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The Cold Equations

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"The Cold Equations"
Short story by Tom Godwin
Genre(s)science fiction
Publication
Published inAstounding
Publication typemagazine
Publication dateAugust 1954

"The Cold Equations" is a science fiction short story by American writer Tom Godwin (1915–1980), first published in Astounding Magazine in August 1954. In 1970, the Science Fiction Writers of America selected it as one of the best science-fiction short stories published before 1965, and it was therefore included in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964. It has been widely anthologized and dramatized.

Plot summary

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In the year 2178, a small Emergency Dispatch Ship (EDS) is launched from the interstellar cruiser Stardust to deliver desperately needed medicine to the frontier planet Woden. The EDS pilot, Barton, soon discovers a stowaway: 18-year-old Marilyn Lee Cross.

By law, all EDS stowaways are to be jettisoned because an EDS carries only enough fuel to reach its destination. Marilyn wanted merely to visit her brother Gerry on the remote planet and was unaware of the law. When she saw the "UNAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL KEEP OUT!" sign while she was sneaking onboard, she thought that at most she would have to pay a fine if caught.

Barton sadly explains to her that her additional weight would make it impossible to land safely; they would crash on the planet, killing both them and the colonists needing the medicine. (Barton also cannot sacrifice his own life to save Marilyn, since she would not know how to pilot the ship.) After recovering from her shock and horror, and contacting Gerry, Marilyn willingly climbs into the airlock and is ejected into space.

Development

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The story was shaped by Astounding Science Fiction editor John W. Campbell, who sent "Cold Equations" back to Godwin three times before he got the version he wanted because "Godwin kept coming up with ingenious ways to save the girl!"[1] Campbell's biographer Alec Nevala-Lee noted in 2016 that the story was published at a time when Campbell had embraced contrarianism on the basis that (in Campbell’s words) there was "no viewpoint that has zero validity—though some have very small validity, or very limited application." Nevala-Lee also revealed that Campbell described the story as a "gimmick on the proposition ‘human sacrifice is absolutely unacceptable’. So we deliberately, knowingly and painfully sacrifice a young, pretty girl... and make the reader accept that it is valid!"[2]

Reception

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Richard Harter wrote a detailed analysis of the story in 1977, with special attention to the possible negligence of those who designed the situation in which dilemmas like this could occur, and how this paralleled similar concerns involving industrial safety legislation.[3]

Writer Don Sakers' short story "The Cold Solution"[4] deconstructs the premise. In 1992 it was awarded "the readers' favorite" Analog short story of 1991.[5]

In 1996, critic and engineer Gary Westfahl wrote that because the story's premise is based on systems that were built without adequate margin for error, the story is "good physics", but "lousy engineering", and that it frustrated him so much he decided it had been "not worth [his] time".[6]

In 2014, writer Cory Doctorow made a similar argument: he sees the situation presented in the story as an example of a "moral hazard". Doctorow notes that the constraints under which the characters operate are decided by the writers, and not "the inescapable laws of physics". He argues that the decision of the writer—to give the vessel no margin of safety and a critical supply of fuel and to focus readers' attention onto the necessity of tough decisions at a time of crisis, rather than mulling over the responsibility for proper planning from the onset—is intellectually dishonest and that "stories about how we can’t afford to hew to our values in time of crisis are a handy addition to every authoritarian’s playbook".[7]

In a 2019 essay, Doctorow condemned Campbell for turning the story "into a parable about the foolishness of women and the role of men in guiding them to accept the cold, hard facts of life".[8]

Precursors

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There was a similar concept in a number of earlier stories:

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction points to A Plunge into Space (Robert Cromie, 1890)[9] as having a subplot very similar to "The Cold Equations".[10] "A Weighty Decision" (Al Feldstein in Weird Science, 1952)[11] and the story "Precedent" (E. C. Tubb in New Worlds, 1952)[12] also have been cited as potential inspirations. In all three, as in "The Cold Equations", a stowaway must be ejected from a spaceship because the fuel aboard is only sufficient for the planned mission mass.[13]

David Drake stated "The plot is lifted directly from 'A Weighty Decision,' a story in the May–June, 1952, issue of the EC comic Weird Science. I don't believe that coincidence could have created plots so similar in detail" and ends with "The plot is such an obvious steal from the comic that I think Godwin would have concealed it better if he hadn't intended to use a completely different ending. I can also imagine that Godwin wouldn't have expressed his qualms at changing the ending to Campbell, who wouldn't have winked at direct plagiarism. (Not that EC had any legitimate gripe: Bill Gaines laughed in later years about the way he and his staff at EC stole plots from SF stories and ran them without credit.)"[14]

