History of the Jews in Moldova
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| est. 85,000 to 120,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Israel | 80,000–100,000[1] |
 Moldova | 4,000 to 15,000–20,000[2][3] |
 Romania | ~1,000 |
| Languages | |
| Hebrew (in Israel), Romanian, Russian, Yiddish | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
| Part of a series on |
| Jews and Judaism |
|---|
The history of the Jews in Moldova reaches back to the 1st century BC, when Roman Jews lived in the cities of the province of Lower Moesia. Bessarabian Jews have been living in the area for some time. Between the 4th-7th centuries AD, Moldova was part of an important trading route between Asia and Europe, and bordered the Khazar Khaganate, where Judaism was the state religion.[4] Prior to the Second World War, violent antisemitic movements across the Bessarabian region badly affected the region's Jewish population. In the 1930s and '40s, under the Romanian governments of Octavian Goga and Ion Antonescu, government-directed pogroms and mass deportations led to the concentration and extermination of Jewish citizens followed, leading to the extermination of between 45,000-60,000 Jews across Bessarabia.[5][6] The total number of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews who perished in territories under Romanian administration is between 280,000 and 380,000.[5]
Today, the Jewish community in Moldova has been revived and are primarily represented by the Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova (JCM) organisation. The group was registered in its current form in 1997, but its roots stretch back to founding of the Union of Jewish Communities in Bessarabia on 3 November 1935.[7] The group estimate that the total population of Moldovan Jews in 2022 to be approx. 20,000.[8] The World Jewish Congress (of which the JCM is an affiliate member) states that there has been "a widespread development of a national self-consciousness and a return to their roots by the Jews of Moldova, with Jewish identity and culture being celebrated in a number of forms".[9] Diplomatic relations with Israel began in 1992 and the Israeli consulate is located in the capital city, Chişinău. Since 2014, Moldova has been an observer country to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, and since 2019 has adopted the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism for official use. The Museum of Jewish History was opened in Orhei on 30 January 2023.[10]
There is one Jewish kindergarten in Chişinău, two Jewish schools and a municipal Jewish library named after Itzik Manger. A Jewish newspaper, Nash Golos ("Our Voice"), is published twice a month by the Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova.[9] There is a Jewish Cultural Center in Chişinău, as well as seven synagogues, with synagogues also present in Orhei, Soroca, and Tiraspol, and "Memorials to the Kishinev ghetto, to the Victims of Fascism, to the Victims of Chişinău Pogrom are sites for remembrance in Chişinău."[9] Other organisations include Chabad Lubavitch Moldova and Kedem.
The constitution of Moldova guarantees the right to freedom of religion and the total separation of church and state, while noting the "exceptional importance" of Orthodox Christianity.[8] Holocaust denial and insulting the memory of the Holocaust are criminal offences.[8] The "production, sale, distribution, or public use of fascist, racist, or xenophobic symbols or ideology, unless used for art, science, or education. The law prohibits the promotion of xenophobia, racism, fascism, and hatred and violence on ethnic, racial, or religious grounds."[8] Since 2015, 27 January is annually recognised as the National Holocaust Remembrance Day.[9] In 2016, the Moldovan parliament endorsed the Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania by Elie Wiesel. Discrimination on the basis of religious affiliation is illegal, and incitement to religious and ethnic hatred was made illegal in May 2022.[8]
Bessarabian Jews
[edit]Early history
[edit]
- 1889: There were 180,918 Jews of a total population of 1,628,867 in Bessarabia.
- 1897: The Jewish population had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392.[11]
- 1903: Chișinău (Kishinev) in Russian Bessarabia had a Jewish population of 50,000, or 46%, out of a total of approximately 110,000. While almost non-existent in the countryside, Jews had been present in all major towns since the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. Jewish life flourished with 16 Jewish schools and over 2,000 pupils in Chișinău alone.
- 19 - 21 April 1903: The Kishinev pogrom occurs.
- 1920: The Jewish population had grown to approximately 267,000.
- 1930: Romanian census registers 270,000 Jews.[12]
Kishinev pogrom
[edit]
In 1903, a young Christian Russian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of Dubăsari (Dubossary), 37 km northeast of Chișinău. A Russian language antisemitic newspaper "Bessarabian" began to disseminate rumors about the murder being part of a Jewish ritual. This newspaper had been publishing rumors about the Jews that brought ruin to the local Jewish population. As for the murder, it reported that the victim visited the shop of a Jewish tobacconist before his disappearance.[13] Other anti-Semitic newspapers called for a pogrom.[14] Although the official investigation had determined the lack of any ritualism in the murder and eventually discovered that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), the unrest caused by these and other rumors had resulted in a major pogrom during the Easter holidays. The pogrom lasted for three days, without the intervention of the police. Forty seven (some say 49) Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed.[15]
Many of the younger Jews, including Mendel Portugali, made an effort to defend the community. There was outcry from prominent Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Maksim Gorky, as well as protests from Jews and non-Jews in Europe and the United States. Haim Nachman Bialik wrote about the pogrom in his poem, "The City of Slaughter", and Vladimir Korolenko in his book, House No. 13.[16]
The Holocaust
[edit]
Up to two-thirds of Bessarabian Jews fled before the retreat of the Soviet troops. 110,033 people from Bessarabia and Bukovina (the latter included at the time the counties of Cernăuţi, Storojineţ, Rădăuţi, Suceava, Câmpulung, and Dorohoi – approximately 100,000 Jews) – all except a small minority of the Jews that did not flee in 1941 – were deported to the Transnistria Governorate, a region which was under Romanian military control during 1941–44.
