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Murder of Vanessa Guillén

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Murder of Vanessa Guillén
Fort Hood census-designated place
LocationFort Hood, Texas, U.S.
DateApril 22, 2020; 4 years ago (2020-04-22)
Attack type
Murder by bludgeoning, murder-suicide
WeaponHammer
Deaths2 (including the perpetrator two months later)
VictimVanessa Guillén
PerpetratorAaron David Robinson
MotiveCover-up of Robinson’s harassment and sexual assault of Guillén
ConvictedCecily Anne Aguilar
ConvictionsAguilar:
Accessory after-the-fact, making false statements (3 counts)[a]
OutcomeExecutive order signed by Joe Biden establishing sexual harassment as an offense in the UCMJ
SentenceAguilar:
30 years in prison

The murder of Vanessa Guillén, a 20-year-old United States Army soldier, took place inside an armory at Fort Hood, Texas, on April 22, 2020, when she was bludgeoned to death by another soldier, Aaron David Robinson.[2] Guillén had been missing for more than two months before some of her dismembered, burned remains were found buried along the Leon River on June 30.[3] Robinson fled Fort Hood after learning of the discovery. When law enforcement tried to apprehend him in nearby Killeen, Texas, he fatally shot himself.[3][4][5]

Cecily Aguilar, a local woman identified as Robinson's girlfriend, was taken into custody and is alleged to have assisted him in dismembering and burying Guillén's body. On July 2, 2020, Aguilar was charged with one federal count of conspiracy to tamper with evidence.[3] On July 13, 2021, she was indicted on eleven counts by a federal grand jury.[6] On November 29, 2022 Aguilar pleaded guilty to accessory to murder after the fact and three counts of making a false statement.[7] On August 14, 2023, Aguilar was sentenced to the maximum of 30 years for her role in covering up the murder of Guillén.

Guillen had long had the goal of serving in the Army but, after being assigned to Fort Hood, told friends and family of being sexually harassed by a superior. She did not report it officially for fear of retaliation, as such reports were supposed to go through the chain of command.


People involved

[edit]
Vanessa Guillén in 2018

Victim

[edit]
  • Vanessa Guillén, 20, was from Houston, Texas. She was born in Ben Taub Hospital in Houston on September 30, 1999, to parents Rogelio and Gloria Guillén, who originated from Zacatecas State in Mexico. She had five siblings. Guillén attended Hartman Middle School.[8] According to her family, she graduated from César E. Chávez High School in 2018 in the top 15% of her class. She played soccer, loved to jog, and enjoyed sports and learning.[9]

Satisfying a longterm goal, Guillén joined the United States Army in June 2018. She trained as a 91F, Small Arms and Artillery Repairer, and was stationed at Fort Hood, Texas.[10] Guillén was posthumously advanced from Private First Class to the rank of Specialist on July 1, 2020.[11]

Perpetrators

[edit]
  • Cecily Anne Aguilar, 22, described by authorities as the girlfriend of Robinson, was the estranged wife of another soldier. They had married in May 2018.[3]

Investigation

[edit]

Guillén was stationed at Fort Hood, a U.S. Army installation in Bell County, Texas. Approximately 340 square miles (880 km2) in size, it is one of the military's largest installations. It is home to III Corps and the First Cavalry Division.

She was last seen around 1:00 p.m. on April 22, 2020, in the parking lot of her unit, the Regimental Engineer Squadron Headquarters of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment (3CR).[9] Her car keys, identification card, bank card, and barracks key were found inside the armory where she worked.[3] Guillén's family believed that she would not have left these items behind voluntarily and thought there were suspicious circumstances.[13] The case was initially investigated under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID). and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with local law enforcement agencies in Bell County, Killeen, and Belton; the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; the United States Marshals Service; and the Texas Ranger Division in support.[14] Multiple Fort Hood units, including 3CR, began searching the area within two weeks of her disappearance.

