Apulum (conurbation)
| Apulum | |
|---|---|
 castrum Apulum | |
  Location within Romania | |
| Alternative name(s) | colonia Aurelia Apulensis, municipium Aurelium Apulense, Chrysopolis, Municipium Septimium Apulense, Apulum I, Apulum II |
| Known also as | Alba Iulia; Gyulafehérvár; Karlsburg |
| Founded during the reign of | Trajan |
| Founded | 107 – 108[1] |
| Abandoned | 4th century AD |
| Attested by | Tabula Peutingeriana |
| Place in the Roman world | |
| Province | Dacia |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Apulensis |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Superior |
| Directly connected to | Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, Cluj-Napoca |
| Structure | |
| — Stone structure — | |
| Size and area | 440 m × 430 m (18.9[1] ha) |
| Stationed military units | |
| — Legions — | |
| XIII Gemina[2] | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 46°04′04″N 23°34′22″E / 46.0679°N 23.5727°E |
| Altitude | 245 m |
| Town | Alba Iulia |
| Country |  Romania |
| Reference | |
| RO-LMI | AB-I-s-A-00002; AB-I-m-A-00001.02[2] |
| RO-RAN | 1026.02; 1026.04[2] |
| Site notes | |
| Recognition |  National Historical Monument |
| Archaeologists | B. Csérni |
The twin towns of Apulum were a major urban centre of Roman Dacia, nowadays completely covered by the city of Alba Iulia. They developed in the vicinity of the legionary fortress of Legio XIII Gemina: Colonia Aurelia Apulensis and Colonia Nova Apulensis.
The conurbation extended over 140 ha in the 3rd century with an estimated population between 15,000 and 20,000. The two towns and the castrum, commonly referred together as Apulum, had numerous temples including a Mithraeum and hosted the residence of the governor in charge of the Legio XIII Gemina and Legio V Macedonica, making it a de facto capital of the province of Dacia Apulensis and all of Roman Dacia[3] after the residence had been moved from Sarmizegetusa.
Apulum I
[edit]Colonia Aurelia Apulensis was located south of the fortress on the bank of Marisus river and started as a pagus of Trajan's colony Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. It was upgraded to municipium Aurelium Apulense by Marcus Aurelius. During emperor Commodus' reign its status was again raised to colonia, and at the beginning of the third century functioned under ius italicum. Partly due to its connection to gold mining, partly as a result of its emulation for and rivalry with Sarmizegetusa which gained the status of metropolis around the same time, it was granted the epithet Chrysopolis meaning "Golden City" under the rule of Trebonianus Gallus.[4][5]
The town was situated on the road south from the fort and on the bank of Maris river, making it one of the most important trade nodes of the province. Goods and slaves from the Empire passed through from the south, and from the north salt, gold, and silver from the province's mines. A small harbour also functioned allowing a waterway connection to the rest of the Empire.[6]
Apulum II
[edit]Colonia Nova Apulensis developed closer to the fortress and was probably created by Septimius Severus (193-211) and initially named municipium Septimium Apulense.[7][5] It was also raised to a colonia.
The town was the site of the governor's palace in Dacia after the seat was moved from Sarmizegetusa around 158 under Antoninus Pius[8] and was one of the most extensive buildings of its type in the Roman Empire, complete with thermae, cult places, and staff offices and residences.[9]
After 271
[edit]In the Aurelian Retreat, the legion, the elite and probably the merchants suddenly left the conurbation. A remaining part of the population and the emerging barbarian groups inhabited the ex-Roman city only temporarily after 271. With this, the urban culture ceased to exist.[10]
Between the 6th and 9th centuries, the territory where the castrum and Nova Apulensis once laid was repopulated, the initial settlement becoming known as Belgrad. In the construction of the Early Medieval city of Gyulafehérvár, Roman stones were re-used for the first time as the unenduring provincial architecture collapsed naturally even before the Hungarian conquest.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Domșa, Ovidiu (2009). "Virtual reconstruction of Roman military Apulum camp" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Repertoriul Arheologic Naţional". ran.cimec.ro. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
- ^ Szabó, Csaba (2014-09-03). "Discovering the gods in Apulum: historiography and new perspectives". In: Rediva. The Postgraduate Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology Nr. II., 2014, Pp.53-82.
- ^ Byros, Graziela. Reconstructing Identities in Roman Dacia: Evidence from Religion (Thesis). Yale University.
- ^ a b Gazdac, Cristian (2009-01-01). APULUM (full text) - numismatic monograph of the largest Roman urban settlement of Dacia.
- ^ Zmudzinski, Mateusz (2015). "An Overall Approach on the Roman Economy of the Province of Upper Dacia". Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology. 2 (2). doi:10.14795/j.v2i2.108. ISSN 2360-266X.
- ^ Byros, Graziela. Reconstructing Identities in Roman Dacia: Evidence from Religion (Thesis). Yale University.
- ^ Grant, Michael (1996). The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13814-7. p.20
- ^ Rusu-Bolindet, Viorica. "The praetorium consularis from Apulum. A symbol of official power in the province of Dacia". Aquincum Nostrum II 8 2019.
- ^ Szabó, Csaba (2014). "Discovering the gods in Apulum: historiography and new perspectives". ReDIVA. The Postgraduate Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology. II. Cluj-Napoca: 54.
- ^ Szabó, Csaba (2014). "Discovering the gods in Apulum: historiography and new perspectives". ReDIVA. The Postgraduate Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology. II. Cluj-Napoca: 54–55.