- 1941: The Einsatzkommandos, German mobile killing units drawn from the Nazi-Schutzstaffel (SS) and commanded by Otto Ohlendorf entered Bessarabia. They were instrumental in the massacre of many Jews in Bessarabia, who did not flee in face of the German advancement.
- 8 July 1941: Ion Antonescu, Romania's ruler at the time, made a declaration in front of the Ministers' Council:
- ... With the risk of not being understood by some traditionalists which may be among you, I am in favour of the forced migration of the entire Jew element from Bessarabia and Bukovina, which must be thrown over the border. Also, I am in favor of the forced migration of the Ukrainian element, which does not belong here at this time. I don't care if we appear in history as barbarians. The Roman Empire has made a series of barbaric acts from a contemporary point of view and, still, was the greatest political settlement. There has never been a more suitable moment. If necessary, shoot with the machine gun.[17]
The killing squads of Einsatzgruppe D, together with special non-military units attached to the German Wehrmacht and the Romanian army were involved in many massacres in Bessarabia (over 10,000 in a single month of war, in June–July 1941), while deporting other thousands to Transnistria. From 1941 to 1942, those Jews deported to territories to distant regions of USSR and war zones on orders of Marshal Antonescu reached 56,089.[18] A huge number of this population perished during the occupation of those territories.[18]
In Nazi ghettos organized in several towns, as well as in Nazi concentration camps (there was also a comparable number of Jews from Transnistria in those camps) many people died from starvation or bad sanitation, or were shot by special Nazi units right before the arrival of Soviet troops in 1944. The Romanian military administration of Transnistria kept very poor records of the people in the ghettos and camps. The only exact number found in Romanian sources is 59,392 died in the ghettos and camps from the moment those were open until mid-1943[19] This number includes all internees regardless of their origin, but does not include those that perished on the way to the camps, those that perished between mid-1943 and spring 1944, as well as those that perished in the immediate aftermath of the Romanian army's occupation of Transnistria (see for example the Odessa massacre).
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
[edit]After World War II, the number of Jews in Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic increased significantly, peaking at 98,001 in 1970.[20] During the 1970s Soviet Union aliyah and immigration to the West and especially in the late 1980s, many of them emigrated to Israel, United States, Canada and some to Australia and Western Europe. The last Soviet census of 1989 registered 65,672 Jews in the Soviet Republic.[21]
Contemporary situation
[edit]
As of 2014, there are an estimated 15,000 Jews in Moldova, including over 10,000 in Chișinău alone. At the same time, there are 75,492 Moldovan Jews living in Israel, and also small communities in other parts of the world, such as Russia, the US, the UK, Germany, Romania, Australia, etc.
Since 2015, 27 January is annually recognised as the National Holocaust Remembrance Day.[9] In 2016, the Moldovan parliament endorsed the Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania by Elie Wiesel. Discrimination on the basis of religious affiliation is illegal, and incitement to religious and ethnic hatred was made illegal in May 2022.[8]
However, antisemitism is still commonplace; several churches and political organisations still refer to antisemitic rhetoric. In addition, far-right and neo-Nazi groups are active in the country. Because religion was heavily restricted in Soviet times, it is likely that there are many more people of ethnic Jewish heritage in Moldova than those who practice the religion, but many simply may not know about it.
In 2024, the Action and Protection League (based in Brussels) and the European Jewish Association published a poll surveying 1,000 Moldovans. According to the results of the poll (reported by The Times of Israel), "a majority of the 923 respondents indicated that they were either neutral on Jews (27%) or associated them (35%) with “positive” qualities, including “respect, intelligent, smart, normal people, capable, ordinary, educated." The 19% percent who reported negative reactions associated Jews with such concepts as “greedy, calculating, cunning, traitors, crucifixion of Christ, bad people, foreign culture, charlatans, speculators, dirty, deceit, selfish.” Nearly half of respondents, or 48%, said they didn’t like Jews, with 13% saying they “really dislike” them, but 40% said they “really like” Jews. Compared to other ethnicities, Jews were more liked in the poll than Roma (28%), Poles (34%); immigrants (34%) and the Gagauz (39%), a Turkic ethnic group."