Before Guillén went missing, she had told her family that she was being sexually harassed by an unnamed sergeant at Fort Hood,[15] and that complaints made by other female soldiers against the sergeant had been dismissed by officials.[13] Guillén's mother advised her to report the matter, but she responded that "she could put a stop to it herself".[16] Guillén said she feared retaliation if she made a report. Her mother was at risk as an undocumented immigrant. [9]

In early June, Guillén's mother told reporters she did not trust the Army's handling of the investigation. Her attorney, Natalie Khawam,[17] said she believed the family was "being kept in the dark"[16]; the Army had released few details regarding the young soldier's disappearance.[18]

On June 13, 2020, hundreds of people assembled at the gates of Fort Hood to protest what the family and supporters believed was a lack of information on the case.[18] CID reported that they found no evidence that Guillén was assaulted, but said investigators believed foul play was involved in her disappearance.[15][16][19]

A United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Personnel hearing, chaired by Jackie Speier (D-CA), was held in July 2020 about the killing of Guillén after her remains were found.

On June 17, the League of United Latin American Citizens added a $25,000 reward to the existing $25,000 reward announced by the Army for finding Guillén.[15]

On June 23, Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia (D-TX), in whose district Guillén's family resides, met with Fort Hood officials to discuss the ongoing search.[20] The authorities said that more than 300 interviews had been conducted and they spent more than 10,000 hours investigating Guillén's disappearance.[21] On July 27, 2020, Guillén's mother, who had previously been detained for illegal immigration, was granted parole in place by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the assistance of Garcia and immigration attorney Luis Gomez Alfaro.[22]

Discovery of remains

[edit]

On June 30, 2020, Army investigators were called in when private contractors discovered partial human remains along the Leon River in Belton.[5][23] The area had previously been searched by Texas Rangers, detectives, and cadaver dogs on June 20 after a burn mound was discovered nearby.[5] Investigators theorized that the remains, previously buried under concrete, had been dug up by wildlife.[5] Tim Miller, Director of Texas EquuSearch, stated that it was the most sophisticated burial site he had ever seen.[5]

Later that evening, at around 8:30 p.m., authorities re-interviewed Cecily Anne Aguilar, a local woman. She was estranged from her husband, a soldier at Fort Hood. Aguilar was reported to be the girlfriend of Aaron David Robinson, a specialist-ranked enlisted soldier who was one of the last people known to have seen Guillén on the day of her disappearance. He had previously been interviewed by investigators.[2][23] Aguilar told police that Robinson had confessed to her that he had killed a female soldier at Fort Hood. At the request of law enforcement, Aguilar placed a controlled telephone call to Robinson, who said, "Baby, they found pieces", and texted Robinson multiple news articles. He did not deny any facts of the articles.[23] According to a criminal complaint filed in the Western District Court of Texas, Aguilar allegedly helped Robinson dismember and dispose of Guillén's body on April 22, 2020, after Robinson told her he had bludgeoned the soldier to death with a hammer inside the armory.[3]

A number of other soldiers had recently been reported missing at Fort Hood. During the course of the search for Vanessa Guillen, the remains of two other soldiers were discovered. Pvt. Mejhor Morta, 26, of Pensacola, Florida, was pronounced dead shortly after the discovery of his body near Stillhouse Hollow Lake on July 17. [24]

The body of Pvt. Gregory Wedel-Morales, 23, was discovered June 19 buried in a field at the end of a Killeen cul-de-sac.[25]

Arrests

[edit]

On the evening of June 30, Robinson escaped the custody of an unarmed guard from his unit. He fled Fort Hood after having learned of the discovery of remains. He had been detained by his unit at the request of a CID agent under the pretense of violating COVID-19 quarantine rules.[26][27] In the early hours of July 1, Killeen police located and attempted to make contact with Robinson, who pulled out a handgun and killed himself before he could be taken into custody.[2]

Aguilar was arrested by Texas Rangers and held at the Bell County Jail. On July 2, Bell County officials stated Aguilar would be transferred to federal custody due to being charged with one count of conspiracy to tamper with evidence by the United States Attorney's Office for the Western District of Texas.[28][3] Assistant United States Attorneys Mark Frazier and Greg Gloff prosecuted the case on behalf of the federal government.[14]

