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St. Charles Parish, Louisiana

Coordinates: 29°55′N 90°22′W / 29.91°N 90.36°W / 29.91; -90.36
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St. Charles Parish
Parish
Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge
Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge
Map of Louisiana highlighting St. Charles Parish
Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana
Map of the United States highlighting Louisiana
Louisiana's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 29°55′N 90°22′W / 29.91°N 90.36°W / 29.91; -90.36
Country United States
State Louisiana
Founded1807
Named forSt. Charles
SeatHahnville
Largest communityLuling
Area
 • Total411 sq mi (1,060 km2)
 • Land279 sq mi (720 km2)
 • Water132 sq mi (340 km2)  32%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total52,549
 • Density188.35/sq mi (72.72/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional districts2nd, 6th
Websitewww.stcharlesparish.gov

St. Charles Parish (French: Paroisse de Saint-Charles) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. At the 2020 census, its population was 52,549.[1] The parish seat is Hahnville and the most populous community is Luling.[2]

The parish was established in 1807, following the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803.[3] It was originally part of the German Coast, an area along the east bank of the Mississippi River that was settled by numerous German pioneers in the 1720s. This was historically an area of sugarcane plantations, but the energy industry is now the economic base of the parish. St. Charles Parish is split by the Mississippi River and includes territory on both sides of the river, the east and west banks.

St. Charles Parish is included in the New Orleans-Metairie metropolitan statistical area.

History

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17th century

[edit]

In 1682, French explorers René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti traveled the entire length of the Mississippi River and as their expedition passed what is present-day Hahnville on the west bank; they encountered indigenous Quinipissa villagers.[4] In 1699, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, along with his younger brother, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville returned to the area claiming it for France.[5] They found an indigenous Bayagoula settlement near the river's intersection with a tributary at a site named L’Anse aux Outardes or Bustard’s Cove in present-day New Sarpy on the east bank of the Mississippi River.[5] It was discovered that the Quinapissa had joined the indigenous Mougoulacha and they later moved to the east bank of the river to form one village with the Bayougoula near L’Anse aux Outardes.[5]

18th century

[edit]

As early as 1718, John Law and the Company of the Indies began recruiting French settlers to settle Louisiana (New France), though not specifically to what would become the German Coast.[6] The early French settlers were not suited or prepared for the harsh conditions in Louisiana.[6] In 1719, Jean-Pierre Pury, a director at the Company of the Indies, proposed recruiting Germans and German-speaking Swiss farmers to Louisiana and that same year with a twenty-five-year charter, Law merged the Company of the West with his Company of the Indies.[6] Also in 1719, a small group of German settlers arrived in the Louisiana French colony and were transported by waterways thirty miles west of New Orleans to a location along the west bank of the Mississippi River, north of Ouachas Lake.[7] This area of German settlers was called les Allemands or the Germans.[6][8]

In 1720, Germans were recruited in early spring to settle in les Allemands. Roughly four thousand individuals (four hundred and fifty families) mostly from the Rhineland, but also from Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Swedish Pomerania, Alsace–Lorraine, Belgium, and Switzerland traveled across France to Lorient in Brittany and then made the voyage to Louisiana on March 7, 1721.[9][10] The settlers arrived in Old Biloxi on June 4, 1721, and on December 15, 1721, French Governor Bienville issued an order for boats to transport the recently arrived German-speaking settlers including newly named Commandant Charles Frederic d'Arensbourg, born Karl Friedrich von Arensburg, to the already established villages of Hoffen, Marienthal, and Augsburg on the west bank of the Mississippi River.[10] The settlers left for the settlements in January 1722 and of the roughly four thousand individuals that initially began the trip in Europe, when they reached their port of embarkation in March 1722, a Company of the Indies official counted only three hundred and thirty settlers because many of them perished due to the harsh conditions of their long journey to Louisiana.[9] d'Arensbourg's land grant concession on the west bank of the river near present-day Taft, was named Karlstein after him and with its founding, the original four settlements in "les Allemands" were established.[10] Besides the area being named "les Allemands", the collective name that the settlements were sometimes referred to as was Karlstein, also after Charles Frédérique d'Arensbourg or Karl Friedrich von Arensburg, who was the acknowledged leader of the settlements for more than 55 years.[10]

Map of the German Coast, 1775. Carlstein and German Church are located on the westbank of the Mississippi River.[11]

Over time, "les Allemands" would come to be known as Côté des Allemands or German Coast and is located in present-day St. Charles and St. John the Baptist Parishes.[7][10] The German Coast Settlement established in 1722 was the third permanent settlement in what is now the state of Louisiana, after Natchitoches (1714) and New Orleans (1718).