In response to the poll, the director of the European Jewish Association lobby group, Rabbi Menachem Margolin stated that "deep-rooted antisemitism persists in Moldova. There can be no rational explanation as to why a community that represents such a tiny fraction of the overall population bears the brunt of such an alarmingly high number of stereotypes and tropes.”[22]
Notable figures
[edit]
- Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894). Composer, pianist, conductor.
- Yehuda Leib Tsirelson (1859-1941). Rabbi, writer.
- Meir Dizengoff (1861-1936). First mayor of Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Shmuel Cohen (1870-1940). Composer of Israel's national anthem 'Hatikvah'.
- Anna Tumarkin (1875-1951). Philosopher and psychologist.
- Lev Berg (1876-1950). Ichthyologist, geographer, and zoologist.
- Lewis Milestone (1895-1980). Film director, first winner of two Academy Awards.
- Dovid Knut (1900-1955). Poet and member of the French Resistance.
- Lazar Dubinovschi (1910-1982), sculptor.
- Liviu Deleanu (1911-1967). Poet and writer, author of the MSSR anthem.
- Yaakov Yardaur (1912-1997), Lehi militant
- Izi Diamond (1920-1988). Screenwriter, Oscar Award-winner.
- Isidor Burdin (1914-1999). Conductor and composer, instrumental in the revitalization of folk music in Moldova.
- Saul Perlmutter (1959–present). Astrophysicist, Nobel Prize winner.
- Marina Tauber (1986-present). Politician, mayor of Jora de Mijloc, and member of parliament.
- Ilan Shor (1987-present). Politician, mayor of Orhei, and founder of Șor, a Moldovan political party.
- Isaac Bersuker (1928-present). Member of Academy of Sciences of Moldova and theoretical physicist known for discoveries pertaining to the Jahn-Teller effect.
- Marina Shafir (1988-), professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
See also
[edit]
- Israel–Moldova relations
- History of the Jews in Chișinău
- History of the Jews in Romania
- History of the Jews in Transnistria
- Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova
References
[edit]- ^ "Ambasada Republicii Moldova în Statul Israel". israel.mfa.md. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ "The Jewish Virtual World—Moldova". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^ "Introduction and History of the Jews in Moldova".
- ^ "120 years anniversary of the Kishinev (Chisinau) Pogrom, 1903". City Council of Chișinău – 120 years anniversary of the Kishinev (Chisinau) Pogrom, 1903. Retrieved 4 August 2023.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania" (PDF). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 11 November 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Solash, Richard (8 April 2012). "Archive Reveals New Details of Holocaust in Moldova". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "About Us – JCM". Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f "2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Moldova". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Community in Moldova (Republic of) – World Jewish Congress". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "Opening of Orhei Jewish Museum – JCM". Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям. Бессарабская губерния Archived 30 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
- ^ Populaţia pe Neamuri (in Romanian). Institutul Central de Statistică. pp. XXIV. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Cohen, Richard; Cohen, Richard M. (2014). Israel: Can it Survive?. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1-4165-7568-9.
- ^ Rossner, Rena (25 September 2018). The Sisters of the Winter Wood. Orbit. ISBN 978-0-316-48329-2.
- ^ Judge, Edward H. (1995). Easter in Kishinev: Anatomy of a Pogrom. NYU Press. pp. 42–47. ISBN 0814742238.
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Kishinev". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ Quote from "The Stenograms of the Ministers' Council, Ion Antonescu's Government", vol. IV, July–September 1941 period, Bucharest, year 2000, page 57 (Stenogramele şedinţelor Consiliului de Miniştri, Guvernarea Ion Antonescu, vol. IV, perioada iulie-septembrie 1941, București, anul 2000, pagina 57.)
- ^ a b Brezianu, Andrei; Spânu, Vlad (2007). Historical Dictionary of Moldova. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8108-6446-7.
- ^ Maresal Ion Antonescu. (in Romanian)
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР (in Russian)
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР. Archived 25 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Lidor, Canaan. "Poll on antisemitism in Moldova shows much hostility alongside widespread affection". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) (1999). Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. ISBN 978-0-96-565081-6. OCLC 607423469.
- Berzoy, Antonina A. (1999). Weiner, Miriam (ed.). Jewish Genealogical Research in the Moldovan National Archives: Introduction (PDF). Kishinev, Moldova: Moldovan National Archives. pp. 381–385. ISBN 978-0-965-65080-9.
- Jignea, Clara; Kopansky, Yakov; Shoikhet, Semion (1999). Weiner, Miriam (ed.). The Jews of Moldova (PDF). Moldova: Department of Jewish History and Culture of Moldova at the Institute of Inter-Ethnic Research at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova; Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of the Republic of Moldova. pp. 395–400. ISBN 978-0-965-65080-9.
- Weiner, Miriam (1999). Cities and Towns in Moldova: Pages from the Past and Present: Historical Background (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-965-65080-9.