Motive

[edit]

On May 24, 2022 the Texas Department of Public Safety released a report stating that "Aguilar later explained why Robinson killed Guillén, saying Guillén saw Robinson's cellphone lock screen, which contained a picture of Aguilar. (Robinson) told her he was worried about getting in trouble for violating the Army's fraternization rules since Aguilar was still married to another soldier and he hit Guillén in the head with a hammer."[29]

Timeline

[edit]
  • April 22, 2020: According to law enforcement, Guillén is murdered with a hammer inside an armory by Robinson, who uses a trunk to remove her body from Fort Hood and gets help from Aguilar in dismembering the remains before burying them along the Leon River.[2]
  • April 23: CID was notified by a commissioned officer in the 3CR Provost Marshal that PFC Guillén was reported missing.
  • April 24: CID issues a missing soldier letter for Guillen.[30] Fort Hood Military Police issue a Be on the Lookout (BOLO) advisory to surrounding law enforcement agencies. Military personnel along with civilian and military police began a search.
  • April 26: According to law enforcement tracking of cellphone data, Robinson and Aguilar return to the Leon River site and further break down Guillén's remains.
  • April 28: CID interviews Robinson for the first time.
  • April 30: Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy makes the following statement in a COVID-19 press briefing: "I'd like to start out this morning by talking about a missing soldier, Private First Class Vanessa Guillen, in hopes of increasing the public's awareness and assistance in finding her. Private First Class Guillen went missing on April 22 from Fort Hood, Texas. In concert with local law enforcement efforts, the Army will continue aggressively searching for her. Our hearts go out to her family, and we will not stop looking for her until we find her."[31]
  • May 18: Two witnesses are interviewed who observed Robinson struggling with a "tough box" outside of the armory.
  • May 19: Robinson consents to a search of his cell phone by law enforcement using a Universal Forensic Extraction Device product.
  • June 19: Aguilar is interviewed for the first time.
  • June 21: Cell phone data from both Robinson and Aguilar lead law enforcement officials to an area near the Leon River. Law enforcement officials locate the burned lid of a Pelican transport case but fail to find a body.
Jackie Speier (D-CA) and other Members of Congress calling for justice for Vanessa Guillén in July 2020
  • June 30: At about 1:00 p.m., contractors working on a fence near the Leon River discover partial human remains (that would later be confirmed to be Guillen) and notify law enforcement. CID and partner agencies discover human remains. At about 8:30 p.m., Aguilar was interviewed again and told law enforcement officials about the killing. Robinson fled Fort Hood.
  • July 1: In the early hours, shortly after midnight, Robinson killed himself when approached by law enforcement in Killeen, Texas.
  • July 2: FBI formally submits a criminal complaint for Aguilar. Fort Hood and CID hold a press briefing.
  • July 5: Remains are confirmed to be Vanessa Guillén.[27]
  • July 10: U.S. Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy announced that he would order a "full independent review" of the case.
  • July 30, 2020: Vanessa Guillen's family meets with President Donald Trump, who emphasized to the family that the case would be fully and independently reviewed.[32]
  • July 13, 2021: Cecily Aguilar is indicted on 11 counts relating to the death of Vanessa Guillen by a federal grand jury.[6]
  • November 29, 2022: Cecily Aguilar, 24, pleaded guilty in a federal court in Waco, Texas, to one count of accessory to murder after the fact and three counts of making a false statement, according to the U.S. Attorney’s Office.[33]
  • December 8, 2022: Following the independent review, McCarthy announced in a Pentagon press briefing that 14 "senior officers" from corps to squad level at Fort Hood were disciplined for "leadership failures".[34]

Memorials

[edit]

A mural in honor of Guillén was created in her hometown of Houston by a local artist.[35] The mural portrays her with the flags of both the United States and Mexico, the latter due to her Mexican American ethnicity.[36] Another mural is dedicated to her at Taqueria del Sol in the Park Place neighborhood.[37]