Also in 1722, the "La Grand Ouragan" Hurricane devastated the German Coast and many Germans considered leaving.[12] In order to prevent this exodus, Governor Bienville decided to grant the settlement of additional lands to settlers on the west bank in addition to the east bank of the river.[12] Later in 1722 and 1723, some French and German settlers along with newly arrived Canadians moved across the Mississippi River to establish the first east bank settlement at L’Anse aux Outardes or Bustard’s Cove.[12] The tributary at this site connected the Mississippi River to Lake Pontchartrain via a previously discovered system of waterways through the LaBranche Wetlands.[12] The ecclesiastical parish and chapel, La Paroisse de St. Jean des Allemands, was also founded in 1723 in Karlstein.[13][14]

A 1724 census revealed that the German families were not only harvesting enough food and raising enough cattle for their families, but they were bringing their surplus to New Orleans markets.[15] It is apparent from these records that from the beginning of their settlement, German Coast farmers were a major source of food for the city of New Orleans.[15]

The granting of additional lands in 1722 and 1723, led to the founding of the Second German Coast in 1730 and the establishment of officially having settlements on both banks of the Mississippi River.[12] The year 1729 saw the first attack by Native Americans on the German villages.[16] In 1731, as the first decade of settlement on the German Coast ended and the Company of the Indies charter was retrieved by France, Louisiana again became a French colony.[15] The land farmed by settlers on the German Coast technically belonged to the Company of the Indies until France retrieved its charter.[15] After France once again owned the land, more landholders began to petition France for individual ownership of property.[15]

In 1740, the ecclesiastical parish and chapel relocated to the present-day site of the church in Destrehan on the east bank of the Mississippi River.[17] A log cabin structure was built and both the ecclesiastical parish and chapel were renamed St. Charles in honor of St. Charles Borromeo.[17]

The Territory of Louisiana remained under French rule until 1763, when France ceded Louisiana to Spain after losing the Seven Years' War to Great Britain. The French and Indian War was a North American theater of this war. At the beginning of the Spanish colonial period, many Acadians, people of French descent, began arriving in south Louisiana after being expelled by the British from what is now Nova Scotia after the British took over French territory in Canada along with North American territory east of the Mississippi river. The first French Acadian village was established in present-day Wallace in the German Coast. The Germanic settlers of the German Coast and French Acadians of what would become Acadiana thrived alongside each another with French becoming the dominant language. The intermingling and marriage between these two groups and influence from additional groups and cultures led to the formation of what was to become Louisiana Cajun culture.[18]

The early 18th century settlers in the area received land grants from the Spanish or French royal governments, depending upon which country ruled the territory at the time of application. The French style of property allotments was made up of narrow frontage on the river so that each plantation had access to high ground for ground transportation of goods to and from New Orleans and world markets. In addition to ground transportation, goods were mainly shipped by boat on bayous and lakes and also via the Mississippi River. The main house and supporting outbuildings were constructed near the river. The remaining property extended away from the river into the wetlands, where land was cleared for cultivation of sugar cane and indigo. Homes still existing in St. Charles Parish include Destrehan Plantation, Homeplace Plantation House, and Ormond Plantation House. Labranche Plantation no longer exists, but the Creole dependency house, known in French as a garconnière still exists.[19]

19th century

[edit]

In 1800, Napoleon, the First Consul of the French Republic, regained control over Louisiana for France. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the Territory of Orleans was established in 1804 and the following year on April 10, 1805, it was divided into twelve counties with one of them being the County of the German Coast.[20] The first courthouse was established in 1804, in a community then known as “St. Charles Courthouse".[21] The town was later renamed Hahnville and became the parish seat.[21]

In 1806, the log cabin St. Charles Chapel in Destrehan burned.[17] That same year, a wood-framed church painted red was built at the site of the former chapel.[22] The church became known as the "Little Red Church".[22] It was a famous riverboat landmark where boat captains traditionally paid off their crews.

