Turkana Boy
 Cast at the American Museum of Natural History | |
| Catalog no. | KNM-WT 15000 |
|---|---|
| Common name | Turkana Boy, Nariokotome Boy |
| Species | Homo ergaster (also referred to as African Homo erectus) |
| Age | 1.5 - 1.6 mya |
| Place discovered | Lake Turkana, Kenya |
| Date discovered | 1984 |
| Discovered by | Kamoya Kimeu/Richard Leakey |
Turkana Boy, also called Nariokotome Boy, is the name given to fossil KNM-WT 15000, a nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster youth who lived 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago. This specimen is the most complete early hominin skeleton ever found.[1] It was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu on the bank of the Nariokotome River near Lake Turkana in Kenya.[2][3]
Estimates of the individual's age at death range from 7 to 11 years old.[4]
Adolescence and maturity
[edit]_Fundort_Nariokotome,_Kenia,_Rekonstruktion_im_Neanderthal_Museum.jpg)
Although the specimen is largely considered male due to the shape of the pelvis, the sex is ultimately undetermined due to its prepubescent age. Estimates of the age at death depend on whether the maturity stage of the teeth or skeleton is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of Homo sapiens or to chimpanzees. A key factor is that modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, whereas chimpanzees do not. Initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, but recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early hominins. This difference affects the estimates of both the age and the likely stature of the specimen as a fully grown adult.[4]
Alan Walker and Richard Leakey in 1993 estimated the boy to have been about 11–12 years old based on known rates of bone maturity.[5][nb 1] Walker and Leakey (1993) said that dental dating often gives a younger age than a person's actual age.[6][nb 2]
Christopher Dean (M. C. Dean) of University College London, in a 2009 Nova special,[7] estimated that the Turkana Boy was 8 years old at death.[8][9]
Morphology
[edit]The specimen comprises 108 bones, making it the most complete early human skeleton discovered. The Smithsonian estimates that he was 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighed 48 kg (106 lb) when he died, and may have been close to his adulthood height.[10] In adulthood, Turkana Boy might have reached 185 centimetres (6.07 ft) tall and massed 68 kilograms (150 lb). The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which is most likely for more efficient upright walking. This further indicates a fully terrestrial bipedalism, which is unlike older hominin species that show a combined feature of bipedalism and tree climbing.[11] The Boy was relatively tall, which increased his body surface area that would enhance heat dissipation and prevent heat stress under the hot sun.[3][12]
The overall KNM-WT 15000 skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in H. sapiens. However, there are significant defining characters, such as bigger brain size (880 cc). The arms and legs are slightly longer indicating effective bipedality. The nose is projecting like those of humans rather than the open flat nose seen in other apes.[13] Body hair may also have been thinner (most likely naked) and possibly with increased sweat glands to hasten cooling.[14][15] However, despite the appearance shown in the reconstruction of Turkana Boy, it's unlikely he actually had dark skin. The emergence of skin pigmentation in the genus Homo dates to about 1.2 million years ago.[16] Genetic analysis suggests that high activity in the melanocortin 1 receptor, which produces dark skin, dates back to approximately that time.[17]
Vocal capabilities
[edit]The fossil skeleton and other fossil evidence, such as Acheulean stone tools, prompt the majority of scientists to conclude that Homo ergaster and Homo erectus – unlike their more primitive ancestors – became efficient hunters. The social structure would probably have become more complex with a larger brain volume; the Broca's area of the brain allows speech and is noted by a slight slant on the cranium. Turkana Boy's thoracic vertebrae are narrower than in Homo sapiens.[18] This would have allowed him less motor control over the thoracic muscles that are used in modern humans to modify respiration to enable the sequencing upon single exhalations of complex vocalisations.[19]
Disease
[edit]Early studies indicated that Turkana Boy suffered from a congenital disorder, either dwarfism or scoliosis. This was because the rib bones appeared asymmetrical to the spine, at the time attributed to skeletal dysplasia.[20] However, in 2013, a study showed that when the rib bones were rearranged, they became symmetrical against the spine, and that an unusual structure of the vertebrae was characteristic of the early hominins. However, the fossil definitely showed lumbar disc herniation, an injury implicated with the specimen's death.[1] The specimen also had a diseased mandible.[8]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Walker explains: "in KNM-WT 15000, his skeletal development can only be used to place an upper limit of about 14 years on his age at death. However, a less often recognized skeletal maturational event does generally occur prior to 14 years in modern males – the union of the trochlea and capitulum (and also the lateral epicondyle) of the humerus, prior to their joint union with the humeral shaft.... That these elements were fused in KNM-WT 15000 (at least the capitulum and trochlea) suggests a skeletal age for him of somewhat more than 11 years.... In either event, 11 to 12 years would seem to be the best compromise figure to use for his chronological age at death." (Walker & Leakey, 1993, p. 235)
- ^ "Just as in the case of human dental age (above), estimates based on tooth formation give slightly younger ages than those based on emergence." (Walker & Leakey, 1993, p. 207)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Schiess R, Haeusler M (2013). "No skeletal dysplasia in the Nariokotome boy KNM-WT 15000 (Homo erectus) – A reassessment of congenital pathologies of the vertebral column". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 150 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22211. PMID 23283736.
