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Heinz Sachsenberg

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Heinz Sachsenberg
Nickname(s)Wimmersaal
Born(1922-07-12)12 July 1922
Dessau, Germany
Died17 June 1951(1951-06-17) (aged 28)
Lich, district of Gießen
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1941–1945
RankLeutnant (second lieutenant)[1]
UnitJG 52, JG 7, JV 44
CommandsProtection Squadron of JV 44(Squadron Leader)
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
RelationsGotthard Sachsenberg

Heinz Wimmersal Sachsenberg (12 July 1922 – 17 June 1951) was a German World War II fighter ace who served in the Luftwaffe. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. Sachsenberg claimed 104 aerial victories.

Early life

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Sachsenberg was born on 12 July 1922 in Dessau. "Heino", also called "Wimmersaal" by his comrades, was the nephew of Gotthard Sachsenberg, a World War I fighter pilot and recipient of the Pour le Mérite. He had a brother also named Gotthard, who also served in the Luftwaffe, and was killed in action on 8 March 1944 during a night fighter mission.[2][3]

Flying on the Eastern Front

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After flight training he was assigned, as a Feldwebel, to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in the fall of 1942. He was sent to the Eastern Front in late 1942 and was assigned to 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of JG 52.[Note 1] At the time, 6. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Rudolf Resch and was subordinated to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 52 under the leadership of Hauptmann Johannes Steinhoff.[4] On 21 April 1943, Sachsenberg claimed his first aerial victory, shooting down an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) southwest of Novorossiysk.[5] On 5 May, Sachsenberg was shot down in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-4, (Werknummer 14956—factory number) by a Supermarine Spitfire in combat 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Anapa.[6]

By the end of July 1943, he had shot down 22 enemy airplanes in heavy air combat over the Kuban bridgehead. His unit was then transferred to cover the retreat from the southern Kursk salient where he scored a further 16 victories. After a spell of leave from September to November due to overstress (when he was also awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) and Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe), he returned to the Crimea and the intense air-battles over the Kerch Straits.

After 76 victories, and on leave, Sachsenberg was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) in March 1944. Upon returning to the Crimea at the beginning of May, he shot down 25 aircraft in just a month including six aircraft on 7 May, making him an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time.[7] On 31 May, over Iași, in the battles for Romania, he claimed four victories (89-92v.) and five more were claimed on 8 June 1944, bringing his total to 101 air victories. He was the 76th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[8] Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel Sachsenberg was awarded the Knight's Cross on 9 June 1944. Returning from leave, his unit was then transferred to cover the Ploiești oilfields in Romania. On 23 August 1944, he was seriously wounded during an air battle with United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) North American P-51 Mustang fighters, resulting in a forced landing of his Bf 109 G-6, (Werknummer 166233) "Yellow 1".[9][10] Promoted to Leutnant, he claimed his final victories over Hungary, including a USAAF P-51 and a Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra.[11]

The Sachsenberg Schwarm

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Fw 190 D-9 flown by Sachsenberg

In 1945, he transferred briefly to jet fighters in Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing) as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 9. Staffel of JG 7, but in April 1945 he joined Jagdverband 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) based at Munich-Riem. His task was to provide top cover for the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters during takeoff and landing.[12] Sachsenberg was assigned as Staffelkapitän of the Platzschutzstaffel or airfield-protection squadron, flying the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9 fighter. As squadron commander, his particular aircraft was known as "Red 1". The inscription on his Fw 190 D-9 was "Verkaaft's mei Gwand I foahr in Himmel!" meaning "Sell my clothes I'm going to heaven" in a Bavarian dialect.[13] The Me 262 jet was vulnerable to strafing attacks during takeoff and landing. Generalleutnant Adolf Galland, the commanding officer of JV 44, ordered the formation of the Platzschutzstaffel. Already in 1944, III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing), flying the Fw 190 D, had provided fighter protection to Kommando Nowotny, the first experimental Me 262 jet fighter unit.[14]

The aircraft in the protection squadron were painted red on their underbelly with prominent white stripes to help in their identification by ground crews.[15] The legend of the Papagei Staffel (parrot squadron) was born (the name was given after the war and is truly misleading as it was not used by the squadron itself). The decision to paint the aircraft in this manner was made by the pilots themselves, perhaps as result of the failed Operation Bodenplatte, where a number of German aircraft were lost to friendly fire.[Note 2]

The protection squadron was tasked with flying Start- und Landeschutz (Takeoff and landing cover). During takeoff and landing, the jets were very vulnerable to attacks by strafing Allied ground-attack airplanes, because their engines were not very responsive at those times and the jets could not accelerate and decelerate quickly. Thus to give additional protection besides the light and medium AA-guns around the airfields, parts of JG 52 and JG 54 were delegated to fly protective missions to cover the takeoff-and-landing phase of the 'Stormbirds'. JV 44 was a special case in that they had their own protection squadron.

