Didemnum

Didemnum
	Didemnum molle
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Tunicata
Class:	Ascidiacea
Order:	Aplousobranchia
Family:	Didemnidae
Genus:	Didemnum; Savigny, 1816
Synonyms
	List Didemnium Savgny, 1816; Didemnoides Drasche, 1883; Diplosomoides Herdman, 1886; Hypurgon Sollas, 1903; Leptoclinum Milne Edwards, 1842; Sarcodidemnoides Oka & Willey, 1892; Tetradidemnum Della Valle, 1881;

Didemnum is a genus of colonial tunicates in the family Didemnidae. It is the most speciose genus in the didemnid family.^[1]^[2] Species in this genus often have small calcareous spicules embedded in the tunic and form irregular or lobed colonies. Some Didemnum species, including Didemnum vexillum and Didemnum perlucidem are considered invasive species.^[3] In early 2006, Didemnum vexillum was found covering a 230 km² area of cobble habitat in Georges Bank off the coast of New England,^[4] and is classified as an invasive species of greatest concern in coastal areas throughout Europe,^[5] New Zealand, and North America.^[3] Didemnum sp. invasions have also been recorded in Canada, the Mediterranean, and the Netherlands.^[6]

Species in this genus can be found in tropical or temperate regions. Some tropical species such as Didemnum molle have photosynthetic algae in their tunics.^[7]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Didemnum:^[8]

