinct of the Polish dialects and the most expansive.[1]

Masovian dialect (B3) among languages of Central Europe

Mazovian dialects may exhibit such features as mazurzenie, sandhi (intervocalic voicing of obstruents on word boundaries), and asynchronous palatal pronunciation of labial consonants (so-called softening). Characteristics include:

  • Depalatalization of velars before /ɛ/ and palatalization of velars before historical /ɛ̃/; e.g. standard Polish rękę, nogę ('arm', 'leg', in the accusative case) is rendered [ˈrɛŋkʲɛ], [ˈnɔɡʲɛ] respectively instead of [ˈrɛŋkɛ], [ˈnɔɡɛ];
  • /li/ sequences realized [lɪ] instead of [lʲi];
  • merger of the retroflex series sz, ż, cz, dż into the alveolar s, z, c, dz;
  • /ɨ/ > /i/ before certain consonants;
  • the Old Polish dual number marker -wa continues to be attached to verbs;
  • Standard Polish /ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ merged with /u/ and /a/ respectively, in most situations;
  • certain instances of a > e;
  • [mʲ] > [ɲ]

Masovian dialects also contain certain vocabulary that is distinct from the standard Polish language and shares common characteristics with the Kashubian language.[2]

List of dialects

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Descended from the language of the Mazovians,[3][4] the dialects are:[5]

Features of the region

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Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:[6]