In 1807, St. Charles Parish was "officially" established.[23] In 1811, part of the German Coast uprising took place in St. Charles Parish.[24] The first two public schools in St. Charles Parish opened in 1850.[25]

During the American Civil War, three skirmishes took place in St. Charles Parish. They were the "Battle of Hahnville Courthouse", "Skirmish of Boutte Station" and the "Battle of Des Allemands".[26] Louisiana and therefore St. Charles Parish were part of the Fifth Military District during the Reconstruction era from 1865 to 1877.[27]

Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Catholic Church was originally built in 1877 in Taft.[28]

Towards the end of 19th century, ferry regulation throughout the parish would now be implemented with parish oversight.[29]

20th century

[edit]

Starting in the 20th century, the area of the German Coast and location of the first permanent settlement of Acadians in Louisiana began to be referred to as the "River Parishes".[30] The River Parishes are those parishes in Louisiana between New Orleans and Baton Rouge that span both banks of the Mississippi River, and are part of the larger Acadiana region.[30] Traditionally they are considered to be St. Charles Parish, St. James Parish, and St. John the Baptist Parish.[30]

Industry came to St. Charles Parish in the early 20th century as the energy industry moved to the east bank of the parish to access the Mississippi River, rail and air services.[31] In 1914, land in Destrehan was sold to the Mexican Petroleum Company, which began operating an oil refinery in 1918, marking the first appearance of heavy industry in the parish.[31] In 1916, the New Orleans Refining Company purchased land in what was then Sellers, leading to the town to be renamed Norco.[31] Additional industrial facilities in the energy industry or supporting the industry were built in New Sarpy, Good Hope, and St. Rose.[31]

In 1921, the "Little Red Church" burned and St. Charles Borromeo Church was built on the property that same year with the formal dedication taking place on January 25, 1922.[32]

In 1924, the first public high schools in the parish opened.[33] Destrehan High School opened on the east bank and Hahnville High School opened on the west bank of the parish.[33]

Since the establishment of the German Coast, levees were the responsibility of landowners and breaches in these levees called "crevasses" were always a major concern due to the extensive flooding they caused.[34] Previous crevasses in the areas of Hymelia and Bonnet Carré caused extensive damage to the area.[34] Another crevasse during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 between the towns of Montz and LaPlace badly damaged Montz.[34] Flood Control Acts had previously been passed, but because of the size of the devastation in Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana, authorization of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project in the Flood Control Act of 1928 was passed.[34] The act called for the “levees only” policy that failed to be discarded and allowed for improved levees and floodways or "spillways" to be built.[34]

Between 1929 and 1931, the Bonnet Carré Spillway, a flood control structure was built and allows floodwaters from the Mississippi River to flow into Lake Pontchartrain.[35] This site was chosen because four major crevasses had previously occurred at this location.[34]

The first appearance of industry on the west bank came in 1952 when the Lion Oil Company began construction of their facility in Luling.[36] In 1955, Royal Dutch Shell opened the Shell Chemical Plant in Norco after their forerunner, Shell Petroleum Corporation, previously acquired the New Orleans Refining Company oil refinery in 1929.[37]

The 1960s saw a new industry come to St. Charles Parish as grain elevators were built in Ama and Destrehan. Additionally, chemical plants were built in Taft in the 1960s.[36] In 1963, Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Catholic Church moved to Hahnville with the building being completed in 1964.[28]

In 1971, the Louisiana State Legislature officially recognized 22 Louisiana parishes, including St. Charles Parish, and "other parishes of similar cultural environment" for their "strong French Acadian cultural aspects" (House Concurrent Resolution No. 496, June 6, 1971, authored by Carl W. Bauer of St. Mary Parish), and made the "Heart of Acadiana" the official name of the region. The public, however, prefers the one-word place name Acadiana to refer to the region.[38] The official term appears on regional maps and highway markers.

