Vatican Library: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Melozzo da Forlì 001.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Pope Sixtus IV Appoints Bartolomeo Platina Prefect of the Vatican Library]]'', fresco by [[Melozzo da Forlì]], 1477, now in the [[Vatican Museums]].]] |
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The '''Vatican Library''' ({{lang-la|Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana}}) is the [[library]] of the [[Holy See]], currently located in [[Vatican City]]. It is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. Formally established in 1475, though in fact much older, it has 75,000 [[codex|codices]] from throughout history.<ref name=vfl>Vatican Film Library informational pamphlet</ref> From July 2007, the library had been temporarily closed to the public for rebuilding, and reopened in September 2010.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |
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| last =Willey |
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| first =David |
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| title = Vatican Library closure irks scholars |
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| publisher = [[BBC News]] |
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| date = 17 July 2007 |
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| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6901606.stm |
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| accessdate = 2007-07-17}}</ref> |
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==Historical periods== |
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Scholars have traditionally divided the history of the library into five periods.<ref>See "Vatican Library", ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]''.</ref> |
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*'''Pre-Lateran'''. The initial days of the library, dating from the earliest days of the church, before it moved to the [[Lateran Palace]]; only a handful of volumes survive from this period, though some are very significant. |
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*'''Lateran'''. Lasted until the end of the 13th century and the reign of Pope [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]. |
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*'''Avignon'''. This period saw a great growth in book collection and record keeping by the popes who were in residence in southern France in [[Avignon]] between the death of Boniface and the 1370s when the Papacy returned to Rome. |
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*'''Pre-Vatican'''. From about 1370 to 1446, the library was scattered, with parts in Rome, Avignon and elsewhere. |
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*'''Vatican'''. Starting around 1448, the library moved to the Vatican and a continuous history begins to the present time. |
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==Establishment== |
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[[Pope Nicholas V]] established the library in the Vatican in 1448 by combining some 350 Greek, Latin and Hebrew [[codex|codices]] inherited from his predecessors with his own collection and extensive acquisitions, among them manuscripts from the imperial [[Library of Constantinople]]. The ''Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana'' was established in 1475.<ref name=vfl/> |
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When its first librarian, [[Bartolomeo Platina]], produced a listing in 1481, the library held over 3,500 items, making it by far the largest in the Western world. Around 1587, [[Pope Sixtus V]] commissioned the architect [[Domenico Fontana]] to construct a new building for the library; it is still in use today. Books were displayed on benches to which they were chained. |
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==Bequests and acquisitions== |
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[[Image:Sistinehall.jpg|thumb|275px|The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Library.]] |
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The library was enriched by several bequests and acquisitions over the centuries. |
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In 1623, the hereditary [[Palatine Library]] of [[Heidelberg]] containing about 3,500 manuscripts was given to the Vatican by [[Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria]] (who had just acquired it as booty in the [[Thirty Years' War]]) in thanks for the adroit political maneuvers of [[Pope Gregory XV]] that had sustained him in his contests with Protestant candidates for the electoral seat. A token 39 of the Heidelberg manuscripts were sent to [[Paris]] in 1797 and were returned to Heidelberg at the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Peace of Paris]] in 1815, and a gift from [[Pope Pius VII]] of 852 others was made in 1816 to the [[University of Heidelberg]], including the [[Codex Manesse]]. Aside from that, the Palatine Library remains in the Vatican Library to this day. |
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In 1657, the manuscripts of the Dukes of [[Urbino]] were acquired. In 1661, the Greek scholar [[Leo Allatius]] was made librarian. |
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Queen [[Christina of Sweden]]'s important library (mostly amassed by her generals as booty from Habsburg [[Prague]] and German cities during the [[Thirty Years War]]) was bought by [[Pope Alexander VIII]] on her death in 1689. It represented, for all practical purposes, the entire royal library of Sweden at the time. If it had remained where it was in [[Stockholm]], it would all have been lost in the destruction of the royal palace by fire in 1697. |
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==Current holdings== |
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Today, the library holds some 75,000 manuscripts and over 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 [[Incunabulum|incunabula]]. The [[Vatican Secret Archives]] were separated from the library at the beginning of the 17th century; they contain another 150,000 items. |
