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Xiphophorus

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This article is about the fish genus. For the free software foundation, see Xiph.Org Foundation.
"Swordtail" redirects here. For the butterfly, see Graphium (butterfly).

Xiphophorus
Green swordtail, Xiphophorus hellerii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
Family: Poeciliidae
Tribe: Poeciliini
Genus: Xiphophorus
Heckel, 1848
Type species
Xiphophorus hellerii
Heckel, 1848[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms[2]

Xiphophorus is a genus of euryhaline and freshwater fishes in the family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes, native to Mexico and northern Central America. Xiphophorus species can be divided into 3 groups based on their evolutionary relationships: platyfish (or platies), northern swordtails, and southern swordtails. Platyfish formerly were classified in another genus, Platypoecilus, which is now obsolete. The type species is X. hellerii, the green swordtail. Like most other new world Poeciliids, platies and swordtails are live-bearers that use internal fertilization and give birth to live young instead of laying eggs like the bulk of the world's fishes. The name Xiphophorus derives from the Greek words ξίφος (dagger) and φόρος (bearer), referring to the gonopodium on the males. All are relatively small fishes, which reach a maximum length of 3.5–16 cm (1.4–6.3 in) depending on the exact species involved.[3]

Distribution and conservation status

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The Monterrey platyfish is one of three Xiphophorus species that is restricted to the southern Rio Grande basin and threatened

The various Xiphophorus species range from the southern Rio Grande basin in Mexico, through eastern drainages in the country (river basins draining into the Gulf of Mexico), to northern Guatemala, Belize and northern Honduras.[4][5]

Three species and their hybrids are common in the aquarium trade: the green swordtail (X. hellerii), the southern platyfish (X. maculatus) and the variable platyfish (X. variatus). These three are the only species that have large native ranges.[4] They have also been introduced outside their native range (in Mexico, Central America, and other continents) where they sometimes become invasive and outcompete and endanger native species, including other, more localized members of Xiphophorus.[6]

All other species of Xiphophorus are highly localized and mostly endemic to Mexico. Only three of the localized species, the Chiapas swordtail (X. alvarezi), X. mayae and X. signum, range outside Mexico and the last two are the only Xiphophorus species not found in Mexico at all.[4][5] In many locations there are two or more sympatric species,[5] but the localized species are mostly (though not entirely) separated from each other, even when they are restricted to the same river basin.[4] This includes three restricted species in the Rio Grande basin (all fully separated), nine restricted species in the Pánuco River basin (mostly separated) and three restricted species in the Coatzacoalcos River basin (mostly separated).[4]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the spiketail platyfish (X. andersi) and northern platyfish (X. gordoni) as Endangered, while the Monterrey platyfish (X. couchianus) and marbled swordtail (X. meyeri) are listed as Extinct in the wild, and thus only survive in captivity. In addition to those, Mexican authorities recognize the yellow swordtail (X. clemenciae) and Catemaco platyfish (Xiphophorus milleri) as threatened.[6] Almost all the Xiphophorus, including the rare species, have captive populations that are maintained as "insurance" populations at breeding centers and by dedicated private aquarists.[6][7][8]

Human uses

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Two southern platyfish showing some of the extreme variations achieved through selective breeding in captivity

Xiphophorus species are regularly used in genetic studies, and scientists have developed many interspecific hybrids,[9]. Xiphophorus have proved a useful model to understand the consequences of hybridization, especially in the context of melanoma research since the 1920s.[10] The Xiphophorus Genetic stock center, founded by Myron Gordon in 1939, is an important source of these fish for research.[7]

In addition, several species are commonly kept by aquarium hobbyists, especially the green swordtail (X. helleri), southern platyfish (X. maculatus), and variable platyfish (X. variatus). In fact, these three species comprise one of the most prominent groups of aquarium species, being part of a group of extremely hardy livebearing fish, alongside the molly and guppy, that can adjust to a wide range of conditions within the aquarium. Unlike some species, these are almost always offered as captive bred individuals due to the ease of breeding these livebearers.

