Ulbricht Group

The Ulbricht Group was a group of exiled members of the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, or KPD) and the National Committee for a Free Germany, led by Walter Ulbricht, who flew from the Soviet Union back to Germany on April 30, 1945. Composed of functionaries from the KPD and ten anti-fascist prisoners of war, their job was to seek out anti-fascist individuals and prepare the groundwork for the re-establishment of communist organizations and unions in postwar Berlin. There were two additional regional groups, the Ackermann Group in Saxony and the Sobottka Group in Mecklenburg. Many of the group's members later became high-level officials in the government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

Political operation

The tasks for the Ulbricht Group and the other communist cadres who were to return to Germany were defined at a meeting between Wilhelm Pieck and Georgi Dimitrov held in Moscow on April 25, 1945. Dimitrov was then a high-level functionary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, working as the assistant division leader of the International Information Division. They were to prepare the region to accept and follow the instructions of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany so the Nazi government could be dismantled. The de-nazification process was to convince the people to turn over Nazi war criminals. The Group was to calm the German people and assure them that the Red Army would neither destroy nor enslave them; but the Group was also to convey that the German people had to understand that they bore the responsibility for the Nazis' rise to power, giving force to Hitler's policies and causing the catastrophe. The communists (in this narrative to be promulgated by the Group) had tried to warn the German people of the coming catastrophe, and were now there to help the people out of their distress. While communicating this message, the Group was to establish a basis for the future of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).^[1] They were also to seek out anti-fascist individuals who would be willing to work with the new organizations the Group was setting up. The youngest member of the Group was 24-year-old Wolfgang Leonhard.^[2]^[3]

The Ulbricht Group left from the Hotel Lux,^[2] where they had been living in exile (some for years), and flew from Moscow to Minsk, then to Calau (near Międzyrzecz). Some members of the Group did not know what their assignment was, nor how long it would last, until after they landed.^[2] They landed in an airfield and were met by a Soviet officer, who drove away with Ulbricht. The rest left by truck for Bruchmühle, about 30 kilometers (19 mi) east of Berlin and the offices of Marshal Georgy Zhukov, the first commander of the Soviet occupation zone. The Ulbricht Group began working from there on May 2, 1945, though not much could be done with the city in flames after the Battle of Berlin. In the evening, Ulbricht met with the Group and explained their assignment. They were to cover all 20 districts in Berlin and begin building local administrations. In each, they were to seek out as many social democrats as possible, also a civil servant with a Ph.D. from each local administration who was willing to work with the Soviets and a cleric to lead a religious advisory council. Communists were to be installed in each district as assistant administrator, and to head up the departments for personnel and development.^[2] The group worked from Bruchmühle till May 8, after which they moved to the Friedrichsfelde area of Berlin.

On May 6, 1945, Ulbricht gave the Soviet commander of Berlin, Nikolai Berzarin, the first list of suggested names to fill important administrative posts in Berlin. On May 12, 1945, the district administrators and city councils were appointed from Ulbricht's list without exception. Paul Markgraf, one of the ten anti-fascist prisoners of war, was appointed the "Berlin Police President", also on Ulbricht's initiative.^[4]

In the beginning of June 1945, Ulbricht, Ackermann and Sobottka traveled back to Moscow to give the first reports and get their further instructions. On June 4, 1945, they met with Pieck, Joseph Stalin and Andrei Zhdanov. Stalin urged them to found a nationwide working class party that would remain open for the proletariat, farmers and intellectuals. He wanted the party to work for a unified Germany and said that in his opinion, the West wanted to split the country into partitions; so (according to Pieck) their goal was to "[complete] the civil-democratic revolution through a civil-democratic government."^[5] The founding manifesto of the KPD was written by Ackermann. In it, the new party spoke openly against a sovietization of Germany. It said the goal was to "continue to its conclusion the civil-democratic transformation begun with the revolutions of 1848" and, through land reform, to eliminate the "remnants of feudalism". The goal the Party named was as the "establishment of an anti-fascist, democratic republic with all democratic rights and freedoms for the people".^[6] With the re-establishment of the KPD on June 11, 1945, the Ulbricht Group reached its first goal. On July 10, 1945, it moved into the KPD's Central Committee building.