On October 20, 1976, the MV George Prince ferry disaster occurred on the Mississippi River.[39] The Luling–Destrehan Ferry George Prince was struck by the Norwegian tanker SS Frosta. Ninety-six passengers and crew were aboard the ferry when it was struck, and seventy-eight perished.[40][41][42] On October 6, 1983, seven-years after the ferry disaster, the Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge opened.[43] The bridge, originally named the Luling–Destrehan Bridge, connected the east bank and west bank of the parish by bridge for the first time. 1983 also saw the end of ferry service in the parish, marking the first time since the 1800s this service was not available.[44]

In 1985, the Louisiana Power and Light Company began operation of the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station on Charles Frédérique d'Arensbourg's original land grant of Karlstein.[45]

21st century

[edit]

On September 5, 2000, the town of Good Hope was annexed by Norco.[46] This was the eventual result of a 1983 buyout of all residential and commercial property by Good Hope Refinery; the town is listed as a ghost town.[46] Also in 2000, Taft had a population of zero residents and is now also listed as a ghost town.[47]

On March 26, 2002, the Davis Pond Freshwater Diversion Project dedication ceremony was held near Luling after construction began on the project in 1997.[48] In 2007, the East Bank Hurricane Protection Levee was completed.[49] The levee protects the majority of the east bank from Lake Pontchartrain and Labranche Wetlands flood waters.[50]

On August 29, 2021, St. Charles Parish was devastated by Hurricane Ida. Parish President Matthew Jewel stated that "Nearly every structure in the parish has damage ranging from cosmetic damage to a total collapse of a home or building."[51]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 411 square miles (1,060 km2), of which 279 square miles (720 km2) is land and 132 square miles (340 km2) (32%) is water.[52]

Bodies of water

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National protected areas

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State protected areas

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Adjacent parishes

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Communities

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Map of St. Charles Parish, with municipal labels

Census-designated places

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Unincorporated communities

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‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent parish or parishes

Ghost towns

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Former populated areas

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18103,291—
18203,86217.4%
18305,14733.3%
18404,700−8.7%
18505,1208.9%
18605,2973.5%
18704,867−8.1%
18807,16147.1%
18907,7378.0%
19009,07217.3%
191011,20723.5%
19208,586−23.4%
193012,11141.1%
194012,3211.7%
195013,3638.5%
196021,21958.8%
197029,55039.3%
198037,25926.1%
199042,43713.9%
200048,07213.3%
201052,7809.8%
202052,549−0.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[53]
1790–1960[54] 1900–1990[55]
1990–2000[56] 2010–2013[57]
St. Charles Parish, Louisiana – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[59] Pop 2010[60] Pop 2020[61] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 33,901 34,925 32,708 70.52% 66.17% 62.24%
Black or African American alone (NH) 12,043 13,925 13,024 25.05% 26.38% 24.78%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 119 160 215 0.25% 0.30% 0.41%
Asian alone (NH) 265 435 555 0.55% 0.82% 1.06%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 4 18 20 0.01% 0.03% 0.04%
Other race alone (NH) 52 57 172 0.11% 0.11% 0.33%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 342 612 1,714 0.71% 1.16% 3.26%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,346 2,648 4,141 2.80% 5.02% 7.88%
Total 48,072 52,780 52,549 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

At the 2020 United States census, there were 52,549 people, 19,212 households, and 14,463 families residing in the parish. At the 2019 American Community Survey, there were 52,773 people and 19,212 households in the parish.[62] Of the population, 7.1% spoke another language other than English at home; the second most spoken language in the parish was Spanish.

In 2019, the racial and ethnic makeup of St. Charles was 69.2% non-Hispanic white, 26.6% Black and African American, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.0% Asian alone, 1.7% some other race, and 1.0% two or more races. Hispanic and Latin Americans of any race made up 6.1% of the population.[62] An estimated 3.3% of the population were foreign-born. In 2020, its makeup was 62.24% non-Hispanic white, 24.78% Black or African American, 0.41% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.06% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.59% two or more races or of some other race, and 7.88% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.[63]

