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Juan Ángel Michelena

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Juan Ángel de Michelena
Birth nameJuan Angel de Michelena y Moreno
Born1774
Maracaibo, Viceroyalty of New Granada
DiedSeptember 29, 1831
Ferrol, Spain
Buried
Pantheon of Illustrious Sailors
Allegiance Spain
Service / branch Spanish Navy
Years of service1788-1831
RankAdmiral
Battles / warsBattle of Cape St. Vincent
British invasions of the River Plate
Battle of Buceo
Battle of Trocadero
AwardsLegion of Honour
Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
Spouse(s)María del Carmen del Pino y Vera Muxica
Signature

Juan Ángel Michelena (1774 – 29 September 1831) was a Spanish Navy officer and colonial administrator who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the Argentine War of Independence.[1] He also served as acting governor of Montevideo.[2] He maintained his loyalty to the Spanish Empire during the Argentine War of Independence.[3] In 1825, Juan Ángel Michelena was designate as governor of Ferrol, Galicia.[4]

Personal life

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Coat of Arms belonging to his father José Ignacio Michelena

Juan Ángel Michelena was born in Maracaibo (Venezuela), the son of José Ignacio de Michelena and Maria Josefa Moreno, belonging to an illustrious Creole family of Basque descent.[5] Established in Buenos Aires he was married in the Cathedral Mayor to María del Carmen del Pino, daughter of Joaquín del Pino and Rafaela de Vera Mujica.[6] His wife was sister of Juana del Pino, wife of Bernardino Rivadavia.[7]

Michelena and his wife were parents of six children born between 1807 and 1821 (Clara María Rafaela Ramona del Corazón de Jesús, Miguel Magín Wenceslao Joaquín Ramón, José María Alejandro Magín Ramón del Corazón de Jesús, Juan Angel Hilario Ramón Magín, Manuel Francisco Javier Arcadio Ramón Magín del Corazón de Jesús and Rafaela Genoveva Michelena del Pino).[8]

His son Juan Ángel Ramón Higinio Hilario Michelena del Pino, was born on January 5, 1818, in Buenos Aires,[9] and served in the Spanish Navy.[10] He was married in Spain to María de Rada, being the parents of Juan Ángel de Michelena y Rada.[11]

His father José Ignacio de Michelena y Echeverría was born in Cadiz, belonged to a noble family of Basque ancestors.[12] He had served as Alcalde in the City of Caracas,[13] and was member of the Guipuzcoan Company.[14] His mother Maria Josefa Moreno de Mendoza, had born in Ceuta, daughter of Francisco Javier Moreno de Mendoza, governor of Maracaibo,[15] and María Teresa Rodríguez de Balbas.[16]

Military career

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His ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad being rescued by Infante don Pelayo Painting by Antonio Brugada

Michelena did his studies in Europe, traveled to Spain to early age, and joined the Spanish Navy in the military port of Cadiz at age twelve. In 1788, Michelena finished his elementary studies, and was embarked on February 1, in the frigate Cecilia, with he sailed towards Tangier, Cartagena, Constantinople and the coast of Syria. In 1789, Michelena returned to Cadiz, being promoted to Alferez on January 13 of that same year. He was as an assistant to Juan Joaquín Moreno (Captain the ship San Lorenzo), they making trips to Barcelona, Livorno and Naples. He also served to the orders of Félix Ignacio de Tejada, Captain General of the Spanish Navy.[17]

Back in Cadiz, Michelena served two months in the Corps of Dragoons of the Spanish navy. Later was promoted to Lieutenant, serving in the Havana, Puerto Rico and fought against a Royal Navy fleet under John Jervis, in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent on February 14, 1797.[18] In 1798, he served on the ship San Pablo (commanded by the Captain of the Navy Jose de Mazarredo y Salazar), in pursuit of the British squadrons blockading the port of Cadiz. Michelena also took part in capture of the 14-gun British sloop Pitt.[19]

In 1803 Michelena was to the control of the brig Ligero, with which it captured a pirate ship that operated in the Mediterranean.[20] Then went to La Coruña and crossed the Atlantic, to serve as correspondent between the Antilles, Tierra Firme and Montevideo.[21]

He was Captain in 1805, when he came to Montevideo, serving to command of General Pascual Ruiz Huidobro. The following year he joined the campaign of Santiago de Liniers.[22] to fight against the British invasions of the River Plate, as head of the sailors who fought on land, participating in a battle at Retiro.[23] Later he was one of the Captains who led and brought troops to and from the Banda Oriental.