After the war

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He died on 17 June 1951 in Lich, following complications from wounds he received on 23 October 1944.[1]

Quotations

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"I don't trust anything without a Propeller at least." - Sachsenberg in reply to being asked why he didn't fly jet aircraft.

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Sachsenberg was credited with 104 aerial victories.[16] Obermaier also lists Sachsenberg with 104 aerial victories, claimed in 520 combat missions, one on the Western Front and 103 on the Eastern Front. He was also credited with the destruction of one fast attack craft.[2] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 104 aerial victory claims, 103 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and one on the Western Front.[17]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 7545". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[18]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Sachsenberg an ace-in-a-day, a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Sachsenberg did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[19]
Eastern Front – 4 February – 31 December 1943
1 21 April 1943 11:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 7545, 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Novorossiysk[5] 27 6 August 1943 10:50 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 61394, 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Belgorod[20]
2 8 May 1943 07:18 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 85142, 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Abinskaya[21] 28 6 August 1943 10:54 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 61363, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Petylowka[20]
3 15 May 1943 09:50 P-40 PQ 34 Ost 85141, 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Krymskaya[21] 29 7 August 1943 18:30 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 60832, 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Petrowkskaja[22]
4 24 May 1943 10:04 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75462, east of Kabardinka[21] 30 8 August 1943 18:22 Boston 7 km (4.3 mi) southwest of Krassnopawlowka[22]
5 26 May 1943 15:55 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 76852, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Varenikovskaya[21] 31 10 August 1943 13:34 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 71771, 1 km (0.62 mi) northwest of Sserdonka[22]
6 27 May 1943 11:50 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 65241, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Scheljesny-Rog[21] 32 12 August 1943 05:35 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 41684, 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Achtyrka[22]
7 29 May 1943 18:18 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 75231, 7 km (4.3 mi) northwest of Krymskaya[23] 33 12 August 1943 10:50 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51513, 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Achtyrka[22]
8 29 May 1943 18:20?[Note 4] Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 76892, 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Kijewskoje[23]
5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Krymsk 		34 12 August 1943 10:53 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51373, 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Dernowoje[22]
9 5 June 1943 11:32 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 85114, 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Abinskaja[23]
—
[Note 5] 		12 August 1943
—
 Yak-1[22]
10 5 June 1943 11:34 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 85112, 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Krymskaya[23] 35 17 August 1943 06:56 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 41464, 1 km (0.62 mi) south-southwest of Boromlja[22]
11 6 June 1943 07:35 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 76894, 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Kijewskoje[23] 36 17 August 1943 09:40 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 51371, 5 km (3.1 mi) east-northeast of Boromlja[24]
12 6 June 1943 07:36 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 76894, 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Kijewskoje[23] 37 19 August 1943 16:05 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51593, 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Sewyschtschij[24]
13 8 June 1943 09:27 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76862, 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Imeni-Dimitrowa[23] 38 21 August 1943 18:18 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 51593, 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Bohodukhiv[24]
14 11 June 1943 10:19 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76684, 4 km (2.5 mi) east of Sswisteljnikow[25] 39 19 November 1943 14:29 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 6664, 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Bakssy[26]
15 13 June 1943 10:37 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 85144, 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Abinskaja[25] 40 20 November 1943 10:17 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66677, 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Cape Khroni[26]
16 20 July 1943 15:05 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 75452, 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Novorossijsk[25] 41 21 November 1943 09:48 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66611, 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Bulganak[26]
—
[Note 5] 		20 July 1943
—
 P-39[25] 42 25 November 1943 08:59 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66643, northeastern edge of Kolonka[27]
17 22 July 1943 08:15 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 76892, 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Kijewskoje[25] 43 26 November 1943 13:59 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66563, 7 km (4.3 mi) southwest of Kerch[27]
18 26 July 1943 06:10 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75363, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Noworossijsk[20]
Black Sea, southeast of Anapa 		44 28 November 1943 07:10 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 6685, 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Cape Tusla[27]
19 26 July 1943 06:20 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 65293, 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Anapa[20] 45 4 December 1943 11:56 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66673, 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Kossa Tusla[28]
