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Michael Blakey (anthropologist)

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Professor
Michael Blakey
Born (1953-02-23) February 23, 1953 (age 71)[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater
OccupationAnthropologist
EmployerCollege of William & Mary

Michael Blakey (born February 23, 1953) is an American anthropologist who specializes in physical anthropology and its connection to the history of African Americans. Since 2001, he has been a National Endowment for the Humanities professor at the College of William & Mary,[2] where he directs the Institute for Historical Biology.[1] Previously, he was a professor at Howard University and the curator of Howard University's Montague Cobb Biological Anthropology Laboratory.[3]

Early life and education

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Blakey obtained his B.A. in Anthropology from Howard University in 1978, and an M.A. (1980) and a Ph.D. (1985) from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[4] He served as president of the Association of Black Anthropologists from 1987 to 1989.[1][4]

Career

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African burial ground in Manhattan

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Blakey was a director of the New York African Burial Ground Project,[5] now the African Burial Ground National Monument.[6] According to Blakey, the existence of this burial ground in what is now Lower Manhattan[5] (where between 10 and 20 thousand people of African descent were buried in the eighteenth century) was evidence of "false historical representation" and exposed as a myth the idea that New York and the northern states were not slave-owning areas.[7] Blakey says that, in general, educated Americans had the impression that slavery played little role in the development of the northern American colonies in general, and New York City in particular. Blakey's research helps dispel those myths, and offers a "compelling portrait of the exploitation and violence suffered by enslaved Africans, and equally to the active resistance of people of African descent to this exploitation and violence".[7] Blakey concluded that these slaves faced "brutal working conditions, premature rates of mortality, and excessive workloads, while nutritional deficiencies were common among young children."[8]

Blakey's research team examined 27 skeletons that had filed or "culturally modified" teeth, which was considered a strong indication of African birth. Previously, only nine such skeletons had been discovered in the Americas. It is likely that these individuals had come to New York previous to 1808, when the importation of slaves from Africa was banned.[9] Blakey's team examined more than 1.5 million artifacts discovered at the site, which included everything "from pottery and glassware to tools and children's toys".[10] His research determined that approximately half of the African people buried at the site were children. After his research was completed, the skeletal remains were reinterred at the site "in 400 hand-carved mahogany coffins"[10] in a 2003 ceremony described as "joyous and bitter all at once".[10]

Analysis of racism

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Blakey says that physical anthropology has a "pattern of denial" about racism, which has its origins in the dominant view that social differences are due to the inherent characteristics of individuals, and less on political and economic factors.[11] Blakey maintains that the history of physical anthropology has been "sterilized", downplaying the role that eugenics and scientific racism had in its origins.[11]

Discussing a museum exhibit about race at the Science Museum of Virginia, Blakey criticized the contemporary reluctance to discuss racism, maintaining that "it has become illegitimate to talk about racism" and that failing to do so is "the new racism".[12]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Michael L. Blakey". African American Trailblazers in Virginia History. The Library of Virginia. 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  2. ^ "Michael Blakey: National Endowment for the Humanities Professor". William and Mary: Anthropology. College of William and Mary. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  3. ^ Quigley, Christine (2001). Skulls and Skeletons: Human Bone Collections and Accumulations. McFarland. p. 117. ISBN 9780786410682. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Alumni Profiles: UMass Amherst Graduate School to Honor Anthro Alum at 100th Anniversary Gala". College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. University of Massachusetts Amherst. March 3, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  5. ^ a b Ferraro, Gary (2007-03-02). Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Cengage. p. 5. ISBN 9780495100089. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  6. ^ Byrd, W. Michael (2000). An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900. Psychology. p. 20. ISBN 9780415924498. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  7. ^ a b Johnson, Matthew (2010-01-26). Archaeological Theory: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 206. ISBN 9781405100144. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  8. ^ Kirkwood, Scott (Summer 2006). "History Unearthed: An African burial ground unearthed in New York City becomes the latest addition to the National Park System". National Parks. Washington, DC: National Parks Conservation Association. pp. 12–13. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  9. ^ Beresford, Jane (April 26, 2004). "The African foundations of New York". BBC News. London. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Luo, Michael (October 2, 2003). "In Manhattan, Another Burial For 400 Colonial-Era Blacks". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  11. ^ a b Gregory, Steven; Roger Sanjek (1994). Race. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9780813521091.
  12. ^ Green, Kristen (February 3, 2012). "Blakey: 'Racism' key to any discussion of race". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
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