Existence concealed

Until 1955 and the publication of Wolfgang Leonhard's book, Die Revolution entläßt ihre Kinder (later published in English as Child of the Revolution), knowledge of the Ulbricht Group was kept secret. In Leonhard's opinion, it was kept secret so as not to emphasize the role of communist exiles from Moscow in the establishment of the GDR. After 1955, several versions of the story appeared regarding the composition of the group and the order of events leading to the appointments.

There is disagreement among historians as to whether or not Stalin and Ackermann were earnest in their affirmation of parliamentarian democracy and fundamental rights. Leonhard reported the oft-cited comment by Ulbricht made during this period, "It is quite clear. It must look democratic, but we must have everything in hand."^[7] Some historians say that by spring 1945, the establishment of a communist-dominated government in the Soviet-occupied zone and the proclaimed democracy was merely a transitional stage^[8]^[9] but at least one historian believes that Stalin earnestly pursued a western-style democracy for Germany, that it was the only way he could secure the responsibility from the others, which without him, would easily have been able to deny access to the resources of the Ruhr region, reparations he desperately needed as resources to rebuild the war-ravaged western regions of the Soviet Union.^[10]^{[note 1]}

Members

Walter Ulbricht (1893–1973), first secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, 1950 to 1971; chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic, 1960 to 1973
Fritz Erpenbeck (1897–1975), National Committee for a Free Germany (from 1943)^[12]
Karl Maron (1903–1975), co-editor of the newspaper Freies Deutschland from 1943; later, assistant chief editor of the newspaper, Neues Deutschland and Interior Minister of the GDR^[13]
Hans Mahle (1911–1999), editor of the German-language Moscow radio broadcasts, later chief editor of the newspaper Schweriner Volkszeitung^[14]
Walter Köppe (1891–1970), administrative director of the Bauakademie Berlin until 1955, employed at the Ministry for Heavy Machinery Construction^[15]
Richard Gyptner (1901–1972), secretary to Comintern General Secretary Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1935; editor at radio Deutscher Volkssender in Moscow; head of the Capitalist Foreign Countries division (Kapitalistisches Ausland) of the GDR's Foreign Ministry and diplomat^[16]
Wolfgang Leonhard (1921–2014; went by the name Vladimir Leonhard), graduate of the Comintern school and radio announcer at Freies Deutschland; broke with Stalinism in 1949, fled to Yugoslavia, then to the Federal Republic of Germany
Otto Winzer (1902–1975), Moscow pseudonym: Otto Lorenz; chief of staff for GDR President Wilhelm Pieck until 1956; Foreign Minister of the GDR, 1965 to 1975
Gustav Gundelach (1888–1962), editor and radio announcer at Deutscher Volkssender in Moscow; KPD representative of the first German Bundestag^[17]
Otto Fischer (1901–1974), worked at the Berliner Rundfunk radio station^[18]

Regional groups

Saxony

Anton Ackermann (1905–1973).^[19] Leader. Went by the name "Peter Ackermann", as he was most often called in Moscow.
Hermann Matern (1893–1971)
Fred Oelßner (1903–1977), known as "Fred Larew"
Kurt Fischer (1900–1950)
Heinrich Greif (1907–1946)
Peter Florin (1921–2014), deputy representative to the United Nations
Franz Greiner [de]
Egon Dräger [de]
Artur Hofmann (1907–1987)
Georg Wolff (KPD) [de]