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Among the most famous holdings of the library is the [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]], the oldest known nearly complete manuscript of the [[Bible]]. The ''Secret History'' of [[Procopius]] was discovered in the library and published in 1623. |
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The Vatican Library is a research library for history, law, philosophy, science and theology, open to anyone who can document their qualifications and their research needs to view the collection. Photocopies for private study of pages from books published between 1801 and 1990 can be requested in person or by mail. |
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The Library closed on 17 July 2007.<ref name=bbc/> It was reopened September 20, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaticanlibrary.va/home.php?ling=eng&res=1366x768 |title=Vatican Library Homepage |accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref> |
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A School of [[library science|Library Science]] is associated with the Vatican Library. |
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In 1959, a Film Library was established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_16111959_statute-film-library_en.html |title=Statute of the Vatican film-library |publisher=vatican.va}}</ref> This is not to be confused with the [[Vatican Film Library]], which was established in 1953 at [[Saint Louis University]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. |
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==Manuscripts== |
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[[Image:Fortymartyrs.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A miniature from the Syriac Gospel Lectionary (Vat. Syr. 559), created ca. 1220 near [[Mosul]] and exhibiting a strong Islamic influence.]] |
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[[File:Sandro Botticelli - The Abyss of Hell - WGA02853.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The Abyss of Hell'', coloured drawing on parchment by [[Sandro Botticelli]] (1480s)]] |
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Notable manuscripts in the Library include: |
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[[Illuminated manuscript]]s: |
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*[[Vergilius Vaticanus]] |
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*[[Vergilius Romanus]] |
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*[[Barberini Gospels]] |
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*[[Joshua Roll]] |
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*[[De arte venandi cum avibus]] |
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*[[Vatican Croatian Prayer Book]] |
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Texts: |
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*[[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]] |
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*[[Libri Carolini]] |
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== Librarians == |
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* [[Bartolomeo Platina]] (1475–1481) |
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* [[Cesare Baronio]] |
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* [[Marcellus II|Marcello Cervini]] (1548–1555) |
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* [[Gulielmus Allen (cardinalis)|Gulielmus Allen]] |
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* [[Scipione Borghese]]<ref>[http://asv.vatican.va/de/visit/p_nob/p_nob_2s_02.htm Wappen des Kardinals Scipione Borghese]</ref> (1609–1618) |
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* [[Lucas Holstenius]] (1653–1649) |
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* [[Luigi Capponi]] (1649-1659) |
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* [[Flavio Chigi (1631-1693)|Flavio Chigi]] (1659–1661) |
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* [[Henricus Noris]], [[Augustinianus|OSA]] (1700–1704) |
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* [[Benedetto Pamphilj]] (1704–1730) |
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* [[Angelo Maria Quirini]], [[Benedictini|OSB]] (1730–1740) |
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* [[Giuseppe Simone Assemani]], (1740–1755) |
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* [[Domenico Silvio Passionei]] (1755–1761) |
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* [[Alessandro Albani]] (1761–1779) |
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* [[Luige Valente Gonzaga]] (1802–1808) |
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*[[Giuseppe Albani]] (23 April 1830 – 3 December 1834) |
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*[[Angelo Mai]] (27 June 1853 – 9 September 1854) |
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*[[Antonio Tosti]] (13 January 1860 – 20 March 1866) |
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*[[Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra]] (19 January 1869 – 12 May 1879) |
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*[[Alfonso Capecelatro di Castelpagano]] (1899 – 11 November 1912) |
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*[[Francis Aidan Gasquet]] (9 May 1919 – 5 April 1929) |
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*[[Franz Ehrle]] (17 April 1929 – 31 March 1934) |
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*[[Giovanni Mercati]] (1936–1957) |
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*[[Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant]] (14 September 1957 – 27 March 1971) |
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*[[Antonio Samore]] (25 January 1974 – 3 February 1983) |
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*[[Alfons Maria Stickler]] (8 September 1983 – 1 July 1988) |
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*[[Antonio María Javierre Ortas]] (1 July 1988 – 24 January 1992) |
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*[[Luigi Poggi]] (9 April 1992 – 7 March 1998 ) |
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*[[Jorge María Mejía]] (7 March 1998 – 24 November 2003) |
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*[[Jean-Louis Tauran]] (24 November 2003 – 25 June 2007) |