Multiple people have written corridos (songs) about her.[8]

On July 6, 2020, at city hall in Richmond, California, a memorial of candles, along with tea lights spelling out “Vanessa,” were displayed in front of a makeshift altar. Hundreds of people gathered to honour Guillén and other victims of sexual violence and mistreatment within the military.[38]

On April 19, 2021, Lieutenant General Robert P. White, commander of III Corps and Fort Hood unveiled that one out of the 27 gates that grant entry to Fort Hood will be renamed "The Vanessa Guillén Gate" with a plaque in her honor. The gate is the main entry point to the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, where Guillén worked in an arms room as a small arms repairer.[39][40]

In 2022 the Park Place post office in Houston was renamed after Guillén.[41]

Later developments

[edit]
President Donald Trump meets with the family of Vanessa Guillén in the Oval Office on July 30, 2020.

Guillén's family called for justice and improvement of the way claims of sexual harassment are handled by the military.[42] Guillén's mother stated publicly that she had spoken to witnesses who heard two shots at the moment of Robinson's death, and said she believed that Robinson was executed by authorities as part of a coverup involving senior members of the military.[43]

On July 10, 2020, the Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy announced that he would order a "full independent review" of Guillén's case.[44]

On July 30, 2020, Guillen's family met with President Donald Trump regarding her murder.[32]

On December 8, 2020, McCarthy announced the results of the investigation, and disciplined 14 U.S. commanders and other leaders at Fort Hood, citing multiple "leadership failures".[45] The investigation found that there was a "permissive environment for sexual assault and sexual harassment at Fort Hood."[46] Among those disciplined by McCarthy were Major General Scott L. Efflandt, Colonel Ralph Overland and Command Sergeant Major Bradley Knapp. The Army suspended Major General Jeffery Broadwater and Command Sergeant Major Thomas C. Kenny, pending the outcome of a new investigation into the 1st Cavalry Division's command climate and program for preventing and responding to sexual harassment and assault. Disciplinary measures were also taken against soldiers and leaders assigned below brigade level; however, the Army does not, as a matter of policy, "...release the names of the battalion level and below commanders and leaders who received administrative action".[47]

During the December 8 Pentagon press conference, McCarthy said that Guillén's murder "shocked our conscience and brought attention to deeper problems" at Fort Hood and across the Army more widely. He said it "forced us to take a critical look at our systems, our policies, and ourselves."[48]

Broadwater did not receive any disciplinary action following an investigation of the 1st Cavalry Division's command climate; he turned command of the Division over to Major General John B. Richardson in July 2021. Broadwater was subsequently assigned as deputy commander of V Corps at Fort Knox, Kentucky.[49]

Civil suit

[edit]

In August 2022, the Guillén family filed a civil lawsuit against the United States Army seeking $35 million in damages for the sexual harassment, assault and wrongful death of their daughter Vanessa while serving in the military.[50]

Legislation named for Guillen

[edit]
  • On June 1, 2021, Texas Governor Greg Abbott signed SB 623 into law, also known as the "Vanessa Guillén Act." It was introduced by state senator Cesar Blanco (D), named to honor Guillén, and had bipartisan support. It sets up procedures so that military service members can report sexual harassment or assault by other members outside the chain of command, in order to protect their safety and avoid retaliation.[51]
  • In late December 2021, President Joe Biden signed the National Defense Authorization Act, which also enacted provisions of the “I Am Vanessa Guillén Act,” named in honor of the murdered soldier at Fort Hood. The new law, which took effect on January 1, 2022, made changes to military justice in order to have sexual harassment investigations and decisions to prosecute made outside service members' command structure. In addition, service members are to be protected against retaliation for making complaints or reports of sexual harassment, as it has been reported as occurring at times by superiors.[52]
  • On January 26, 2022, President Biden signed an Executive Order to establish sexual harassment as a specific offense under the UCMJ.[53]