Mecklenburg

Gustav Sobottka (1886–1953). Leader.^[19] East German politician.
Gottfried Grünberg [de] (1899–1985)
Willi Bredel (1901–1964)
Stanislaw Switallade [de]
Arthur Fiedler
Georg Kamann [de]
Rudolf Herrnstadt (1903–1966), replaced Kurt Bürger (1894–1951) who was originally supposed to be in the group
Karl Rabb [de] (1906–1992)^[20]
Oskar Stefan [de]
Herbert Hentschke [de]
Walter Offermann [de]
Bruno Schramm [de]

Sources

Wolfgang Leonhard, Die Revolution entlässt ihre Kinder. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Cologne (1955), Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich (1985)
Wolfgang Leonhard, Spurensuche. 40 Jahre nach 'Die Revolution entlässt ihre Kinder'. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Cologne (1992–94)

Footnotes

^ In fact, the Americans did halt the delivery of reparations to the Soviet Union from their occupation zone in early May 1946.^[11]

References

^ Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR: SAPMO-BArch, NY 4036/ 500, Bl. 109 (Urschrift), Bl. 39–40 (Klarschrift) (in German)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stefan Aust and Frank Schirrmacher, Du gehst in das Institut Nummer 99 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (May 14, 2005). Retrieved November 20, 2011 (in German)
^ Hermann Weber, Hotel Lux - Die deutsche kommunistische Emigration in Moskau (PDF) Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung No. 443 (October 2006), p. 61. Retrieved November 12, 2011 (in German)
^ For more on the ten anti-fascist prisoners of war and Ulbricht's list of names, see: Jochen Staadt [de], Wir packen mit an, Ordnung zu schaffen ["We Help Create Order"], in: Forschungsverbund SED-Staat der Freien Universität Berlin "SED State" Research Association of the Free University of Berlin (Eds.), Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat [Journal of the "SED State" Research Association], Edition No. 28/2010, pp. 90-117, here pp. 92-94 (in German)
^ Wilhelm Pieck's notes from June 4, 1945, cited by Wilfried Loth, Stalins ungeliebtes Kind. Warum Moskau die DDR nicht wollte, Rowohlt Berlin (1994), p. 24 (in German)
^ Rolf Steininger, Deutsche Geschichte 1945-1961. Darstellung und Dokumente in zwei Bänden [German History 1945-1961: Presentation and Documents in Two Volumes], Fischer, Frankfurt am Main (1983), Vol. 1, p. 159 (in German)
^ Wolfgang Leonhard, Die Revolution entläßt ihre Kinder [The Revolution Dismisses its Children] (in German), Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne (1955), p. 440 (in German)
^ Manfred Wilke (Ed.): Anatomie der Parteizentrale. Die KPD/SED auf dem Weg zur Macht [Anatomy of the Party Headquarters: The KPD/SED on the Way to Power], Akademie Verlag, Berlin (1998), p. 45 (in German)
^ Klaus Schroeder, Der SED-Staat. Geschichte und Strukturen der DDR [The "SED State": History and Structure of the GDR], Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung [Bavarian State Center for Political Education], Munich (1998), p. 81f (in German)
^ Wilfried Loth, Stalins ungeliebtes Kind. Warum Moskau die DDR nicht wollte [Stalin's Unloved Child: Why Moscow Didn't Want the GDR], Rowohlt, Berlin (1994), p. 10 (in German)
^ Detlef Junker (Ed.), The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990, Vol. 1 German Historical Institute. Cambridge University Press (May 17, 2004), p. 53. ISBN 978-0-521-79112-0. Retrieved November 21, 2011
^ Biographical details, Fritz Erpenbeck Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)
^ Biographical details, Karl Maron Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)
^ Biographical details, Hans Mahle (born Heinrich August Ludwig Mahlmann) Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)
^ Biographical details, Walter Köppe Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)
^ Biographical details, Richard Gyptner Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)
^ Biographical details, Gustav Gundelach Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)
^ Biographical details, Otto Fischer Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)
^ ^a ^b "Namensliste der drei KPD-Einsatzgruppen vom 27. April 1945" Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine German Federal Archives. BArch NY 4036/517. Retrieved November 22, 2011 (in German)
^ Biographical details, Karl Rabb Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