Didemnum abradatum Kott, 2007
Didemnum ahu Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum albidum (Verrill, 1871)
Didemnum albopunctatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum algasedens Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2001
Didemnum amethysteum (Van Name, 1902)
Didemnum amourouxi Lafargue, 1976
Didemnum apersum Tokioka, 1953
Didemnum apuroto Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum arancium Kott, 2001
Didemnum aratore Kott, 2004
Didemnum asterix Kott, 2004
Didemnum astrum Kott, 2001
Didemnum augusti Michaelsen, 1920
Didemnum aurantiacum Herdman, 1886
Didemnum aurantium Rocha & Neves, 2015
Didemnum aures Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001
Didemnum bentarti Varela & Ramos-Esplá, 2008
Didemnum beringense Romanov, 1977
Didemnum biglans (Sluiter, 1906)
Didemnum biglutinum Monniot F., 1995
Didemnum bimasculum Monniot F., 1995
Didemnum bisectatum Kott, 2001
Didemnum brevioris Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1997
Didemnum caesium Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum calliginosum Monniot F., 1984
Didemnum candidum Savigny, 1816
Didemnum captivum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1997
Didemnum carnulentum Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
Didemnum carpenteri (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum caudiculatum Romanov, 1989
Didemnum cerebrale Michaelsen, 1920
Didemnum chartaceum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum chilense Ärnbäck, 1929
Didemnum cilicium Kott, 2005
Didemnum cineraceum (Sluiter, 1898)
Didemnum clavum Kott, 2001
Didemnum coccineum (Drasche, 1883)
Didemnum commune (Della Valle, 1877)
Didemnum complexum Kott, 2001
Didemnum conchyliatum (Sluiter, 1898)
Didemnum congregatum Kott, 2004
Didemnum contortum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1997
Didemnum coralliforme Kott, 2004
Didemnum coriaceum (Drasche, 1883)
Didemnum corium Kott, 2005
Didemnum crescente Kott, 2001
Didemnum cuculliferum (Sluiter, 1909)
Didemnum cygnuus Kott, 2001
Didemnum dealbatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum delectum Kott, 2001
Didemnum densum (Nott, 1892)
Didemnum dicolla Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1997
Didemnum diffundum Monniot F., 1995
Didemnum digestum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum diversum Kott, 2004
Didemnum dolium Kott, 2008
Didemnum domesticum Kott, 2004
Didemnum drachi Lafargue, 1975
Didemnum duplicatum Monniot F., 1983
Didemnum ectensum Romanov, 1989
Didemnum edmondsoni Eldredge, 1967
Didemnum edwardsi (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum effusium Kott, 2001
Didemnum elikapekae Eldredge, 1967
Didemnum elongatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum epikelp Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001
Didemnum etiolum Kott, 1982
Didemnum extensum Romanov, 1989
Didemnum fibriae Kott, 2004
Didemnum filiforme Romanov, 1989
Didemnum flagellatum Tokioka, 1953
Didemnum flammacolor Rocha & Neves, 2015
Didemnum flavoviride Monniot F., 1995
Didemnum fragile Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum fragum Kott, 2001
Didemnum fucatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum fulgens (Milne Edwards, 1841)
Didemnum fuscum (Oka, 1931)
Didemnum galacteum Lotufo & Dias, 2007
Didemnum gayanae Sanamyan, 1999
Didemnum gemmiparum Romanov, 1976
Didemnum gigas (Della Valle, 1881)
Didemnum gintonicum Eldredge, 1967
Didemnum globiferum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001
Didemnum grande (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum granulatum Tokioka, 1954
Didemnum granulosum (Drasche, 1883)
Didemnum guttatum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996
Didemnum halimedae Monniot F., 1983
Didemnum helgolandicum Michaelsen, 1921
Didemnum herba Kott, 2001
Didemnum hiopaa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum immundum Romanov, 1974
Didemnum inaequilobatum Daumezon, 1908
Didemnum inauratum Monniot F., 1983
Didemnum incanum (Herdman, 1899)
Didemnum inveteratum Kott, 2001
Didemnum japonicum (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum jedanense Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum jeffreysi (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum jucundum Kott, 2001
Didemnum karlae Michaelsen, 1920
Didemnum kelleri Michaelsen, 1923
Didemnum kurilense Romanov, 1989
Didemnum lacertosum Monniot F., 1995
Didemnum lacustre Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2008
Didemnum lahillei Hartmeyer, 1909
Didemnum lambertae Rocha & Neves, 2015
Didemnum lambitum (Sluiter, 1900)
Didemnum leopardi Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001
Didemnum leopardum Kott, 2005
Didemnum levitas Kott, 2001
Didemnum ligulum Monniot F., 1983
Didemnum lillipution Kott, 2004
Didemnum linatum Kott, 2001
Didemnum linguiferum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996
Didemnum lissoclinum Kott, 2001
Didemnum lithostrotum Brewin, 1956
Didemnum longigaster Rocha & Neves, 2015
Didemnum lutarium Van Name, 1910
Didemnum macrosiphonium Kott, 2001
Didemnum macrospiculatum Tokioka, 1967
Didemnum maculatum (Nott, 1892)
Didemnum maculosum (Milne Edwards, 1841)
Didemnum madagascariense Brunetti, 2007
Didemnum madeleinae Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2001
Didemnum magnetae Hastings, 1931
Didemnum mantile Kott, 2001
Didemnum megaductus Romanov, 1974
Didemnum megasterix Monniot F., 1995
Didemnum mekeald Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2008
Didemnum membranaceum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum mesembrinum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001
Didemnum microthoracicum Kott, 2001
Didemnum millari Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001
Didemnum minisculum Kott, 2001
Didemnum minispirale Romanov, 1989
Didemnum misakiense (Oka & Willey, 1892)
Didemnum molle (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum monile Kott, 2001
Didemnum montosum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum moseleyi (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum multiampullae Kott, 2008
Didemnum multispirale Kott, 2001
Didemnum mutabile Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum nambucciensis Kott, 2004
Didemnum neglectum Herdman, 1886
Didemnum nekozita Tokioka, 1967
Didemnum nigricans Monniot F., 1995
Didemnum nigrum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996
Didemnum nivale Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2008
Didemnum nocturnum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1997
Didemnum oblitum Kott, 2001
Didemnum obscurum Monniot F., 1969
Didemnum ossium Kott, 2001
Didemnum paa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum pacificum Tokioka, 1953
Didemnum papillatum Romanov, 1974
Didemnum parancium Kott, 2001
Didemnum parau Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum pardum Tokioka, 1962
Didemnum partitum Tokioka, 1953
Didemnum parvum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2003
Didemnum patulum (Herdman, 1899)
Didemnum pecten Kott, 2001
Didemnum pellucidum Kott, 2001
Didemnum perlucidum Monniot F., 1983
Didemnum perplexum Kott, 2001
Didemnum perspicuum Giard, 1873
Didemnum peyrefittense Brément, 1913
Didemnum pica Brunetti, 2007
Didemnum pitipiri Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum plebeium Kott, 2005
Didemnum poecilomorpha Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996
Didemnum polare Hartmeyer, 1903
Didemnum precocinum Kott, 2001
Didemnum protectum (Daumézon, 1908)
Didemnum psammatodes (Sluiter, 1895)
Didemnum pseudobiglans Romanov, 1989
Didemnum pseudofulgens Médioni, 1970
Didemnum pseudovexillum Turon & Viard, 2020
Didemnum quincunciale Michaelsen, 1920
Didemnum recurvatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum risirense Nishikawa, 1990
Didemnum roberti Michaelsen, 1930
Didemnum rochai Paiva et al., 2015
Didemnum rodriguesi Rocha & Monniot F., 1993
Didemnum romssae Marks, 1996
Didemnum roseum Sars, 1851
Didemnum rota Kott, 2004
Didemnum rottnesti Kott, 1962
Didemnum rubeum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996
Didemnum sachalinense Romanov, 1989
Didemnum sanakiensis Sanamyan, 1999
Didemnum santaelenae Van Name, 1945
Didemnum scopi Kott, 2001
Didemnum semifuscum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum siphonale Tokioka, 1967
Didemnum sordidum Kott, 2001
Didemnum spadix Kott, 2001
Didemnum speciosum (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum sphaericum Tokioka, 1967
Didemnum spongioides Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum spumante Kott, 2004
Didemnum spumosum Kott, 2004
Didemnum stercoratum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996
Didemnum stilense Michaelsen, 1934
Didemnum stragulum Kott, 2001
Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911
Didemnum subflavum (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum subtile Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2008
Didemnum sucosum Kott, 2001
Didemnum tabulatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum tantulum Kott, 2007
Didemnum tapetum Kott, 2008
Didemnum tenue (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum ternerratum Kott, 2001
Didemnum tetrahedrum Dias & Rodrigues, 2004
Didemnum theca Kott, 2001
Didemnum thomsoni Herdman, 1886
Didemnum tigrinoides Tokioka, 1953
Didemnum toafene Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum tonga (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum torresii (Sluiter, 1895)
Didemnum tortile Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2008
Didemnum translucidum Tokioka, 1953
Didemnum transparentum Romanov, 1977
Didemnum trispirale Romanov, 1989
Didemnum tuberatum (Nott, 1892)
Didemnum tumulatum Kott, 2004
Didemnum usitatum Kott, 2004
Didemnum uturoa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum vahatuio Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
Didemnum valgum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2008
Didemnum vanderhorsti Van Name, 1924
Didemnum velans Michaelsen, 1920
Didemnum velum Kott, 2008
Didemnum verdantum Kott, 2001
Didemnum vermiforme Romanov, 1989
Didemnum vesica Kott, 2007
Didemnum vesperi Kott, 2004
Didemnum vexillum Kott, 2002
Didemnum via Kott, 2001
Didemnum viride (Herdman, 1906)
Didemnum vulgare Kott, 2001
Didemnum yolky Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1997

