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Mandarin orange varieties

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Mandarin oranges are cultivated in many varieties. These include both the original wild mandarins and many hybrid varieties with other Citrus species.

Unripe fruit

Stem mandarins (Citrus reticulata)

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  • Mangshan wild mandarins (only some, others being the genetically distinct mangshanyegan)[1]
  • Daoxian mandarines[1]
  • Suanpangan[1]

Domesticated mandarins and hybrids

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Species names are those from the Tanaka system. Recent genomic analysis would place them all in Citrus reticulata,[2] except the C. ryukyuensis hybrids[3]

Kinnow, a 'King' (Citrus nobilis) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa) cross, developed by Dr H.B. Frost
  • Sun Chu Sha[4][2]
  • Nanfengmiju - one of China's most widely cultivated varieties.[5]
  • Cleopatra mandarin,[4] acidic mandarin containing very small amount of pomelo introgression.[2]
  • Sunki,[4] acidic mandarin containing very small amount of pomelo introgression.[2]
  • Tangerines (Citrus tangerina)[6] is a grouping used for several distinct mandarin hybrids. Those sold in the US as tangerines have usually been Dancy, Sunburst or Murcott (Honey) cultivars. Some tangerine × grapefruit hybrids are legally sold as tangerines in the US.[7][8]
  • Mediterranean/Willowleaf/Thorny (Citrus × deliciosa), a mandarin with small amounts of pomelo.[9]
  • Dalanghita (Citrus reticulata) is a smaller mandarin endemic widely cultivated in the Philippines. Also known by other local names, naranghita and sintones.[10]
  • Huanglingmiao (Citrus reticulata), a mandarin–pomelo hybrid.[2][11]
  • Kishumikan (Citrus reticulata), or simply Kishu, a close clonal relative of Huanglingmiao, the two sharing a common origin before diverging as they were propagated[2]
    • Kunenbo (Citrus nobilis) a heterogeneous group that includes at least four distinct mandarin-pomelo hybrids.[12]
      • King (in full, 'King of Siam', Citrus nobilis) a Kunenbo mandarin with high levels of pomelo admixture, sometimes classed as a tangor.[2][12]
        • Kinnow (see image), a King × Willowleaf hybrid.
      • Satsuma (Citrus unshiu), a mandarin × pomelo hybrid with more pomelo than seen in most mandarins. It derived from a cross between a Huanglingmiao/Kishu and a non-King Kunenbo that was itself a pomelo × Huanglingmiao/Kishu cross.[2][12] It is a seedless variety, of which there are over 200 cultivars, including Wenzhou migana, Owari, and mikan; the source of most canned mandarins, and popular as a fresh fruit due to its ease of consumption
        • Owari, a well-known Satsuma cultivar that ripens during the late autumn
    • Komikan, a variety of Kishumikan[12]
  • The Ponkan (Citrus reticulata), a mandarin–pomelo hybrid[4][9]
    • The Dancy tangerine (Citrus tangerina) is a hybrid, the cross of a Ponkan with another unidentified hybrid mandarin.[2] Until the 1970s, most tangerines grown and eaten in the US were Dancys, and it was known as "Christmas tangerine"[13] and zipper-skin tangerine[14]
      • Iyokan (Citrus iyo), a cross between the Dancy tangerine and another Japanese mandarin variety, the kaikoukan.[12]
  • Bang Mot tangerine, a mandarin variety popular in Thailand.
  • Shekwasha (Citrus depressa), a group of clonal citrus that arose from multiple independent natural crosses of C. ryukyuensis with a Sun Chu Sha relative,[3] a very sour mandarin grown for its acidic juice.
  • Tachibana, also a cluster of similar clones, deriving from natural crosses between different individual C. ryukyuensis and a clonal C. reticulata lineage with both northern and southern subspecies contribution.[3]
  • Kinnow, also known as Pakistani mandarin is popular variety in Pakistan and Middle East.