- ^ Brown F, Harris J, Leakey R, Walker A (1985). "Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 316 (6031): 788–792. Bibcode:1985Natur.316..788B. doi:10.1038/316788a0. PMID 3929141. S2CID 4311887.
- ^ a b Stefoff R (2009). First Humans. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 87–88. ISBN 9780761441847.
- ^ a b Graves RR, Lupo AC, McCarthy RC, Wescott DJ, Cunningham DL (2010). "Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000?". J Hum Evol. 59 (5): 542–554. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.007. PMID 20846707.
- ^ Walker, Alan; Richard Leakey (1993). The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Netherlands: Springer. p. 235. ISBN 3-540-56301-6.
- ^ Walker, Alan; Richard Leakey (1993). The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Netherlands: Springer. p. 207. ISBN 3-540-56301-6.
- ^ "Becoming Human". PBS. November 2009.
- ^ a b https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/beta/evolution/becoming-human-part-2.html, at 38:00 minutes on countdown
- ^ Lewin, p. 164
- ^ KNM-WT 15000, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved 1 August 2021
- ^ Bilsborough A (16 June 1997). "The 1.5-million-year-old". timeshighereducation.co.uk. TSL Education Ltd. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ "Leaving home – 2 million years ago". BBC. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ The National Museums of Kenya. "KNM-WT-15000 (Homo-Erectus) "Turkana boy or Nariokotome boy" – big boy" (PDF). museums.or.ke. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ Lloyd C (2009). What on Earth Happened? ... In Brief: The Planet, Life and People from the Big Bang to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 9781408805978.
- ^ Tattersall I (2008). The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780195167122.
- ^ Nina, Jablonski (2004). "The evolution of human skin and skin color". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33: 585–623. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143955. S2CID 53481281.
genetic evidence [demonstrate] that strong levels of natural selection acted about 1.2 mya to produce darkly pigmented skin in early members of the genus Homo
- ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (2004). "Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair". Current Anthropology. 45 (1): 105–108. doi:10.1086/381006. S2CID 224795768.
- ^ MacLarnon AM (1993). "The vertebrate canal". In Walker A, Leakey R (eds.). The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Harvard University Press. pp. 359–390. ISBN 9780674600751.
- ^ MacLarnon AM, Hewitt GP (1999). "The evolution of human speech: the role of enhanced breathing control". Am J Phys Anthropol. 109 (3): 341–363. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199907)109:3<341::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 10407464.
- ^ Ghose T (19 March 2013). "Best-Preserved Human Ancestor Didn't Have Bone Disorder". Live Science. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Further reading
[edit]- Leakey, Richard (1994). The Origin of Humankind. ISBN 0-465-03135-8.
- Leakey, Richard (1992). Origins Reconsidered. ISBN 0-385-41264-9.
- Barraclough, G. (1989). Stone, N. (ed.). Atlas of World History (3rd ed.). Times Books Limited. ISBN 0-7230-0304-1.
- Walker, Alan; Shipman, Pat (1997). Wisdom of the Bones. ISBN 0-679-74783-4. – Good popular level presentation
- Alan Walker; Richard Leakey, eds. (1993). Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. ISBN 0-674-60075-4. – Technical papers
- Mckie, Robin (2000). Dawn of Man. BBC. ISBN 0-7894-6262-1.
- Wheeler, P.E. (1984). "The Evolution of Bipedality and Loss of Functional Body Hair in Hominids". Journal of Human Evolution. 13 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(84)80079-2.
- Lewin, Roger (2004). Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction 5th Edition. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-0378-7.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Turkana Boy at Wikimedia Commons- Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian
- Celebrating the Turkana Human - Google Doodles