References

^ Moreno, T.; Rocha, R. (June 2008). "Phylogeny of the Aplousobranchia (Tunicata: Ascidiacea)". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 25 (2): 269–298. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752008000200016.
^ Kott, Patricia (15 Aug 2001). "The AUSTRALIAN ASC1DIACEA PART 4, APLOUSOBRANCHIA (3), DIDEMNIDAE". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 47.
^ ^a ^b "Marine Nuisance Species". Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Center. 17 February 2016.
^ Valentine, Page C.; Carman, Mary R.; Blackwood, Dann S.; Heffron, Erin J. (2007). "Ecological observations on the colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. in a New England tide pool habitat". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 342 (1): 109–121. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.021.
^ Ian Laing; James Bussell; Kate Somerwill. "Project report: Assessment of the impacts of Didemnum vexillum and options for the management of the species in England".
^ "Invasion der Pfankuchen" Der Spiegel, 1/2006, p. 102
^ Ruppert, Edward E.; Richard S. Fox; Robert D. Barnes (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach (7th ed.). Delhi, India. ISBN 8131501043. OCLC 970002268.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Didemnum Savigny, 1816". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2022-08-17.

(USGS) National Geologic Studies of Benthic Habitats, Northeastern United States has a Marine Nuisance Species page dedicated to this genus

This tunicate-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Moreno, T.; Rocha, R. (June 2008). "Phylogeny of the Aplousobranchia (Tunicata: Ascidiacea)". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 25 (2): 269–298. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752008000200016.

[2] Kott, Patricia (15 Aug 2001). "The AUSTRALIAN ASC1DIACEA PART 4, APLOUSOBRANCHIA (3), DIDEMNIDAE". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 47.

[:0-3] "Marine Nuisance Species". Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Center. 17 February 2016.

[4] Valentine, Page C.; Carman, Mary R.; Blackwood, Dann S.; Heffron, Erin J. (2007). "Ecological observations on the colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. in a New England tide pool habitat". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 342 (1): 109–121. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.021.

[5] Ian Laing; James Bussell; Kate Somerwill. "Project report: Assessment of the impacts of Didemnum vexillum and options for the management of the species in England".

[6] "Invasion der Pfankuchen" Der Spiegel, 1/2006, p. 102

[7] Ruppert, Edward E.; Richard S. Fox; Robert D. Barnes (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach (7th ed.). Delhi, India. ISBN 8131501043. OCLC 970002268.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[8] "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Didemnum Savigny, 1816". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2022-08-17.

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