Dramatic adaptations

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Radio plays

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  • The story was also adapted into an episode of the radio program X Minus One in 1955. In a 1958 episode of Exploring Tomorrow, the stowaway is a woman trying to visit her husband to make amends for an affair.
  • Another adaptation featured as a part of Faster Than Light on CBC Radio's Sunday Showcase in September 2002 by Joe Mahoney. The program was hosted by science fiction writer Robert J. Sawyer.[15]

Film and television

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Awards

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Tied for 9th place in Astounding/Analog magazine's 1971 All-Time Poll short fiction category.[22]

Placed 8th in the 1999 Locus Awards for best novelette.[23]

Publication history

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Original publication:

  • Godwin, Tom; Freas (illus.) (August 1954). "The Cold Equations". Astounding Science Fiction. Vol. LIII, no. 6. New York City: Street & Smith Publications. pp. 62–84.

The following anthologies have included "The Cold Equations":

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Green, J.L. (Fall 2006). "Our five days with John W. Campbell". The Bulletin of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. No. 171. Campbell, J.W. (interviewee). p. 13. Archived from the original on 18 June 2006.
  2. ^ Nevala-Lee, A. (6 July 2016). "'The Cold Equations'". Astounding Stories. Vol. 13. Retrieved 7 November 2020 – via NevalaLee.wordpress.com.
  3. ^ In 1999 Richard Harter posted his 1977 critical study in a Usenet discussion group, and reprinted it on a personal web page:
    Harter, R. (December 1999) [1977]. "'The Cold Equations': A critical study". RichardHartersWorld.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013.
    Harter, R. (30 November 1999) [1977]. "'The Cold Equations': A critical study (1977)". rec.arts.sf.written – via Google Groups.
  4. ^ Sakers, Don (July 1991). "The Cold Solution". Analog. Harris, Dell (illustrations). pp. 211–219.
  5. ^ "The Cold Solution". Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  6. ^ Westfahl, G. (1996). Cosmic Engineers: A study of hard science fiction. Praeger. ISBN 9780313297274.
  7. ^ Doctorow, C. (2 March 2014). "Cold equations and moral hazard". Perspectives. Locus.
  8. ^ Doctorow, C. (4 November 2019). "Jeannette Ng was right: John W. Campbell was a fascist". Locus. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
  9. ^ Cromie, Robert (1890). A Plunge into Space (PDF). London: Frederick Warne and Co. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  10. ^ "Cromie, Robert". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. November 13, 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  11. ^ Feldstein, Al; Wood, Wally (pencils) (May 1952). "A Weighty Decision". Weird Science. Vol. 1, no. 13.
  12. ^ Gray, Charles; Clothier (illus.) (May 1952). "Precedent". New Worlds. Vol. 5, no. 15. pp. 28–39. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  13. ^ Brotherton, Mike (July 2011). "The Cold Legacies". Lightspeed. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  14. ^ Godwin, Tom (2003). The Cold Equations & Other Stories. "Afterword: Sometime It All Works". ISBN 9780743436014.
  15. ^ "The Cold Equations". 17 April 2017.
  16. ^ Out of This World (DVD)
  17. ^ DVD details at Cinema Paradiso
  18. ^ "The Cold Equations (TV Movie 1996) - IMDb". IMDb. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  19. ^ The Stowaway
  20. ^ Sci-Fi Short film 'The Stowaway' | DUST on YouTube
  21. ^ Berlatsky, Noah (April 22, 2021). "How 'Stowaway' Solves a 67-Year Old Sci-Fi Problem". Observer. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  22. ^ "1971 Astounding/Analog All-Time Poll". Locus. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved December 8, 2019 – via Wayback Machine.
  23. ^ "1999 Locus All-Time Poll". Locus. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved December 8, 2019 – via Wayback Machine.
  24. ^ "Modern Science Fiction". Science Fiction Awards Database. August 23, 2014.
  25. ^ "The Road to Science Fiction #3: From Heinlein to Here". Science Fiction Awards Database. August 21, 2014.
  26. ^ "Asimov/Greenberg: Great SF Stories". Science Fiction Awards Database. November 28, 2018.
  27. ^ "The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF". Science Fiction Awards Database. August 19, 2014.
  28. ^ "The World Turned Upside Down". Science Fiction Awards Database. August 23, 2014.
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