The median age was 37.9, and 6.2% of the parish was aged 5 and under. Of the 19,212 households in 2019, there were 20,710 housing units spread throughout the parish, and 4,349 corporations.[62] Approximately 80.7% of the parish lived in owner-occupied units, and the median housing value was $207,700. The median gross rent was $978. St. Charles had a median household income of $69,019 and 15.1% lived at or below the poverty line. Among the population, males had a median income of $43,589 versus $43,022 for females, closing the gender pay gap.[62]

In common with much of southern Louisiana, Christianity through the Roman Catholic Church has been the largest religious group for the parish. Its Catholic population numbered 21,947 at the 2020 study by the Association of Religion Data Archives. Following, Southern Baptists, National Baptists, and Full Gospel Baptists were the largest Protestant groups, though non/inter-denominational Protestantism numbered 1,440.[64]

Education

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Primary and secondary education

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Public

[edit]

St. Charles Parish Public Schools operates public schools in St. Charles Parish.

Upper secondary education

Private

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Colleges and universities

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St. Charles Parish is in the service area of Delgado Community College.[65]

Government

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St. Charles Parish is governed by an executive branch and legislative branch. The executive branch is headed by the elected Parish President; currently Matthew Jewell.

The legislative branch consists of an elected nine-member council. The parish is divided into seven single-member districts, each of which is represented by an elected district council member. In addition, two at-large seats are elected on a parish-wide basis. The at-large seats are divided into an "A" seat and a "B" seat. The "A" seat representative must be a resident of the parish's east bank while the "B" seat must be held by a resident of the west bank.[66] The last parish council election was in October / November 2019.

Members of the St. Charles Parish Council as of January 2020:

District Council Member
At-Large Division "A" Wendy Benedetto
At-Large Division "B" Holly Fonseca
1 La Sandra Darensbourg Gordon
2 Mary K. Clulee
3 Dick Gibbs
4 Nicky Dufrene
5 Marilyn B. Bellock
6 Bob Fisher
7 Julia Fisher-Perrier

Politics

[edit]
United States presidential election results for St. Charles Parish, Louisiana[67]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 18,233 63.94% 9,800 34.37% 484 1.70%
2016 16,621 63.46% 8,559 32.68% 1,012 3.86%
2012 15,937 62.91% 8,896 35.12% 500 1.97%
2008 16,457 64.80% 8,522 33.56% 418 1.65%
2004 14,747 61.87% 8,856 37.15% 234 0.98%
2000 11,981 55.70% 8,918 41.46% 611 2.84%
1996 9,316 43.55% 10,612 49.61% 1,465 6.85%
1992 9,158 43.87% 8,810 42.20% 2,909 13.93%
1988 9,685 53.82% 7,973 44.31% 337 1.87%
1984 10,185 59.62% 6,784 39.71% 113 0.66%
1980 6,779 44.83% 7,898 52.23% 446 2.95%
1976 4,270 37.11% 6,872 59.73% 363 3.16%
1972 5,469 60.42% 2,788 30.80% 795 8.78%
1968 1,675 18.35% 3,070 33.63% 4,383 48.02%
1964 2,715 34.81% 5,085 65.19% 0 0.00%
1960 1,377 20.86% 4,708 71.31% 517 7.83%
1956 2,417 57.86% 1,671 40.00% 89 2.13%
1952 1,086 28.84% 2,679 71.16% 0 0.00%
1948 286 11.87% 914 37.93% 1,210 50.21%
1944 174 8.21% 1,945 91.79% 0 0.00%
1940 153 8.98% 1,550 91.02% 0 0.00%
1936 96 6.00% 1,503 94.00% 0 0.00%
1932 86 5.66% 1,429 94.08% 4 0.26%
1928 108 8.82% 1,116 91.18% 0 0.00%
1924 132 21.29% 488 78.71% 0 0.00%
1920 92 33.45% 183 66.55% 0 0.00%
1916 30 9.09% 297 90.00% 3 0.91%
1912 28 13.33% 157 74.76% 25 11.90%

Healthcare and emergency medical services

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Hospitals

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Law

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As parish seat, Hahnville is the site of the parish courthouse.

Judicial district

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St. Charles Parish comprises the 29th Judicial District, Louisiana.