External links

Documents and photos of the Ulbricht Group in the German Federal Archives (in German)
Aufruf des Zentralkomitees der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands vom 11. Juni 1945 (PDF) German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. (in German)
Wolfgang Zank, "Als Stalin Demokratie befahl" Die Zeit (June 16, 1995). Retrieved December 6, 2011

[12] In fact, the Americans did halt the delivery of reparations to the Soviet Union from their occupation zone in early May 1946.^[11]

[1] Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR: SAPMO-BArch, NY 4036/ 500, Bl. 109 (Urschrift), Bl. 39–40 (Klarschrift) (in German)

[faz-2] Stefan Aust and Frank Schirrmacher, Du gehst in das Institut Nummer 99 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (May 14, 2005). Retrieved November 20, 2011 (in German)

[weber-61-3] Hermann Weber, Hotel Lux - Die deutsche kommunistische Emigration in Moskau (PDF) Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung No. 443 (October 2006), p. 61. Retrieved November 12, 2011 (in German)

[4] For more on the ten anti-fascist prisoners of war and Ulbricht's list of names, see: Jochen Staadt [de], Wir packen mit an, Ordnung zu schaffen ["We Help Create Order"], in: Forschungsverbund SED-Staat der Freien Universität Berlin "SED State" Research Association of the Free University of Berlin (Eds.), Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat [Journal of the "SED State" Research Association], Edition No. 28/2010, pp. 90-117, here pp. 92-94 (in German)

[5] Wilhelm Pieck's notes from June 4, 1945, cited by Wilfried Loth, Stalins ungeliebtes Kind. Warum Moskau die DDR nicht wollte, Rowohlt Berlin (1994), p. 24 (in German)

[6] Rolf Steininger, Deutsche Geschichte 1945-1961. Darstellung und Dokumente in zwei Bänden [German History 1945-1961: Presentation and Documents in Two Volumes], Fischer, Frankfurt am Main (1983), Vol. 1, p. 159 (in German)

[7] Wolfgang Leonhard, Die Revolution entläßt ihre Kinder [The Revolution Dismisses its Children] (in German), Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne (1955), p. 440 (in German)

[8] Manfred Wilke (Ed.): Anatomie der Parteizentrale. Die KPD/SED auf dem Weg zur Macht [Anatomy of the Party Headquarters: The KPD/SED on the Way to Power], Akademie Verlag, Berlin (1998), p. 45 (in German)

[9] Klaus Schroeder, Der SED-Staat. Geschichte und Strukturen der DDR [The "SED State": History and Structure of the GDR], Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung [Bavarian State Center for Political Education], Munich (1998), p. 81f (in German)

[10] Wilfried Loth, Stalins ungeliebtes Kind. Warum Moskau die DDR nicht wollte [Stalin's Unloved Child: Why Moscow Didn't Want the GDR], Rowohlt, Berlin (1994), p. 10 (in German)

[11] Detlef Junker (Ed.), The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990, Vol. 1 German Historical Institute. Cambridge University Press (May 17, 2004), p. 53. ISBN 978-0-521-79112-0. Retrieved November 21, 2011

[13] Biographical details, Fritz Erpenbeck Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

[14] Biographical details, Karl Maron Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

[15] Biographical details, Hans Mahle (born Heinrich August Ludwig Mahlmann) Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

[16] Biographical details, Walter Köppe Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

[17] Biographical details, Richard Gyptner Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

[18] Biographical details, Gustav Gundelach Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

[19] Biographical details, Otto Fischer Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

[barch-list-20] "Namensliste der drei KPD-Einsatzgruppen vom 27. April 1945" Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine German Federal Archives. BArch NY 4036/517. Retrieved November 22, 2011 (in German)

[21] Biographical details, Karl Rabb Bundesunmittlebare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved November 21, 2011 (in German)

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