Eliza Maria Gordon-Cumming

Eliza Maria Gordon-Cumming
Eliza Maria Gordon-Cumming
	Portrait by Henry Raeburn, between 1815 and 1823
Born	Eliza Maria Campbell; 1795; Inveraray, Scotland
Died	21 April 1842 (aged 46–47); Altyre, near Inverness, Scotland
Spouse	Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 2nd Baronet
Children	13
	Scientific career
Fields	Paleontology, scientific illustration

Eliza Maria, Lady Gordon-Cumming (née Campbell; 1795 - 21 April 1842) was a Scottish aristocrat, horticulturalist, palaeontologist and scientific illustrator. Lady Cumming collected and studied Devonian fish fossils from the Old Red Sandstone of Morayshire, Scotland. She amassed a large and well-known collection which she illustrated, along with her daughter Lady Anne Seymour.^[1] Lady Cumming worked with other palaeontologists and geologists of the time including Louis Agassiz, William Buckland and Roderick Murchison.

Biography

Early life

Lady Cumming was born Eliza Maria Campbell in 1795 in Inveraray to Lady Charlotte Campbell (later Lady Charlotte Bury) and Colonel John Campbell.^[2] Her mother was a diarist and novelist and father a soldier and politician.

Palaeontological research

Lady Cumming was a skilled painter and keen horticulturalist who took up the study of the fossils on her Altyre estate near the Moray Firth around 1839.^[1] She collected fossils and instructed workers in the quarries on the estate to bring her any they found. She collected a large number of specimens of fossil fish from the Devonian period and began a correspondence with the most famous geologists of the time; Louis Agassiz, William Buckland and Roderick Murchison all visited her collection in Scotland.^[1] She sent illustrations, letters and specimens around Europe, and intended to publish her illustrations and theories on how these fish would have appeared in life. Some of these illustrations survive in the archives of the Geological Society.^[1] Some of her ideas about how the fossil remains should be interpreted were later discredited as more fossil evidence came to light, but her illustrations were highly respected.^[2] Her work was praised by Hugh Miller,^[3] and

...collected these remains and distributed them amongst geologists with the greatest liberality. Lady Cumming had studied the remains with great care, and prepared a series of drawings of all the most perfect specimens with a precision of detail and artistic talent, which few naturalists can hope to attain"^[4]

After his visit to Altyre, Agassiz named a species Cheirolepis cummingae (also sometimes spelled cummingii) in honour of Cumming.^[5] This species name was later discovered to be a synonym of Cheirolepis trialli.^[6] Many of the fossils in Cumming's collection were personally identified by Agassiz, and the collection is now held by the National Museum of Scotland, the Natural History Museum, London, and the University of Neuchatel.^[1]

Marriage and children

Lady Cumming married Sir William Gordon Gordon-Cumming of Altyre, 2nd Baronet in 1815. They had 13 children including

Sir Alexander Penrose Gordon-Cumming, 3rd Baronet (1816–1866)
Roualeyn George Gordon-Cumming (15 March 1820 – 24 March 1866) traveller, sportsman and lion hunter^[7]
Francis Hastings Toone Gordon-Cumming (1842-1883)
Anne Seymour Conway Baker Cresswell (d. 1858)
Mary Elizabeth Gordon-Cumming
Henry Gordon-Cumming (b. 1822)
John Randolph Gordon-Cumming (1826-1866)
William Gordon Gordon-Cumming (1829-1898)
Adelaide Eliza Gordon-Cumming (d.1870)
Alice Henrietta Gordon-Cumming (d. 1859)
Constance Frederica “Eka” Gordon-Cumming (26 May 1837 – 4 September 1924) travel writer and painter^[8]
Eleanora Gordon-Cumming (b. 1842 d. 1889)

Death

During her 13th pregnancy Cumming was impatient to get back to her studies, writing to Roderick Murchison "I am breathless to be at work again."^[3] However, she died on 21 April 1842 due to complications following the birth.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Burek, C. V.; Higgs, B. (2007). "The role of women in the history and development of geology: an introduction". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 281 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.281....1B. doi:10.1144/sp281.1. S2CID 140651108.
^ ^a ^b ^c The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004. Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780748626601. OCLC 367680960.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ ^a ^b The Edinburgh companion to Scottish women's writing. Norquay, Glenda, 1958-. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780748644322. OCLC 801193210.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Agassiz, Louis (1842). "Report on the Fossil Fishes of the Devonian System or Old Red Sandstone". The Geologist. 1.
^ Duff, Patrick (1842). Sketch of the Geology of Moray.
^ Giles, Sam; Coates, Michael I.; Garwood, Russell J.; Brazeau, Martin D.; Atwood, Robert; Johanson, Zerina; Friedman, Matt (2015). "Endoskeletal structure in Cheirolepis (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii), An early ray-finned fish". Palaeontology. 58 (5): 849–870. Bibcode:2015Palgy..58..849G. doi:10.1111/pala.12182. ISSN 0031-0239. PMC 4950109. PMID 27478252.
^ Stephens, Henry Morse (May 1866). "Cumming Roualeyn George Gordon-". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 13. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Constance Gordon-Cumming: Intrepid Victorian Traveller … and Umbrella Historian? – Cambridge University Library Special Collections". specialcollections.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2017.