  1. Labiovelarization of *telt > tëłt > tołt > tłot *pelti > płoc (Compare Polish pleć) (perhaps with the exception of słoʒona, sledziona)
  2. *TorT > TroT
  3. *ľ̥ > l̥ except in Pľ̥T́PK (po wargowych, a przed palatalnymi, wargowymi, i tylkojęzykowymi)
  4. remaining *ľ̥ in Pľ̥T́PK > ‘el: ḿelli, hard *l̥ > oł (Stolpsko), Pľ̥T (after a labial, before a hard postalveolar > ṔołT: v́ołna
  5. hardening of consonants before *ŕ̥t> ar: tfardi except źarno and śarno
  6. interword devoicing of consonants before voiceless consonants, liquids, or vowels: sat rośnie, sat urós, ukratem, zav́eśmi (zawieźmy)
  7. w > v/f trój, kfiat, *χw > χv > χf > f fała (chwała)
  8. mazurzenie: š ž č ǯ > s z c ʒ: scekać (szczekać, or a merger of the retroflexes and palatal sibilants into postalveolar: szcziekać, sziano
  9. Old Polish ḷ > ł > u̯, especially in West Masovia
  10. Hardening of Old Polish ľ > l even before i: lis
  11. Decomposition of soft labials: ṕ, b́, f́, v́, ḿ > pš/pχ́, bž/bɣ́, vź, fś, mń: kurpχ́/karpś, pafχ́/ołófš́, mniasto, also śfat (świat), niedźwiedź (earlier mniedźwiedź)
  12. Simplification of resulting clusters containing labials: ołóš́, źara (wiara), niasto
  13. śř, źř > śr, źr, środa, źrėbåk
  14. penultimate stress
  15. Loss aje> ā, grai̯e > grā
  16. preference for pochylone ȯ (kłȯtka, skȯlni)
  17. ir > ėr, sėrce
  18. *y > i, sin, dim, dwa ribi (compare decomposition of bilabials)
  19. Fronting of Old Polish short ă, even softening velars, pråvdä, ḱäńå täg vołå, sometimes merging with e
    1. a > ä > e in some Old Polish texts
    2. i̯a- > i̯ä- > i̯e-: i̯epko
    3. ra- > rä- > re-: reno
    4. -ar- > -är- > -er-: umer, derń (compare also umárł)
    5. frequent and common *ěT > ä > e: osierze (ofiara)
    6. ăN > äN > śäno
  20. á > a: dobra trawä
  21. loss of the phonemically short nasal in short syllables into a front, middle noasal between a and e, indifferent to the width of the opening of ą̈: zą̈bi, sometimes going to ą (ćąsko) or ę (ćęsko), or sometimes denazalisation in unstressed codas or before sibilants (i̯azik, i̯ėnzik)
  22. lost of the phonemically long nasal vowel ą̄ > ǫ and in regions touching Małopolska > ų, with frequent denasalization as above (kśůska)
  23. -išče > -isko
  24. spread of -isty, -asty
  25. replacement of -’ev in soft stems with -’ov in the 16th century, and occasional hypercorrection to adding -’ev after hard stems: synev́i
  26. establishment of od(-) (<*otъ) before vowels and liquids, od okna, odnaleźć in the 15th century
  27. loss via analogy of mobile e: do Suvȧłk
  28. spread of -ywać
  29. replacement of neuter nouns ending in -ę with -ak: ćelȧk
  30. replacement of -eć infinitives with -ić/-yć: lezyć
  31. replacement of the superlative nȧ- with nai̯-
  32. establishment of voiced z(-) before vowels and liquids: zleźć, z ńim
  33. replacement of the locative plural -’eχ with -aχ in the middle of the 16th century
  34. mixing of the dative endings -ov́i with -u > -ov́u: bratoźu, χłopakoɣ́u, wołoju
  35. replacement of the genitive singular soft-stem ending -’e (<*-ě₃) with -i: z źä(m)ńi
  36. replacement of the nominative/accusative neuter ending -ē < *-ьje with -ĕ with declensions from *-jo-: zboze
  37. replacement of the genitive/locative adjective/pronoun plural ending -iχ with -ėχ
  38. sporadic use of adjective/pronoun endings for some nouns
  39. replacement of neuter/feminine dv́e with dva: dva krovi, dva okna
  40. replacement of the ending -i for numerals from 5-10 with -u: z dvu, seśću, or ṕę̇ćuχ
  41. replacement of ā < *ěja in preterite forms with the reflex of *ě by analogy: mńāł, mńăłă, mńeli
  42. loss of -ui̯e, -ovać (-ivać) in some verbs: kupać, zlatać
  43. loss of the dual with the dual form -ta replacing the second person plural: ńeśeta, ńeśta with -će being used for formal forms: ńeśeće
  44. in some subdialects spread of the first person dual -va in the present: ńeśeva
  45. in some subdialects replacement of the first person imperative -m with -my: ńeśmi or more often with -va: ńeźva, and occasional contamination of the two with -ma: neśma
  46. in the first person compound past (nosił(a) + jeśḿ) > -eśḿ > -(e)m: nosiłem/uśatem
  47. first person past: ńeśli(je)sm > neśliśmy, and also replacement with the dual: bẏliźva or -śma: nośiliśma
  48. merger of masculine personal with masculine animal endings by spread of -y and -e
    1. regional replacement of -li with -ły: spałi (for m.pr and m.an)
    2. regional replacement of -ły with -li: spali (for m.pr and m.an)

References

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  1. ^ a b "Gwary polskie – Dialekt mazowiecki". gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ "Slavic languages – Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968). Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.
  4. ^ Halina Karas, Gwary Polskie, Dialects and gwary in Poland Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Dialekt mazowiecki". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  6. ^ Karol Dejna (1973). Dialekty polskie. pp. 242–248.

Bibliography

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  • Barbara Bartnicka (red.): Polszczyzna Mazowsza i Podlasia. Łomża-Warszawa 1993.
  • Anna Basara: Studia nad wokalizmem w gwarach Mazowsza. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1965.
  • Anna Cegieła: Polski Słownik terminologii i gwary teatralnej. Wrocław 1992.
  • Jadwiga Chludzińska-Świątecka: Ze studiów nad słowotwórstwem gwar mazowieckich. Poradnik Językowy, z. 6, 1961, s. 253–258.
  • Karol Dejna: Dialekty polskie. Ossolineum 1993.
  • Barbara Falińska (red.): Gwary Mazowsza, Podlasia i Suwalszczyzny.ɴ I. Filipów, pow. Suwałki, Białystok, 2004.
  • Województwo płockie. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź-Płock 1984.
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