Sivatherium

Sivatherium; Temporal range: Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene, 7–0.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Skeleton of S. giganteum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Giraffidae
Subfamily:	†Sivatheriinae
Genus:	†Sivatherium; Falconer & Cautley, 1836
Type species
	†Sivatherium giganteum; Falconer & Cautley, 1836
Species
	†S. giganteum; †?S. hendeyi Harris, 1976; †S. maurusium;
Synonyms
	†Libytherium

Sivatherium ("Shiva's beast", from Shiva and therium, Latinized form of Ancient Greek θηρίον - thēríon) is an extinct genus of giraffid that ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia. The species Sivatherium giganteum is, by weight, one of the largest giraffids known, and also one of the largest ruminants of all time.^[3]

Sivatherium originated during the Late Miocene (around 7 million years ago) in Africa and survived through to the late Early Pleistocene (Calabrian) until around 1 million years ago.^[4]

Description

Sivatherium resembled the modern okapi, but was far larger, and more heavily built, being about 2.2 m (7.2 ft) tall at the shoulder, 3 m (9.8 ft) in total height with a weight up to 400–500 kg (880–1,100 lb).^[5] A newer estimate has come up with an estimated body mass of about 1,250 kg (2,760 lb)^[3] or 1,360 kg (3,000 lb).^[6] This would make Sivatherium one of the largest known ruminants, rivalling the modern giraffe and the largest bovines. This weight estimate is thought to be an underestimate, as it does not take into account the large horns possessed by males of the species. Sivatherium had a wide, antler-like pair of ossicones on its head, and a second pair of ossicones above its eyes. Its shoulders were very powerful to support the neck muscles required to lift the heavy skull. Sivatherium was initially misidentified as an archaic link between modern ruminants and the now obsolete, polyphyletic "pachyderms" (elephants, rhinoceroses, horses and tapirs). The confusion arose in part due to its graviportal (robust) morphology, which was unlike anything else studied at that time.^[7]

Diet

A dental wear analysis of S. hendeyi from the Early Pliocene of South Africa found that the teeth were brachyodont, but had a higher hypsodonty than a giraffe, and that it was best classified as a mixed feeder, being able to both graze and browse.^[8]

Relationship with humans

Remains of Sivatherium from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, dating to around 1.35 million years ago have been found associated with stone tools and bearing cut marks, indicating butchery by archaic humans, likely Homo erectus.^[4] Historically, it has been suggested that figurines from Sumeria and ancient rock paintings in the Sahara^[7] and Central West India.^[9] However, these claims are not substantiated by fossil evidence (which suggest that the genus was extinct long before the emergence of modern humans), and the depictions likely represent other animals.^[10]

References

^ Sivatherium in the Paleobiology Database
^ Falconer, Hugh; Cautley, P. T. (1836). "Sivatherium giganteum, a new fossil ruminant genus, from the valley of the Markanda, in the Sivalik branch of the Sub-Himalayan Mountains". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 38–50.
^ ^a ^b Basu, Christopher; Falkingham, Peter L.; Hutchinson, John R. (January 2016). "The extinct, giant giraffid Sivatherium giganteum: skeletal reconstruction and body mass estimation". Biology Letters. 12 (1): 20150940. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0940. PMC 4785933. PMID 26763212.
^ ^a ^b "Fossilworks: Sivatherium". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ http://www.geocities.ws/rsn_biodata/Data/Sivatherium_giganteum.html (in Portuguese)
^ Black, Riley (February 10, 2016). "The Biggest Giraffe of All Time". National Geographic. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
^ Franz-Odendaal, Tamara A. Solounias, Nikos. Comparative dietary evaluations of an extinct giraffid (Sivatherium hendeyi) (Mammalia, Giraffidae, Sivatheriinae) from Langebaanweg, South Africa (Early Pliocene). OCLC 631971239.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Rock paintings show species that roamed India". www.newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 2016-09-14.^{[dead link]}
^ Naish, Darren (April 25, 2011). "What happened with that Sumerian 'sivathere' figurine after Colbert's paper of 1936? Well, a lot". Tetrapod Zoology.

Barry Cox, Colin Harrison, R.J.G. Savage, and Brian Gardiner. (1999): The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life. Simon & Schuster.
David Norman. (2001): The Big Book Of Dinosaurs. pg. 228, Walcome books.
After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals (Life of the Past) by Donald R. Prothero
The Evolution of Artiodactyls by Donald R. Prothero and Scott E. Foss
Vertebrate Palaeontology by Michael J. Benton and John Sibbick
Evolving Eden: An Illustrated Guide to the Evolution of the African Large Mammal Fauna by Alan Turner and Mauricio Anton
Classification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell \
The Book of Life: An Illustrated History of the Evolution of Life on Earth, Second Edition by Stephen Jay Gould
World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures: The Ultimate Visual Reference To 1000 Dinosaurs And Prehistoric Creatures Of Land, Air And Sea ... And Cretaceous Eras (World Encyclopedia) by Dougal Dixon
Eyewitness: Prehistoric Life by William Lindsay
Walker's Mammals of the World (2-Volume Set) (Walker's Mammals of the World) by Ronald M. Nowak
Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals by Donald R. Prothero and Robert M. Schoch

[1] Sivatherium in the Paleobiology Database

[2] Falconer, Hugh; Cautley, P. T. (1836). "Sivatherium giganteum, a new fossil ruminant genus, from the valley of the Markanda, in the Sivalik branch of the Sub-Himalayan Mountains". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 38–50.

[:0-3] Basu, Christopher; Falkingham, Peter L.; Hutchinson, John R. (January 2016). "The extinct, giant giraffid Sivatherium giganteum: skeletal reconstruction and body mass estimation". Biology Letters. 12 (1): 20150940. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0940. PMC 4785933. PMID 26763212.

[:1-4] "Fossilworks: Sivatherium". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.

[5] ttp://www.geocities.ws/rsn_biodata/Data/Sivatherium_giganteum.html (in Portuguese)

[6] Black, Riley (February 10, 2016). "The Biggest Giraffe of All Time". National Geographic. Retrieved November 2, 2022.

[EoDP-7] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.

[8] Franz-Odendaal, Tamara A. Solounias, Nikos. Comparative dietary evaluations of an extinct giraffid (Sivatherium hendeyi) (Mammalia, Giraffidae, Sivatheriinae) from Langebaanweg, South Africa (Early Pliocene). OCLC 631971239.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[9] "Rock paintings show species that roamed India". www.newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 2016-09-14.^{[dead link]}

[10] Naish, Darren (April 25, 2011). "What happened with that Sumerian 'sivathere' figurine after Colbert's paper of 1936? Well, a lot". Tetrapod Zoology.

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Sivatherium

Description

Diet

Relationship with humans

See also

References

Further reading