Sixteen Waltzes, Op. 39 (Brahms)

Sixteen Waltzes
Piano music by Johannes Brahms
The composer c. 1872
Native name	Sechzehn Walzer
Opus	39
Composed	1865 (1865)
Dedication	Eduard Hanslick
Published	1866 (1866)
Scoring	piano four-hands piano

Sixteen Waltzes (German; Sechzehn Walzer), Op. 39, is a set of 16 short waltzes for piano written by Johannes Brahms. They were composed in 1865, and published in 1866, dedicated to the music critic Eduard Hanslick.

Background

These waltzes were written for piano four hands, and were also arranged for piano solo by the composer, in two different versions – difficult and simplified. The three versions were published at the same time, and sold well, contrary to the composer's expectations.

The waltzes were written while the composer lived in Vienna, a city where he would permanently settle in 1872. They were intended as a tribute to the waltz dance form which had become especially fashionable in his adopted city.

Characteristics

In the solo versions, some of the keys were altered from the original duet version (the last four in the difficult version and No. 6 in the easy version). Waltz Number 15 in A major (or A♭) has acquired a life of its own, as likely the most popular piece in the collection. An arrangement of five of the waltzes (Nos. 1, 2, 11, 14, and 15) for two pianos, four hands was published after the composer's death.

Almost all of the waltzes are in a recapitulating binary form. For each waltz, the first half moves to the dominant, the relative major, or a substitute key. Then, the second half begins with a developmental passage that leads back to the main theme and the tonic.

In 1984, critic Edward Rothstein said that Joseph Smith "made a compelling case for taking them seriously as a unified cycle."

Waltzes

The 16 waltzes listed here are played by Martha Goldstein:

No. 1 in B major Tempo giusto (1:02)
No. 2 in E major (1:32)
No. 3 in G♯ minor (1:02)
No. 4 in E minor Poco sostenuto (1:35)
No. 5 in E major Grazioso (1:10)
No. 6 in C♯ major Vivace (C major in the easy solo version) (1:07)
No. 7 in C♯ minor Poco più Andante (2:12)
No. 8 in B♭ major (1:40)
No. 9 in D minor (1:26)
No. 10 in G major (0:32)
No. 11 in B minor (1:28)
No. 12 in E major (1:20)
No. 13 in C major (B major in the more difficult solo version) (0:48)
No. 14 in A minor (G♯ minor in the more difficult solo version and the two-piano version) (1:34)
No. 15 in A major (A♭ major in the more difficult solo version and the two-piano version) (1:28)
No. 16 in D minor (C♯ minor in the more difficult solo version) (1:01)

Bibliography

• Winfried Kirsch, Die Klavierwalzer op. 39 von Johannes Brahms und ihre Tradition. In "Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Institut für Musikforschung, Preußischer Kulturbesitz". II, 1969.
• Marina Caracciolo, Brahms e il Walzer. Storia e lettura critica. LIM, Libreria Musicale Italiana, Lucca, 2004. ISBN 978-88-7096-362-5
• Ignaz Mendelssohn, in Zur Entwicklung des Walzers, "Studien zur Musikwissenschaft"; XIV (1926).
• Eduard Hanslick, Waffenruhe am Klavier, Neue freie Presse, Wien, August 1866.

External links

• Sixteen Waltzes for Piano, four hands: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Performance on YouTube, Pianist: Frank Levy
• Score on YouTube, performed by Julius Katchen
• Listening guide for all four versions of the waltzes