Mandarin crosses

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Citrus fruits clustered by genetic similarity. Most commercial varieties of citrus are hybrids of the three species at the corners of the ternary diagram (mandarin at top). Genetically distinct hybrids often bear the same common name.[15]
  • Tangelos, a generic term for modern mandarin (tangerine) × pomelo and mandarin × grapefruit crosses
    • The Mandelo or 'cocktail grapefruit', a cross between a Dancy/King mixed mandarin and a pomelo.[2] The term is also sometimes used generically, like a tangelo, for recent mandarin × pomelo hybrids.
  • The sour orange (Citrus x aurantium) derives from a direct cross between a pure mandarin and a pomelo[11]
  • The common sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) derives from a cross between a non-pure mandarin and pomelo parents[11]
    • Tangors, or Temple oranges, are crosses between the mandarin orange and the common sweet orange;[11] their thick rind is easy to peel, and its bright orange pulp is sour-sweet and full-flavoured. Some such hybrids are commonly called mandarins or tangerines.
      • Clementine (Citrus × clementina), a spontaneous hybrid between a Willowleaf mandarin orange and a sweet orange.[9][16] sometimes known as a "Thanksgiving Orange" or "Christmas orange", as its peak season is winter; an important commercial mandarin orange form, having displaced mikans in many markets.
        • Clemenules or Nules, a variety of Clementine named for the Valencian town where it was first bred in 1953; it is the most popular variety of Clementine grown in Spain.[17]
        • Fairchild is a hybrid of Clementine and Orlando tangelo
      • Murcott, a mandarin × sweet orange hybrid,[9][18] one parent being the King.[12]
        • Tango is a proprietary seedless mid-late season irradiated selection of Murcott developed by the University of California Citrus Breeding Program.[19]
      • Kiyomi (Citrus unshiu × sinensis) is a Satsuma/sweet orange hybrid from Japan
        • Dekopon, a hybrid between Kiyomi and ponkan, marketed in the United States as Sumo Citrus(R)
    • Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi), the result of backcrossing the sweet orange with pomelo
    • Meyer lemon (Citrus x meyer), a cross between a mandarin × pomelo hybrid and a citron.[15]
    • Palestinian sweet lime (Citrus x limettioides), a distinct (mandarin × pomelo) × citron hybrid[15]
  • Rangpur lime (Citrus x limonia), a pure-mandarin × citron cross[15]
  • Rough lemon (Citrus x jambhiri), a pure-mandarin × citron cross, distinct from rangpur[15]
  • Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana), a pure-mandarin x citron cross, distinct from rangpur and rough lemon
  • Jabara (Citrus jabara), a Kunenbo mandarin × yuzu cross.[12]
  • several of the kumquat-hybrid Citrofortunella, including calamansi, citrangequat, orangequat, mandarinquat and sunquat

Non-mandarins

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Wang, Lun; et al. (2018). "Genome of Wild Mandarin and Domestication History of Mandarin". Molecular Plant. 11 (8): 1024–1037. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.001. PMID 29885473.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; et al. (February 2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. hdl:20.500.11939/5741. PMID 29414943.
  3. ^ a b c Wu, Guohong Albert; Sugimoto, Chikatoshi; Kinjo, Hideyasu; Asama, Chika; Mitsube, Fumimasa; Talon, Manuel; Gmitter, Grederick G Jr; Rokhsar, Daniel S (2021). "Diversification of mandarin citrus by hybrid speciation and apomixis". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4377. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4377W. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24653-0. PMC 8313541. PMID 34312382. and Supplement
  4. ^ a b c d Curk, Franck; Ancillo, Gema; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Perrier, Xavier; Jacquemoud-Collet, Jean-Pierre; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2014). "Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrus species: analysis of chromosome 2". BMC Genetics. 15: 152. doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0152-1. PMC 4302129. PMID 25544367.
  5. ^ Karp, David (13 January 2010). "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Citrus tangerina Yu.Tanaka — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  7. ^ Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch (2018-07-10). "Robinson Tangerine". ufl.edu.
  8. ^ Commernet (2011). "20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code". State of Florida. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d Velasco, R; Licciardello, C (2014). "A genealogy of the citrus family". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (7): 640–642. doi:10.1038/nbt.2954. PMID 25004231. S2CID 9357494.
  10. ^ "Dalanghita". www.medicinalplantsdatabase.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e G Albert Wu; et al. (2014). "Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pomelo and orange genomes reveals a complex history of admixture during citrus domestication". Nature. 32 (7): 656–662. doi:10.1038/nbt.2906. PMC 4113729. PMID 24908277.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Shimizu, Tokurou; Kitajima, Akira; Nonaka, Keisuke; Yoshioka, Terutaka; Ohta, Satoshi; Goto, Shingo; Toyoda, Atsushi; Fujiyama, Asao; Mochizuki, Takako; Nagasaki, Hideki; Kaminuma, Eli; Nakamura, Yasukazu (2016). "Hybrid Origins of Citrus Varieties Inferred from DNA Marker Analysis of Nuclear and Organelle Genomes". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166969. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1166969S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166969. PMC 5130255. PMID 27902727.
  13. ^ "Ark of Taste, Dancy Tangerine, Citrus Tangerina v. Dancy". Slow Food USA. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  14. ^ Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch (2018-06-06). "HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine". ufl.edu.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers". Annals of Botany. 11 (4): 565–583. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005. PMC 4817432. PMID 26944784.
  16. ^ Edible: An Illustrated Guide to the World's Food Plants. National Geographic. 2008. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4262-0372-5.
  17. ^ Toni Siebert (30 July 2009). "Nules". Citrus Variety Database. University Of California. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  18. ^ Stephen H. Futch and Larry K. Jackson (2018-05-09). "HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine)". ufl.edu.
  19. ^ "Tango mandarin; Citrus reticulata Blanco". Citrus Variety Collection. College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
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