Coal miners' strike of 1873
| Coal miners' strike of 1873 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Mahoning, Shenango, and Tuscarawas Valleys in the Youngstown area of Ohio and Pennsylvania | |||
| Date | 1873 | ||
| Location | |||
| Goals | wages | ||
| Methods | Strikes, Protest, Demonstrations | ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Number | |||
| |||
| Casualties and losses | |||
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The Coal miners' strike of 1873, was a strike against wage cuts in the Mahoning, Shenango, and Tuscarawas Valleys of northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania.[1] In the Tuscarawas Valley, the labor action lasted six months, and in the Mahoning Valley four and a half months,[2] but the walkouts failed. The introduction of imported strikebreakers and manufacturers finding substitutes for the area's special block-coal, forced the organized miners back to work at prevailing wages.[3]
Strike
[edit]As of 1872, bituminous coal miners in this location received $1.10 (~$28.00 in 2023) per ton of coal mined. Later that year, they demanded a $0.15 per ton increase. The mine operators responded with a demand for a decrease of $0.20 per ton. By January 1, 1873, over 6,000 unionized coal miners had walked out over the proposed 25% wage cut.[4] The local and national press followed the events of the miners' walkout. They covered several violent confrontations between striking miners and replacement workers.
The events around this local miners' action proved to be precedent setting in several ways. Mine owners employed the practice of importing replacement workers (strikebreakers) from far afield, from the Port of New York and other Eastern seaports, and from Virginia.[5] As of February 6, with 7,500 strikers out, owners had imported the first 300 black replacements from Virginia, "and the experiment succeeds so well that other proprietors will probably follow suit."[6]
The Unification of Italy produced a new country, the Kingdom of Italy. The fledging government’s policies of raising taxes and converting communal and church lands into real estate hit the peasant population particularly hard. To add to the troubles, a bandits’ war against the Kingdom threw the Southern countryside into chaos. The result caused thousands of Italians to leave for Northern Europe and the Americas. Previous Italian immigration to the U.S. had been negligible, but by 1870, immigrants arriving on the East Coast reached the thousands for the first time.[7] Unlike subsequent generations of Italian immigrants, these first arrivals had no contacts or job offers in the United States. The penniless immigrants ended up at government expense in a large shelter on Ward’s Island, on the grounds of an insane asylum. Shipload after shipload of economic refugees from Italy continued to arrive, overcrowding the holding facility. When the coal operators from the Mahoning Valley sent recruiters to tap this idle labor force, 200 Italians responded to their call between March and May 1873. One group arrived in Coalburg, Hubbard Township, and the second, a few months later, in Church Hill, Liberty Township.[7] Newspaper accounts record that the replacement miners were sent by rail to work mines in Coalburg, Hubbard Township and Church Hill, Liberty Township, Ohio.[8][9]
At the outset of their rail journey, neither the Italians nor the Virginia men knew their employment was contingent upon being replacement workers.[10] Throughout the strike and even afterwards, considerable violence and destruction resulted from clashes between strikers and strikebreakers.[11] Strikers engaged in physical attacks against replacement miners and miners who returned to work in Coalburg and in several nearby townships. Local papers recorded arson and one strike-related homicide, that of Giovanni Chiesa, aka John Church, both in Churchill.[12]
Aftermath
[edit]The appearance of the Italian strikebreakers marks one of the earliest recorded arrivals of Southern Italians in the Mahoning Valley. After the conclusion of the strike, many settled in Coalburg's Little Italy.[13] The actions of the coal mine operators may have also added to the number of African Americans settling in the Mahoning Valley. The tactic of exploiting immigrants and blacks as strikebreakers continued for several decades.[14][15] This undermined coal miners' efforts to organize. The strike marks post-Civil War changes in the relationship between capital and labor. Importation of replacements from afar to control the workplace now became possible via new technology, the telegraph and railroads.[16][17]
Although the miners' strike began nine months before the Panic of 1873, railroad construction had begun falling the year before as a result of Civil War over expansion.[18] This had a deflationary effect on coal prices as the demand for iron and steel decreased. Strikes by the same coal workers continued at least through March 1876 in the Tuscarawas Valley, when a strike at the Warmington Mine south of Canton escalated into violence that required the insertion of state troops by Governor Rutherford B. Hayes to restore order.[19] Young attorney William McKinley represented the unpopular miners without a fee, by highlighting the dangers of the industry – 250 fatalities in the state every year, and another 700 injuries – and the practices of local mine owners. One of those owners was Mark Hanna. Although opponents in the case, the two formed a political alliance that saw McKinley elected U.S. president in 1896.[20]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Roy, Andrew, History of the Coal Miners of the United States, Green Wood Press, pp. 133–134.
- ^ “The Mahoning Valley Strikers Superseded,” Cleveland Daily Leader, May 15, 1873, 2, GenealogyBank, https://www.genealogybank.com/
- ^ Powderly, Terrance Vincent; James, Edmund Janes (1886). The Labor Movement: the Problem of To-day: The History, Purpose and Possibilites of Labor Organizations in Europe and America. A.M. Bridgman & Company. p. 259. ISBN 9780678007136. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Disastrous Strikes Among Ohio Coal Miners," The Evening Star, Washington, D.C, February 8, 1873" online page 1
- ^ "Ohio Coal Miners' Strike: Emigrants Taking the Places of the Strikers—Precaution Against Violence". The Pittsburgh Commercial. May 13, 1873. p. 1.
- ^ "The Engineering and Mining Journal". 11 February 1873. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ a b Lariccia, Ben. "Liberty Township: The 1873 Coal War and the Italians - La Gazzetta Italiana". www.lagazzettaitaliana.com. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
- ^ The New Orleans Republican, January 15, 1873, page 8
- ^ Charles Carr, "Tales of the City's Industries," The Sunday Vindicator, Youngstown, July 10, 1910, page 23
- ^ The Canton Repository and Republican, Ohio, April 25, 1873, page 1
- ^ The Ohio Coal Miners' Strike," The Daily Graphic, New York, May 14, 1873, page 3
- ^ J. H. Odell, "Murder and Arson at Church Hill!", The Mahoning Vindicator, August 1, 1873, page 8
- ^ The Andrew Tucciarone Family Archived 2016-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, page 13
- ^ Gutman, Herbert (1964). "The Buena Vista Affair 1874-1875". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ Gutman, Herbert (1962). "Reconstruction in Ohio: Negroes in the Hocking Valley Coal Mines in 1873 and 1874". Industrial and Labor Relations Review. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ "City Intelligence: Labor Exchange at Castle Garden," The Evening Post, New York, November 4, 1867, 4.
- ^ Chicago in the Age of Capital: Class, Politics, and Democracy during the Civil War and Reconstruction, Jentz John.B and Schneirov, Richard, Apr 15, 2012, University of Illinois Press, page 23, 978-0252081057
- ^ Railroad construction dhr.history.vt.edu
- ^ Miller, Wilbur R. (29 June 2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. SAGE. p. 1088. ISBN 9781412988766. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ Skrabec, Quentin R. (2008). William McKinley, Apostle of Protectionism. Algora Publishing. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780875865782.
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