Representation in other media

[edit]
  • ABC 20/20 presented an episode entitled I Am Vanessa, (S42/E34 - Sept. 11, 2020), about Guillen, her murder at Fort Hood, and the investigation.[54]
  • In November 2022, the documentary I Am Vanessa Guillen was released for streaming on Netflix. It was directed by Christy Wegener and produced by Wegener, Isabel Castro, Lindsey Cordero, and Armando Croda. It presents the lives of Guillén and her family, and documents their effort to get her disappearance investigated and receive answers from the military, to raise awareness of issues related to missing soldiers in the military and sexual assault and harassment, and their efforts, with attorney Natalie Khawam, to gain legislation to change how the military handles sexual harassment and related issues. The title comes from a social media campaign following the family's release of her claims of sexual harassment before her death.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Dropped charges as part of a plea deal:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Grand jury indicts Cecily Aguilar on 11 counts in Vanessa Guillen murder trial". July 14, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Garcia, John (July 4, 2020). "Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death by fellow soldier, attorney says; suspect ID'd as Calumet City man". ABC 7 Chicago. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Rempfer, Kyle (July 3, 2020). "Civilian charged in plot to dismember and hide remains of murdered Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen". Army Times. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  4. ^ Jones, Kay (July 3, 2020). "Pfc. Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death on Army base, family attorney says". Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e Horton, Alex; Hernández, Arelis R. (July 1, 2020). "Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén likely found, family says, as suspect kills himself". Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Cecily Aguilar indicted on 11 counts for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's death". July 14, 2021.
  7. ^ Boyd, Megan (November 29, 2022). "Cecily Aguilar pleads guilty to felony charges for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's murder". KWTX. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Banks, Gabrielle; Tallet, Olivia P.; Dellinger, Hannah (July 26, 2020). "Portrait of a fallen soldier". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Egan, Leigh (June 17, 2020). "'How can you not have these answers?': Reward reaches $55K as desperate search for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen continues". CrimeOnline.
  10. ^ Rempfer, Kyle (July 2, 2020). "Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says". Army Times. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  11. ^ Bennett, Abbie (July 1, 2020). "Army to investigate Fort Hood SHARP program after disappearance of PFC Vanessa Guillen". Connecting Vets. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Calumet City Soldier Aaron David Robinson Was Main Suspect In Murder Of Fellow Soldier Vanessa Guillen". 2 CBS Chicago. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  13. ^ a b McCarthy, Tyler (June 15, 2020). "Salma Hayek uses social media to find missing US Army soldier Vanessa !!!!Guillen". Fox News.
  14. ^ a b "Killeen Woman Faces Federal Charge in Connection with the Disappearance of U.S. Army Specialist Vanessa Guillen". justice.gov. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  15. ^ a b c Lee, Alicia (June 17, 2020). "Reward for missing soldier Vanessa Guillen grows to over $50,000 after Latino group and rapper add to it". CNN.
  16. ^ a b c Brito, Christopher (June 17, 2020). "Reward for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen doubles to $50,000". CBS News.
  17. ^ Rempfer, Kyle (July 2, 2020). "Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says". Army Times.
  18. ^ a b Allen, Jack (June 13, 2020). "Hundreds rally to seek answers for missing soldier Pfc. Vanessa Guillen". 25 ABC.
  19. ^ Osbourne, Heather (June 24, 2020). "Foul play suspected in Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen's disappearance". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  20. ^ "Vanessa Guillen search: Lawmaker suspects foul play in the disappearance of Texas soldier". 6 ABC Action News. June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  21. ^ "Fort Hood says they have found no connection with sexual harassment and Guillen's disappearance". KXXV 25 ABC News. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  22. ^ Caldwell, Jasmin (July 31, 2020). "Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia hosts virtual update on Vanessa Guillén case". kcentv.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  23. ^ a b c Bonvillian, Crystal (July 6, 2020). "She 'never made it out of the Army alive': Affidavit details killing of Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen". Fox23 News. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  24. ^ "Map: Body of third Fort Hood soldier discovered". Mercury News. July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