20 26 July 1943 10:25 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76882, 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Kesslerowa[20] 46 5 December 1943 07:15 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66813, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Taman[28]
12 km (7.5 mi) west of Kossa Tusla
21 26 July 1943 18:20 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75262, 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Krymskaya[20] 47 5 December 1943 12:30 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66841, 9 km (5.6 mi) south of Kossa Tusla[28]
22 30 July 1943 06:25 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75234, 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Krymskaya[20] 48 6 December 1943 10:35 MiG-3 PQ 34 Ost 66842, 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Taman[28]
23 4 August 1943 11:12 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 61383, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Orlovka[20] 49 7 December 1943 14:50 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66811, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Taman[28]
24 4 August 1943 13:40 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 61363, 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Tomarovka[20] 50 7 December 1943 14:55 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66812, 9 km (5.6 mi) northwest of Taman[28]
25 4 August 1943 13:47?[Note 6] La-5 PQ 35 Ost 61271, 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Gostschtschewo[20] 51 31 December 1943 14:18 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66522, 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Kesy[29]
vicinity of Felsen Nowyj Sswet
26 4 August 1943 16:00 R-5 PQ 35 Ost 51292, 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Rahinoje[20] 52 31 December 1943 15:20 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66521, 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Tschokrak[29]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[30]
Eastern Front – 1 January 1944 – 16 March 1945
53 3 January 1944 11:15 Yak-7 east of Kolonka[31]
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Kolonka 		79♠ 7 May 1944 14:25 Il-2 PQ 35612[32]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol
54 17 January 1944 09:04 P-39 southeast of Kerch[31]
4 km (2.5 mi) north-northwest of Baksy 		80♠ 7 May 1944 14:40 Yak-7 PQ 35453[32]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Sevastopol
55 17 January 1944 11:37 P-39 north-northwest of Baksy[31]
2 km (1.2 mi) southeast of Kerch 		81♠ 7 May 1944 18:05 P-39 PQ 35612[33]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol
56 17 January 1944 14:40 Yak-7 Adshim-Uschkaj[31]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Adshim-Uschkaj 		82♠ 7 May 1944 18:25 Yak-7 PQ 35443[33]
vicinity of Sevastopol
57 18 January 1944 09:32 Yak-7 north of Baksy[31]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Baksy 		83 8 May 1944 15:40 Yak-7 vicinity of Balaklava[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol
58 22 January 1944 13:28 P-39 southwest of Bagerowo[31]
3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Bagerowo 		84 9 May 1944 11:35 Il-2 vicinity of Balaklava[33]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol
59 22 January 1944 13:40 Yak-7 Cape Tarchan[31]
2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Cape Tarchan 		85 9 May 1944 11:38 Yak-7 icinity of Balaklava[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol
60 23 January 1944 07:25 P-39 Cape Khroni[31]
2 km (1.2 mi) west of Cape Khroni 		86 9 May 1944 11:43 Yak-7 icinity of Balaklava[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol
61 24 January 1944 07:10 Yak-1 east of Kolonka[31]
3 km (1.9 mi) east of Kolonka 		87 30 May 1944 11:42 P-39 vicinity of Huși[33]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași
62 24 January 1944 12:48 Yak-1 Kamysch-Burun[31]
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Kamysch-Burun 		88 30 May 1944 17:24 P-39 vicinity of Sulani[33]
63 7 February 1944 11:05 Yak-7 Adshim-Uschkaj[34]
1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Adshim-Uschkaj 		89 31 May 1944 08:45 P-39 vicinity of Iași[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Iași
64 7 February 1944 13:43 Yak-9 north of Cape Tarchan[34]
3 km (1.9 mi) north of Cape Tarchan 		90 31 May 1944 12:19 P-39 PQ 78645[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Tudora
65 12 February 1944 08:36 Yak-9 east-northeast of Bulganak[34]
3 km (1.9 mi) east-northeast of Bulganak 		91 31 May 1944 16:40 Yak-1 PQ 78643[35]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Tudora
66 15 February 1944 08:37 P-39 southeast of Bulganak[36]
1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Bulganak 		92 31 May 1944 16:44 P-39 vicinity of Huși[35]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Tudora
67 11 March 1944 11:50 Yak-7 Alexandrovka[36]
5 km (3.1 mi) north-northwest of Alexandrovka 		93 2 June 1944 08:55 Pe-2 PQ 78683[35]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Iași
68 11 March 1944 15:00 Yak-7 west of Tschigary[36]
5 km (3.1 mi) west of Tschigary 		94 2 June 1944 14:47 Yak-7 PQ 78533[35]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Tudora
69 13 March 1944 08:37 Yak-7 east of Feodosia[36]
3 km (1.9 mi) east of Feodosia 		95 2 June 1944 16:05 P-39 PQ 78564[35]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Tudora
70 13 March 1944 08:42 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 56873[36]
12 km (7.5 mi) east of Feodosia 		96 6 June 1944 09:04 Pe-2 PQ 48652[35]
30 km (19 mi) north-northeast of Bistritz
71 16 March 1944 14:15 Yak-9 south of Tschigary[37]
5 km (3.1 mi) south of Tschigary 		97♠ 8 June 1944 10:30 La-5 PQ 78551[35]
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Tudora
72 17 March 1944 10:05 Yak-7 east of Karankut[37]
2 km (1.2 mi) east of Karankut 		98♠ 8 June 1944 10:36 La-5 PQ 78552[35]
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Tudora
73 17 March 1944 13:38 Yak-7 southwest of Tschigary[37]
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Tschigary 		99♠ 8 June 1944 13:13 P-39 PQ 78562[35]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Tudora
74 18 March 1944 16:50 Yak-7 Fedorowka[37] 100♠ 8 June 1944 13:14 P-39 PQ 78641[35]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Tudora
75 22 March 1944 10:40 LaGG-3 vicinity of Cape Tarchan[37] 101♠ 8 June 1944 19:22 Il-2 PQ 78592[35]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Iași
76 22 March 1944 10:45 LaGG-3?[Note 7] Cape Tarchan[37]
east of Bulganak 		102 22 August 1944 13:25 Boston PQ 97573[38]
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Serpnewoje (Leipzig)
77♠ 7 May 1944 08:34 Yak-1 vicinity of Balaklava[32]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol 		103 3 March 1945
—
 P-51 Hungary
78♠ 7 May 1944 10:35 Yak-7 vicinity of Balaklava[32]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol 		104 16 April 1945
—
 P-39 Hungary

