Michael Durham
Michael Durham was a Scottish courtier and physician to James V of Scotland. His family was from Grange at Monifieth near Dundee.
Death of a king
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Durham took his first degree at the University of St Andrews. He attended James V at Falkland Palace during his final illness in December 1542.[1] He was a witness to the king's will, a legal instrument made at Falkland appointing tutors for Mary, Queen of Scots. The document was declared invalid.[2]
Regent Arran paid Durham's expenses for his medical work, and gave him a gown furred with Scottish "martrick" or marten fur from the royal wardrobe.[3] At first, according to John Knox, the counsel of Durham and other Protestants was welcomed at the Regent's court. Soon these courtiers were removed.[4]
War
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Michael Durham and his brother Henry Durham were Protestants who sided with England during the war now known as the Rough Wooing.[5] In August 1546, Arran had Michael Durham imprisoned for a time in Edinburgh Castle.[6] Durham then went to London. The Scottish diplomat Adam Otterburn was surprised he had been released and allowed to travel.[7]
After the battle of Pinkie in September 1547, Michael Durham accompanied the English commander Andrew Dudley from Leith to Broughty Castle. They sailed in the Galley Suttill or Subtle with Richard Brooke and fired three shots at the castle. Henry Durham, who was a retainer of Lord Gray, and Captain of Broughty, surrendered the castle to Dudley.[8] The galley was used because it could be rowed near the shore to fire its ordnance.[9]
Henry Durham, as an "assured Scot", was given an English pension and trading privileges.[10]
London
[edit]Michael Durham returned to London. He received a pension from the English exchequer, granted by Edward VI of England.[11] He became a friend of the French ambassador Antoine de Noailles, aiding him with intelligence and in diplomatic matters.[12] Durham carried or forwarded some of Noailles's letters to Henri Cleutin in Scotland.[13] Noailles tried to rehabilitate Durham with Mary of Guise, the widow of James V who ruled Scotland from 1554 to 1560.[14]
In March 1557, the English diplomat Nicholas Wotton described Durham as a spy for France and Mary of Guise, receiving a pension from her of 300 crowns.[15]
René-Aubert Vertot, an 18th-century editor of the letters of Antoine de Noailles, mentions that suspicion fell on Durham for poisoning James V.[16] There were rumours that the king's demise was hastened by poison or the wrong medicine. Modern historians believe James died of natural causes.[17] A rumour of poisoning was current days after the death, reaching English authorities.[18] John Lesley wrote that James V was "vexit by some unkindly medicine".[19] A translator of Lesley's Latin History wrote that the common people thought "the king sooner died through medicine, than otherwise he would have done".[20] Raphael Holinshed and David Calderwood wrote of reports that James V was "disquieted by some unkindlie medicine".[21][22]
References
[edit]- ^ Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie (John Donald, 2005), p. 40.
- ^ H. F. Morland Simpson, 'Cardinal Beaton and the Will of James V', The English Historical Review, 21:81 (January 1906), pp. 112–118: HMC 1th Report Part VI Hamilton (London, 1887), pp. 219–220 no. 158
- ^ John G. Harrison, Wardrobe Inventories of James V: British Library MS Royal 18 C (Historic Scotland: Edinburgh, 2008), p. 49
- ^ Works of John Knox: History of the Reformation (Edinburgh, 1846), p. 106.
- ^ Marcus H. Merriman, 'The Assured Scots: Scottish Collaborators with England during the Rough Wooing', Scottish Historical Review, 47:143 (1) (April 1968), p. 22.
- ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, 8 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 106, 148, 479
- ^ Annie Cameron, Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (Edinburgh: SHS, 1927), p. 184.
- ^ Francis Mudie, David Walker, Iain MacIvor, Broughty Castle and the Defence of the Tay (Abertay Historical Society, 2010), p. 18: Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (East Linton, Tuckwell, 2000), p. 250.
- ^ David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, The Battle of Pinkie, 1547 (Oxbow, 2023), pp. 51, 243.
- ^ John Roche Dasent, Acts of the Privy Council, vol. 2 (London, 1890), 157–159, 242: Arthur Clifford, Sadler State Papers, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), p. 361: Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 21 no. 46, 102 no. 207
- ^ W. C. Richardson, The Report of the royal commission of 1552 (Morgantown, 1974), p. 89.
- ^ E. Harris Harbison, Rival Ambassadors at the Court of Queen Mary (Princeton, 1940), pp. 119–124.
- ^ Vertot, Ambassades des Noailles, 4, p. 22.
- ^ Vertot, Ambassades des Noailles, 3, pp. 269, 300 fn.
- ^ William B. Turnbull, Calendar State Papers Foreign Mary (London, 1861), p. 290 no. 579: Patrick Fraser Tytler, History of Scotland, 6 (Edinburgh, 1840), p. 443
- ^ Vertot, Ambassades des Noailles, 3, (Leyde, 1763), p. 300 fn
- ^ Jamie Cameron, James V: The Personal Rule (Tuckwell, 1998), p. 325.
- ^ Joseph Bain, Hamilton Papers, 1 (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 342 no. 261
- ^ Thomas Thomson, History of Scotland by John Leslie (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 166.
- ^ E. Cody & W. Murison, Historie of Scotland, 2 (Edinburgh: STS, 1895), p. 259, modernised here
- ^ Andrew Lang, 3, Scottish Historical Review (Glasgow, 1906), pp. 380–82: Thomas Napier Thomson, History of the Kirk, 1 (Edinburgh, 1842), p. 152
- ^ Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, 5 (London, 1808), p. 528