  25. ^ "Map: Body of third Fort Hood soldier discovered". Mercury News. July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
  26. ^ Philipps, Dave (April 30, 2021). "Military Missteps Allowed Soldier Accused of Murder to Flee, Report Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  27. ^ a b Horton, Alex (July 5, 2020). "Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén identified by Army, family says". Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  28. ^ Aleman, Christian (July 2, 2020). "Vanessa Guillen killed with hammer and her body mutilated, affidavit says". KCEN-TV. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  29. ^ Lodhia, Pooja (May 25, 2022). "New court documents in Vanessa Guillen's case reveal possible motive for murder". ABC13 Houston. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  30. ^ "Public's Help Sought in Locating Fort Hood Soldier" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2020.
  31. ^ "Army Senior Leaders Update Reporters on U.S. Army Response to COVID-19". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  32. ^ a b Carvajal, Nikki (July 30, 2020). "Trump meets with family of Vanessa Guillen and pledges to help | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  33. ^ Coronado, Acacia (November 30, 2022). "Texas woman pleads guilty to role in Vanessa Guillen's death". AP NEWS. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  34. ^ Cohen, Zachary; Browne, Ryan (December 8, 2020). "Army punishes 14 senior officers after murder and other deaths at Fort Hood". CNN. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  35. ^ Parker, T.J. (July 2, 2020). "Houston artists pay tribute to Vanessa Guillen". ABC Eyewitness News. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  36. ^ Okolie, Stefania (July 7, 2020). "New mural pays tribute to Vanessa Guillen in her neighborhood". KTRK-TV. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  37. ^ "Mayor Turner honors Vanessa Guillen with visit to mural". KTRK-TV. July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  38. ^ Clayton, Abené (July 18, 2020). "'It's like she's my daughter': After Vanessa Guillén's killing, a California city reckons with the military". the Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  39. ^ Cynthia Silva (April 19, 2021). "Fort Hood unveils gate and plaque honoring Vanessa Guillén". nbcnews.com. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  40. ^ Rose L. Thayer (April 19, 2021). "Fort Hood names gate after slain Spc. Vanessa Guillen". strips.com. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  41. ^ Roman, Natalie (May 12, 2022). "Houston post office will soon be renamed after Vanessa Guillén". Houston Public Media. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  42. ^ Horton, Alex (September 17, 2020). "Proposed Vanessa Guillén law would transform military's sexual misconduct inquiries". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  43. ^ Guillen, Gloria (March 10, 2021). ""Interview with Gloria Guillen"". KPFA FM Free Speech Radio. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  44. ^ Gamboa, Suzanne (July 10, 2020). "Army secretary pledges "full, independent review" in Vanessa Guillen case". NBC News. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  45. ^ "Fort Hood: Soldiers fired and suspended after Vanessa Guillen probe". BBC News. December 8, 2020.
  46. ^ Acevedo, Nicole; Kube, Courtney (December 8, 2020). "14 Fort Hood leaders disciplined as probe finds 'permissive environment for sexual assault' at the Army base". NBC News. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  47. ^ "Secretary McCarthy holds Fort Hood Leaders Accountable, Announces New Investigations". Army.mil. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  48. ^ Kates, Graham (December 9, 2020). "14 fired or suspended following Fort Hood investigation into Vanessa Guillén's death". CBS News. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  49. ^ Rose L. Thayer (July 21, 2021). "New general takes command of Fort Hood's 1st Cavalry Division after investigation clears former commander of wrongdoing". Stars and Stripes.
  50. ^ Wallace, Danielle (August 14, 2022). "Family of murdered Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen files $35M lawsuit against U.S. Army". Fox News. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  51. ^ Gutierrez, Javier (June 19, 2021). "Vanessa Guillén Act signed into Texas state law". cbs4local.com/news. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  52. ^ Larson, Ren (December 20, 2021). "New law named for Vanessa Guillén will revamp military investigations into sexual assault, harassment". Texas Tribune. The Texas Tribune and Pro Publica. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  53. ^ "Executive Order, 2022 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial". whitehouse.gov. January 26, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  54. ^ Template:Cite webb
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