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II
  2. ^ Quote from Franz Stigler
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:18.[3]
  5. ^ a b This unconfirmed claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[3]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:41.[3]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-7.[7]
  8. ^ According to Obermaier on 2 October 1943.[2]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Scherzer 2007, p. 647.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 191.
  3. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1083.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 475.
  5. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 381.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 397.
  7. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1084.
  8. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  9. ^ Crandall 1999, p. 9.
  10. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 143.
  11. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1085.
  12. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 98.
  13. ^ Crandall 1999, p. 19.
  14. ^ Crandall 1999, p. 7.
  15. ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 103–104.
  16. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 331.
  17. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1083–1085.
  18. ^ Planquadrat.
  19. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1083–1084.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2012, p. 386.
  21. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 383.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 387.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 384.
  24. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.
  25. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 385.
  26. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 392.
  27. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 393.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.
  29. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 395.
  30. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1084–1085.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barbas 2005, p. 358.
  32. ^ a b c d Barbas 2005, p. 365.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barbas 2005, p. 366.
  34. ^ a b c Barbas 2005, p. 359.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barbas 2005, p. 367.
  36. ^ a b c d e Barbas 2005, p. 360.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Barbas 2005, p. 361.
  38. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 368.
  39. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 122.
  40. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 176.
  41. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 393.
  42. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 369.

Bibliography

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  • Barbas, Bernd (2005). Die Geschichte der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of 2nd Group of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). ISBN 978-3-923457-71-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  • Crandall, Jerry (1999). Doras of the Galland Circus. Hamilton, MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9660706-2-0.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2008). Jagdverband 44 Squadron of Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 27. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-294-3.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 4 S–Z. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-21-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Schreier, Hans (1990). JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs [JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). The German War Machine in World War II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.
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