In captivity, they will coexist with many other fish species, although in an aquarium with too many males and not enough females, fighting can ensue between males of the same species. They can also easily jump out of an inadequately covered aquarium.[11]

Species and taxonomy

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Males of the Montezuma swordtail have the proportionally longest tail "sword" among the swordtails, but as in all species the females lack it
One of the typical captive forms of the variable platyfish

There are currently 28 recognized species in this genus, according to FishBase.[3] Two of these species, X. clemenciae and X. monticolus, are likely the result of natural hybrid speciation (ancestors of both are a platy species and a swordtail species).[4][5] Two other proposed species, X. kosszanderi and X. roseni, are recognized by FishBase,[3] but not by all other authorities, as the first appears to be a hybrid between X. variatus and X. xiphidium, and the second between X. variatus and X. couchianus (X. kosszanderi and X. roseni have not undergone speciation as in X. clemenciae and X. monticolus).[4][12] Contemporary hybridization in the wild was thought to be uncommon in this genus[13] until recently.[14][15]

Although traditionally divided into swordtails and platies, this separation is not supported by phylogenetic studies, which have shown that the swordtails are paraphyletic compared with the platies. These studies suggest that the genus can be divided into three monophyletic groups: the northern swordtails (of the Pánuco River basin, marked with a star* in the list), southern swordtails (southern Mexico to Honduras) and the platies.[4] The common names given to individual species in this genus do not always reflect their actual relationships; for example, the marbled swordtail (X. meyeri) is actually in the platy group based on its genetics while the short-sword platyfish (X. continens) is closer to the swordtails.[4]

Swordtails (Xiphophorus)

Platies (Platypoecilus)

Research

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Hybridization: Xiphophorus is a leading animal model systems in the study of hybridization between species. In particular, studies in Xiphophorus provided some early evidence that recombination controlled patterns of ancestry in hybrid genomes.[16] An interesting consequence of hybridization is the origin of spontaneous melanoma in hybrids.[17] For example, in the well-studied Gordon-Kosswig cross between X. maculatus and X. hellerii, hybrids develop spontaneous melanoma due to an interaction between the oncogene xmrk and a repressor locus on a distinct chromosome.[18]

Pigmentation: Xiphophorus pigmentation has been investigated since the 1920s using classical genetics techniques such as crosses.[19] As a result, inheritance patterns of many traits have been described. More recently, researchers have identified specific genes and even mutations causing pigment pattern variation (for instance, a spot allowing males to mimic females[20]) and investigated selective mechanisms on these traits.

Sexual selection: Researchers since Darwin have studied Xiphophorus species for their sexually selected ornaments (e.g. caudal fin "swords").[21] More recent studies have focused on male ornamentation, courtship strategies, and female mate choice.[22]