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*[[Raffaele Farina]] (25 June 2007 – ) |
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The office of Librarian of Vatican Library has been held at the same time as that of [[Vatican Secret Archives|Archivist of Vatican Secret Archives]] since 1957. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Vatican Film Library]], which contains thousands of documents from the Vatican Library, on microfilm in St. Louis, Missouri |
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* [[Vatican Secret Archives]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{commons-inline|Category:Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana|Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana}} |
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* [http://www.vaticanlibrary.va/ Vatican Library home page] |
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* [http://bav.vatican.va/en/v_home_bav/home_bav.shtml Vatican Library old home page], with online catalog search |
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* [http://search.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/en/libraryTreasures.html?libraryid=47 Treasures of the Vatican Library] Exposed via [[The European Library]] |
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*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/ Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture], an online exhibition from the [[Library of Congress]]. |
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* [http://www.snopes.com/risque/porn/vatican.htm On the pornography urban legend], by snopes.com |
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* [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/402/mintzer.html Toward On-line, worldwide access to Vatican Library materials (1996)]. A collaborative effort (pioneered by Fr. [[Leonard Boyle]] OP Prefect of the Vatican Library) between the Vatican Library and [[IBM]], the primary goal of which is to "provide access via the Internet to some of the Library's most valuable manuscripts, printed books, and other sources to a scholarly community around the world." |
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* [http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,106485,00.asp Vatican to digitize Apostolic Library of 1.6 million volumes for general perusal, ''PCWorld.com'', October 29, 2002]. A joint effort between the Vatican and [[Hewlett-Packard]]. |
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* [http://www.slu.edu/libraries/vfl/about.html Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library]. [[Saint Louis University]] library that focuses on the collection of the Vatican Library. |
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{{Vatican City topics|state=autocollapse}} |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vatican City]] |
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[[Category:Holy See]] |
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[[Category:Research libraries]] |
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[[Category:National libraries]] |
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[[Category:Roman Curia]] |
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[[Category:Vatican Library|*]] |
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[[Category:1448 establishments]] |
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{{Link GA|ru}} |
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[[ar:مكتبة الفاتيكان]] |
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[[bg:Ватиканска библиотека]] |
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[[ca:Biblioteca Vaticana]] |
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[[cs:Vatikánská apoštolská knihovna]] |
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[[da:Vatikanbiblioteket]] |
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[[de:Vatikanische Apostolische Bibliothek]] |
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[[es:Biblioteca Vaticana]] |
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[[eo:Vatikana Biblioteko]] |
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[[fr:Bibliothèque apostolique vaticane]] |
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[[ko:바티칸 도서관]] |
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[[hr:Vatikanska knjižnica]] |
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[[id:Perpustakaan Vatikan]] |
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[[it:Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana]] |
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[[he:ספריית הוותיקן]] |
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[[ka:ვატიკანის ბიბლიოთეკა]] |
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[[la:Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana]] |
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[[hu:Vatikáni Könyvtár]] |
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[[nl:Vaticaanse Bibliotheek]] |
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[[ja:バチカン図書館]] |
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[[no:Vatikanbiblioteket]] |
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[[pms:Biblioteca apostòlica vatican-a]] |
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[[pl:Biblioteka Watykańska]] |
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[[pt:Biblioteca do Vaticano]] |
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[[ro:Biblioteca Vaticană]] |
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[[ru:Ватиканская апостольская библиотека]] |
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[[sl:Vatikanska knjižnica]] |
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[[sh:Vatikanska biblioteka]] |
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[[fi:Vatikaanin kirjasto]] |
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[[sv:Vatikanbiblioteket]] |
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[[uk:Ватиканська бібліотека]] |
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[[vi:Thư viện Vatican]] |
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[[zh:梵蒂冈教廷图书馆]] |
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Revision as of 17:04, 11 October 2011
SCREW OFF POPE! YOU PEDOPHILIC-YAHOO! :D