During the second British invasion of the River Plate, Michelena was commissioned to lead the schooner Remedios, with which he managed to force two British brigs to withdraw in a minor naval engagement.[24]

In September 1807 the Viceroy Liniers, had appointed Michelena as governor in the Banda Oriental, event that causes great commotion in the Uruguayan community.[25] Michelena finally traveled to Montevideo to take over government, after arrival was insulted and beaten in public by Francisco Javier de Elio. He remained during the following years in Montevideo, but did not support the ruling junta installed by Elio in that city in 1808. A year later, Elio was deposed by the new viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.[26]

Michelena was in Buenos Aires when the May Revolution broke out, and had accompanied to the General Joaquin de Soria to Montevideo. In an act of stupidity that will cost you dearly, the Primera Junta did not try to prevent who Soria, carry the naval fleet with him toward Montevideo, where they formed the most powerful realist centre. Michelena had helped disarm the revolutionary attempt engineered by Colonel Prudencio Murguiondo in the Banda Oriental.

Battle of Buceo (by Justo Lynch)

In December of that same year, 1810, he led a campaign against the shores of the Uruguay river, achieving the recruitment of several towns to obedience from Montevideo, among them Concepción del Uruguay, Gualeguaychú, Paysandú, Soriano, Mercedes, and Colla. When the Uruguayans took up arms early in the next year, Michelena could not prevent the sending reinforcements by the patriots porteños, but at least greatly delayed their progress. Along with Captain Jacinto de Romarate, fought against the patriotic troops in several campaigns, and plundered the coast of the Paraná River, causing the weakening of the porteños.

In July 1811, Michelena had approached the coast of Buenos Aires commanding five Spanish ships, he had order to open fire on the city. In total thirty-one bombs, and three cannonballs, were fired at the Rio de la Plata, without reaching the coast of the city (event known as Primer Bombardeo de Buenos Aires).[27]

In August 1812, he led a Second bombing on Buenos Aires, who only provoked some damage in coast of the river, but caused great psychological effect on the inhabitants.[28]

In 1814, Michelena participated in the Battle of Buceo, where Royalist naval forces confronted Patriot ships led by William Brown. Michelena was one of the prisoners of the battle, when the city surrendered to General Carlos María de Alvear.[29]

French troops attack on the Trocadero (1823)

On April 14, 1820, he fled to Montevideo, and from that city marched towards Rio de Janeiro, leaving South America forever in a British brig that transferred him to Gibraltar, being presented two years later in the department of Cadiz, Spain.[30] Retired from active duty, Michelena established his residence in the town of Puerto Real.[31] At the entrance of the French troops to the port of Cadiz, he put himself in command of Count Bordesoulle, who designates it to integrate the Navy of Sanlúcar.[32]

In 1823, Juan Ángel Michelena served to the orders of Guy-Victor Duperré, participating in the bombing against the port of Cádiz, in order to reinstate the regime of Ferdinand VII of Spain.[33] These actions earned him the title of knight of The Order of Saint Hermenegild, being distinguished with the Cross of the Marina Laureate and Legion of Honour of France.[34]

In 1825, Michelena was appointed Governor of Ferrol, being promoted to the naval rank of brigadier in 1826.[35] He died in 1831, after being elected as governor of Castellón de la Plana.[36]

