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Muhammad Hasan of Brunei

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In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Saiful Rizal Nurul Alam is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Muhammad Hasan. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.
See also: Muhammad Hassan and Muhammad Hasan
Muhammad Hasan
محمد حسن‎
Sultan of Brunei
Reign1582–1598
PredecessorShah Brunei
SuccessorAbdul Jalilul Akbar
Died1598
Istana Tanjong Kindana, Brunei-Muara, Brunei
Burial
Tanjong Kindana Royal Mausoleum, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
SpousePuteri Sulu
Issue
Detail
Posthumous name
Marhum di Tanjung (مرحوم د تنجوڠ)
HouseBolkiah
FatherSaiful Rijal
ReligionSunni Islam

Muhammad Hasan ibni Saiful Rijal[1] (died c. 1598), posthumously known as Marhum di Tanjung, was the tenth Sultan of Brunei from 1582 to 1598.[2][3] During him reign, the Bruneian Empire had full control of the island of Borneo and Northern Philippines, including Sulu.[4]

Reign

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Muhammad Hasan became the ninth Sultan of Brunei when he ascended to the throne in 1582. When he was done ruling, Kota Batu had two surrounded, square-shaped palaces. In the Kota Batu administration, palaces, mosques, and educational institutions have been created according to the period to facilitate the sultan's administrative connections with the public. He also created the bridge that connects the island and the stronghold on Pulau Cermin to Tanjong Kindana, also called Tanjong Chendana.[5] Additionally, he designed the bridge connecting Tanjong Kindana, also known as Tanjong Chendana, to the island and the fortress on Pulau Cermin.[6]

Pengiran Di-Gadong and Pengiran Pemancha were the two new Wazirs (Viziers) installed during his reign. In addition, he strongly defended Sunni Islam in the Philippine Islands.[7] His designation as a foreign envoy was modified to Duta (Ambassador). It should be mentioned that the Sultan wrote the book Kanun Brunei. A four-square city with installed guns defended his palace. He gave the order for Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela to launch an assault on Milau, a Kelabitic clan, in Sarawak.[8] Milau surrendered when the rebellion was put down by Bruneian forces.[9]

Brunei-Pahang relations

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Chinese chronicles spanning from 1573 to 1619 highlighted the close relationship between the sultanates of Pahang and Brunei. These stories described how a sultan from Brunei defended Pahang against an invasion by Johor and helped the city survive.  Due to the married links that were arranged between the royal houses of the two sultanates, the sultan in question was most likely Muhammad Hasan. Another sign of the strong relationship between these two sultanates is the fact that Sultan Abdul Ghafur of Pahang visited and remained in Brunei with his spouse.[10]

Sultan Muhammad Hasan was able to replicate the Malaccan Legal Code into the Pahang Legal Code, despite their close relationship making this possible. Muhammad Hasan was able to replicate the Malaccan Legal Code into the Pahang Legal Code, despite their close relationship making this possible. Nevertheless, this argument is weak because the Brunei Legal Code shares parallels with the Malaccan Code in 21 of its 50 sections.[10]

Sultan Hasan's Canons

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During the 15th and 16th centuries, the economy of Brunei was booming and it was the commercial and Islamic center for Borneo and its neighboring countries, the Philippine and Java islands. Around the same period, the sultanates of Aceh and Brunei both reached a state of success. In the Salasilah Raja–Raja Brunei, Muhammad Hasan and the succeeding Sultan Iskandar Muda were compared. The Adat (Royal Customs), were a priority for both Sultans.[11]

One of Muhammad Hasan's greatest accomplishments was a body of legislation known as the canons. The rules were quite contemporary and covered practically every aspect, including royal etiquette. For example, Chapter 33 addressed matters pertaining to debt, while Chapter 34 addressed matters pertaining to bankruptcy. The laws also covered a wide range of other aspects of everyday life and matters impacting the welfare of the public, including commerce, interest payments, defamation, theft, burglary, and murder.[11]

Death

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The resting place of Muhammad Hasan at the Tanjong Kindana Royal Mausoleum

Muhammad Hasan passed away at Istana Tanjong Cheindana and was buried in Tanjung Chendana (also Tanjong Kindana),[12] Berambang Island in 1598.[8] After his death and burial, he was given the title of Marhum di Tanjung.[13] His son the Crown Prince of Brunei, Pengiran Muda Besar 'Abdul Jalilul 'Akbar would succeed him in the throne.[14] As of 2016, only remnants of his original gravestone remains on the site.[11]

Personal life

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Tomb of Sultan Muhammad Hasan in 2023.