Law enforcement

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Transportation

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Airports

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Highways and roads

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Interstates

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Major highways

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Major vehicular bridges

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Railroads

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Rail

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Major railroad bridges

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Notable people

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "QuickFacts: St. Charles Parish, Louisiana". U.S. Census Bureau.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ "St. Charles Parish". Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  4. ^ "Exploration and Discovery (1542-1647)". scphistory.org/. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Pieree le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville". scphistory.org/. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d "John Law's Charter". scphistory.org/. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  7. ^ a b "John Law". acadian-cajun.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  8. ^ "les Allemands". scphistory.org/. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Cormier, Steven A. French Louisiana. acadiansingray.com. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Karl Fredrick Darensbourg & Early Villages". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  11. ^ "Course Of The River Mississippi, from the Balise to Fort Chartres. Ross, Lieut. 1775" rumsey.geogarage.com
  12. ^ a b c d e "Bustard's Cove – L'Anse aux Outardes". scphistory.org/. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  13. ^ Becnel, Joan; Friloux, Suzanne; Richoux, Marilyn (June 2, 2024). Cordry, Anne (ed.). St. Charles Parish Louisiana [A Pictorial History]. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers. p. 26. ISBN 978-1578646388. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  14. ^ "Church History – St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church". May 22, 2005. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Breadbasket of the Colony". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  16. ^ "18th Century Timeline". scphistory.org. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  17. ^ a b c Becnel, Joan; Friloux, Suzanne; Richoux, Marilyn (June 2, 2024). Cordry, Anne (ed.). St. Charles Parish Louisiana [A Pictorial History]. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers. p. 30. ISBN 978-1578646388. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  18. ^ "Cajuns". 64 Parishes. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  19. ^ "LaBranche Plantation Dependency". nps.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  20. ^ "County of the German Coast". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  21. ^ a b "Hahnville Town History". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  22. ^ a b Becnel, Joan; Friloux, Suzanne; Richoux, Marilyn (June 2, 2024). Cordry, Anne (ed.). St. Charles Parish Louisiana [A Pictorial History]. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 978-1578646388. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  23. ^ "The Birth of St. Charles Parish (1807)". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  24. ^ "'American Rising': When Slaves Attacked New Orleans". NPR. January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  25. ^ "St. Charles Parish Public Schools Part 1: 1803–1900". scphistory.org. p. 4. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  26. ^ "Three Major Skirmishes Took Place in St. Charles Parish". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  27. ^ "Landmark Legislation: The Reconstruction Act of 1867". United States Senate. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  28. ^ a b "A Little History of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary". olhrhahnville.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  29. ^ "Parish Ferries". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  30. ^ a b c "Louisiana's River Parishes". louisianatravel.com. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  31. ^ a b c d "Industrial Growth on the East Bank". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  32. ^ Becnel, Joan; Friloux, Suzanne; Richoux, Marilyn (June 2, 2024). Cordry, Anne (ed.). St. Charles Parish Louisiana [A Pictorial History]. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers. p. 135. ISBN 978-1578646388. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  33. ^ a b "St. Charles Parish Public Schools Part 2: 1901–1950". scphistory.org. p. 19. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d e f "Flooding—A Constant Springtime Concern". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  35. ^ Thibodeaux, Anna (December 26, 2017). "Parish's 'Hidden Jewel' Makes History". St. Charles Herald-Guide. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  36. ^ a b "Plantations to Petroleum Westbank-Eastbank expansion". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  37. ^ "Norco Fact Sheet Early History". shell.us. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  38. ^ Shane K. Bernard, The Cajuns: Americanization of a People (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003), p. 80.
  39. ^ "George Prince Ferry Disaster". stcharlesparish-la.gov. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  40. ^ "Ferries of Louisiana: Mv George Prince Ferry Disaster". Alibris. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  41. ^ "Worst ferry disaster in U.S. history". St Charles Herald. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  42. ^ "30 years ago: 78 die in worst ferry disaster in U.S. history". Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  43. ^ Weeks III, John A. "I-310 Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge". John A. Weeks III. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  44. ^ "Ferry Service Ends-1983". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  45. ^ "Sugar Cane to Nuclear Power — Waterford". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  46. ^ a b "Good Hope Buyout". scphistory.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
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Government

Geology

Hydrology

29°55′N 90°22′W / 29.91°N 90.36°W / 29.91; -90.36

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