References

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  • "Xiphophorus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 December 2004.
  1. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Xiphophorus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Poeciliidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Xiphophorus". FishBase. September 2018 version.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kang, J.H.; M. Schartl; R.B. Walter; A. Meyer (2013). "Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all species of swordtails and platies (Pisces: Genus Xiphophorus) uncovers a hybrid origin of a swordtail fish, Xiphophorus monticolus, and demonstrates that the sexually selected sword originated in the ancestral lineage of the genus, but was lost again secondarily". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (25): 25. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13...25K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-25. PMC 3585855. PMID 23360326.
  5. ^ a b c d Meyer, A.; W. Salzburger; M. Schartl (2006). "Hybrid origin of a swordtail species (Teleostei: Xiphophorus clemenciae) driven by sexual selection". Molecular Ecology. 15 (3): 721–730. Bibcode:2006MolEc..15..721M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02810.x. PMID 16499697. S2CID 128413.
  6. ^ a b c Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016). Los peces dulceacuícolas de México en peligro de extinción. Fondo de Cultura Económic. pp. 48, 279–284. ISBN 978-607-16-4087-1.
  7. ^ a b "Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center". Texas State University. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  8. ^ Coletti, T. (December 2007). "Preserving Xiphophorus couchianus in the Home Aquarium, Part I: Sad History & Unanswered Questions". tfhmagazine.com. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  9. ^ "Hybrid Crosses : Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center : Texas State University". Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  10. ^ Patton, E Elizabeth; Mitchell, David L; Nairn, Rodney S (2010). "Genetic and environmental melanoma models in fish". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 23 (3): 314–337. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00693.x. PMC 2881310. PMID 20230482.
  11. ^ Edmond, Adam (11 March 2017). "Swordtail Fish Care Guide". The Aquarium Guide. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Meyer M (1983). "Xiphophorus-Hybriden aus Nord-Mexiko, mit einer Revision der Taxa X. kosszanderi und IIIX. roseni". Zoologische Abhendlungen Steatliche Naturhistorische Sommlungen Dresden. 38: 258–291.
  13. ^ Kallman, K.D.; S. Kazianis (2006). "The genus Xiphophorus in Mexico and Central America". Zebrafish. 3 (3): 271–285. doi:10.1089/zeb.2006.3.271. PMID 18377209.
  14. ^ Powell, Daniel (2021). "Two new hybrid populations expand the swordtail hybridization model system". Evolution. 75 (10): 2524–2539. doi:10.1111/evo.14337. PMC 8659863. PMID 34460102.
  15. ^ Banerjee, Shreya M; Powell, Daniel L; Moran, Benjamin M; Ramírez-Duarte, Wilson F; Langdon, Quinn K; Gunn, Theresa R; Vazquez, Gaby; Rochman, Chelsea; Schumer, Molly (2023-02-08). "Complex hybridization between deeply diverged fish species in a disturbed ecosystem". Evolution. 77 (4): 995–1005. doi:10.1093/evolut/qpad019. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 36753531.
  16. ^ Schumer, Molly; Xu, Chenling; Powell, Daniel L.; Durvasula, Arun; Skov, Laurits; Holland, Chris; Blazier, John C.; Sankararaman, Sriram; Andolfatto, Peter; Rosenthal, Gil G.; Przeworski, Molly (2018-05-11). "Natural selection interacts with recombination to shape the evolution of hybrid genomes". Science. 360 (6389): 656–660. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..656S. doi:10.1126/science.aar3684. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6069607. PMID 29674434.
  17. ^ Powell, Daniel L.; García-Olazábal, Mateo; Keegan, Mackenzie; Reilly, Patrick; Du, Kang; Díaz-Loyo, Alejandra P.; Banerjee, Shreya; Blakkan, Danielle; Reich, David; Andolfatto, Peter; Rosenthal, Gil G.; Schartl, Manfred; Schumer, Molly (2020-05-15). "Natural hybridization reveals incompatible alleles that cause melanoma in swordtail fish". Science. 368 (6492): 731–736. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..731P. doi:10.1126/science.aba5216. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8074799. PMID 32409469.
  18. ^ Schartl, Angelika; Dimitrijevic, Nicola; Schartl, Manfred (December 1994). "Evolutionary Origin and Molecular Biology of the Melanoma-Inducing Oncogene of Xiphophorus". Pigment Cell Research. 7 (6): 428–432. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1994.tb00072.x. ISSN 0893-5785. PMID 7761351.
  19. ^ Gordon, Myron (1927-05-01). "The Genetics of a Viviparous Top-Minnow Platypoecilus; the Inheritance of Two Kinds of Melanophores". Genetics. 12 (3): 253–283. doi:10.1093/genetics/12.3.253. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 1200943. PMID 17246524.
  20. ^ Dodge, Tristram O.; Kim, Bernard Y.; Baczenas, John J.; Banerjee, Shreya M.; Gunn, Theresa R.; Donny, Alex E.; Given, Lyle A.; Rice, Andreas R.; Cox, Sophia K. Haase (2024-05-14), Complex structural variation and behavioral interactions underpin a balanced sexual mimicry polymorphism, doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594052, retrieved 2024-05-30
  21. ^ Darwin, Charles (1871). THE DESCENT OF MAN, AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX. London: William Clowes and Sons.
  22. ^ Rosenthal, Gil G.; De León, Francisco J. García (March 2006). "Sexual Behavior, Genes, and Evolution in Xiphophorus". Zebrafish. 3 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1089/zeb.2006.3.85. ISSN 1545-8547. PMID 18248248.
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