Sultan Muhammad Hasan was married four times, first three being Bruneian princesses while the fourth being Putri Sulu, daughter of Sultan Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan of Sulu. By Putri Brunei, they had a son Sultan Abdul Kahar Jalilul Alam. Other issues he had were:

Uncertainties

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Both versions of the Silsilah state that Muhammad Hasan conquered Sulu. In 1578, the Sulu Archipelago was taken by Don Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa, leading to the surrender of the Brunei Adipati, Raja Iro (or Ilo), who was Saiful Rijal's brother-in-law. By the end of that year, Raja Iro and his followers had returned to Brunei, and Sulu became an encomienda entrusted to Don Pedro de Oseguera and his son. This arrangement lasted until the early 17th century when Brunei regained control. In 1614, Admiral Laurens Reael encountered "the Young King of Sulu," who left a strong impression on him; this was none other than the illustrious Raja Bongsu, son of Muhammad Hasan and grandson of Raja Iro. Thus, it is likely that Muhammad Hasan's conquest occurred sometime before 1614. Additionally, the Silsilah notes that Raja Tengah, Sultan Hasan's second son, was appointed to govern Sambas. Teun A. van Dijk also mentions that in 1609, Adipati Tengah of Sambas revolted against Brunei, seeking assistance from the Dutch, which resulted in disastrous consequences in 1612.[15]

Legacy

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Reputation

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It was mentioned in the Salasilah Raja–Raja Brunei that the two Sultans' levels of firmness were similar. When the Salasilah refers to kekerasan (firmness), it does not explain exactly, but it is reasonable to believe that both Sultans were able to use their determination as the head of state of their respective countries. The people of Salasilah hailed Sultan Muhammad Hassan for his boldness, justice, and friendliness toward them.[11] Graham Saunders wrote, "Was in many respects an enlightened ruler, with a broader interest in the world and an interest in theological debate." to characterise Muhammad Hasan. Father Antonio Preira, a Jesuit who spent several months in Brunei due to the monsoon, was struck by him for his intelligence and his patience."[16]

Things named after him

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Yahya M. S. (2000). Sejarah dan peranan institusi-institusi Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) (in Malay). Pusat Da'wah Islamiah, Ministry of Religious Affairs. p. 160. ISBN 978-99917-35-17-7.
  2. ^ Yunos, Rozan (2009). "The Era of Sultan Hassan". The Brunei Times.
  3. ^ Alibasyah, Teuku Iskandar (1996). Sultan Hassan (Marhum di Tanjung) dan Sultan Iskandar Muda (Marhum Mahkota Alam). Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah and Akademi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
  4. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (14 December 2015). Brunei - History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-65997-6.
  5. ^ Rauh, Abdol. Sistem Beraja Di Brunei Darussalam: Satu Tinjauan Dari Perspektif Politik Islam - Pusat Pentadbiran Tradisi Brunei (PDF) (in Malay). p. 970.
  6. ^ Brunei (1977). Annual Report - State of Brunei. p. 494.
  7. ^ "Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (PDF). Hmjubliemas.gov.bn (in Malay). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Pusat Sejarah Brunei - Sultan - Sultan Brunei". www.history-centre.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  9. ^ Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang) (1997). Tarsilah Brunei: Zaman kegemilangan dan kemasyhuran (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. p. 108.
  10. ^ a b Gin, Ooi Keat; King, Victor T. (29 July 2022). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-56864-6.
  11. ^ a b c d Yunos 2016.
  12. ^ Jurnal Beriga (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. 2008. p. 45.
  13. ^ Genealogical Tree
  14. ^ "SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI" (PDF). Brunei History Centre. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Nicholl, Robert (1989). "Some Problems of Brunei Chronology". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 20 (2): 186–187. ISSN 0022-4634.
  16. ^ Saunders, Graham E. (1994). A History of Brunei. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-967-65-3049-3.
  17. ^ Scoop, The (27 June 2021). "Temburong secondary school to get new $16.3 million building". The Scoop. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  18. ^ "Sultan Hassan Secondary School New Building". Brunei News Gazette. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  19. ^ "Minister Of Education Conducted Working Visit To Temburong". Ministry of Education. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2023.

Bibliography

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of Brunei
1582–1598 		Succeeded by
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