References

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  1. ^ Invasiones inglesas al Río de la Plata 1806-1807, Marcos de Estrada, 2009, ISBN 9789871206438
  2. ^ Historia de España y su influencia en la historia universal, Antonio Ballesteros Beretta, 1934
  3. ^ Historia marítima argentina, Volume 4, Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales, 1985
  4. ^ Historia y descripción de la Ciudad y Departamento naval del Ferrol, José Montero y Aróstegui, 1859
  5. ^ Historia genealógica de los virreyes del Río de la Plata, Junta Sabatina de Especialidades Históricas, 2001, ISBN 9789871042012
  6. ^ Aportes biogenealógicos para un padrón de habitantes del Río de la Plata, Volume 4, Fernández Burzaco, 1989, 1986
  7. ^ Congreso Internacional de Historia de América: actas / Academia Nacional de la Historia, Part 2, La Academia, 1938, 1938
  8. ^ Capitán de Navío Juan Ángel de Michelena Moreno, Genealogía Familiar
  9. ^ Bautismos 1811-1819, Nuestra Señora de La Merced
  10. ^ Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas y Colegio Naval, Dalmiro de la Válgoma y Díaz Varela, 1954
  11. ^ Historia genealógica de los virreyes del Río de la Plata, Gonzalo Demaría, Diego Molina de Castro, 2001, ISBN 9789871042012
  12. ^ El elemento vasco en el siglo XVIII venezolano, Vicente de Amézaga Aresti, 1979, ISBN 9788424804718
  13. ^ Santos Michelena y su familia, Congreso de la República, Ediciones de la Cámara de Diputados, 1997
  14. ^ Caballeros Veinticuatro de la Ilustre Archicofradía del Santísimo Sacramento de la muy noble ciudad y gran Puerto de Santa María, Fernando de Artacho y Pérez-Blázquez, 2001, ISBN 9788493179809
  15. ^ Historia colonial de Venezuela, Rosa Helena de Valero, 1971
  16. ^ Real compañía de guardias marinas y Colegio naval, Dalmiro Valgoma y Díaz-Varela, 1945
  17. ^ Galeria biografica de los generales de marina, jefes y personajes notables, Spain, 1873
  18. ^ Historia marítima argentina, Volume 4, Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales, 1985
  19. ^ Historia, Issues 6-8, Argentina, 1956
  20. ^ Serie B--Historia naval argentina, Departamento de Estudios Historicos Navales, 1975
  21. ^ Dos fechas clave en el proceso autonomista rioplatense, Tomás Miller, 2008, ISBN 9789974814905
  22. ^ Ruptura del viejo orden hispanoamericano, editorial andres bello, 1993, ISBN 9789561311268
  23. ^ Buenos Ayres desde las quintas de Retiro a Recoleta (1580-1890), Maxine Hanon, 2000, ISBN 9789879938232
  24. ^ Los Marinos en las invasiones inglesas, Laurio Hedelvio Destéfani, 1975
  25. ^ Ruptura del viejo orden hispanoamericano, By Armando De Ramón, 1993, ISBN 9789561311268
  26. ^ Obra selecta by José Gervasio Artigas, Lucía Sala de Touron, Biblioteca Ayacucho 2000, 2000, ISBN 9789802762583
  27. ^ La Revista de Buenos Aires: historia Americana, literatura y ..., Volume 1, Miguel Navarro Viola, Vicente Gregorio Quesada, 1863
  28. ^ Historia argentina: Libertad e independencia, Clasa, ISBN 9788475051475
  29. ^ Uruguay: Cronologia Historica Documentada, Walter Rela, 2000, ISBN 9780883540107
  30. ^ Dos fechas clave en el proceso autonomista rioplatense, Tomás Miller, 2008, ISBN 9789974814905
  31. ^ Galeria biografica de los generales de marina, jefes y personajes notables, Spain, 1873
  32. ^ Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 9, Cesáreo Fernández Duro, 1903
  33. ^ Revista general de marina, Volume 39, Ministerio de Marina, 1896
  34. ^ Estado general de la Real Armada: Año de 1830, Spain, 1830
  35. ^ Kalendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid, Spain, 1826
  36. ^ El Correo: periódico literario y mercantil, Spain, 1831
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