Overlogging
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Overlogging is a form of overexploitation caused by legal or illegal logging activities that lead to unsustainable or irrecoverable deforestation and permanent habitat destruction for forest wildlife.
Causes
[edit]The use of poor logging practices and heavy machinery leads to overlogged forests.[1] Norman Myers argued that forms of environmental degradation like overlogging are a consequence of "perverse subsidies."[2] The production of disposable tissues significantly contributes to the effects of overlogging.[3]
In rural China, overlogging is related to the need for firewood as fuel.[4] Overlogging is often associated with attempts at reducing the "Third world debt," although it is not restricted to developing countries.[5]
In central Japan, forests located closer to power plants were found to be more vulnerable to overlogging.[6]
Effects
[edit]With the developed world's growing demand for pulp and paper, overlogging is an imminent threat to Earth's forests.[3]
Overlogging has caused significant damage to dipterocarp forests in Southeast Asia,[1] including in Vietnam.[7] In the Philippines, overlogging has created brushlands comprising relict trees, shrubs, and grasses.[8] As of 1994, overlogging had led to the loss of 1.2 million hectares of Russia's forests.[9]
In China, tropical forests were affected by overlogging prior to the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, and they were overlogged during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.[10] The process has created post-extraction secondary forests.[10] At the Nature Reserve of Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing, overlogging affects the growth of Phyllostachys pubescens (giant bamboo).[11] It is also a problem in the Karakoram and Kunlun Mountains,[12] and it has caused flooding in the Min River Area of Fujian.[13]
Restoration
[edit]The restoration of overlogged forests can be important to the conservation of biodiversity or the availability of natural resources like water and carbon for local populations.[1]
The effects of overlogging can be mitigated by setting aside profits for forest rehabilitation, a practice which is also economically profitable.[14] Enrichment planting, or planting trees in degraded forests, is a form of artificial regeneration that has been employed in East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, Indonesia.[1] A logging quota was established in China in 1987; it has stopped deforestation and degradation but has not led to forest regeneration.[15]
In 1996, in response to activism regarding overlogging by corporations in Malaysia, the primary industries minister led a forestry mission to see the impact.[16]
Representations
[edit]The works of Frederic Edwin Church, a 19th-century American painter who often portrayed the progress of industrialization in his landscapes, indicate that he was "aware that overlogging led to erosion and the pollution of streams."[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Sabogal, Cesar; Nasi, Robert (2005), "Restoring Overlogged Tropical Forests", Forest Restoration in Landscapes, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 361–369, doi:10.1007/0-387-29112-1_52, ISBN 0-387-25525-7, retrieved 2021-04-30
- ^ Myers, Norman. Perverse Subsidies (PDF).
- ^ a b "Pulp and paper". WWF.
Paper products are crucial to society, as they have enabled literacy and cultural development. However, without changing current paper production and consumption practices, growing demand for paper adds pressure on the Earth's last remaining natural forests and endangered wildlife.
- ^ Yong'an, Shen Fengge Wang. "On Strategic Choice of Energy in Rural Sustainable Development." Journal of Beijing Forestry Management Staff College (2002).
- ^ Elliott, Lorraine (August 2004). "Strategies for sustainable development – Debt and the environment". The Global Politics of the Environment. ISBN 9780814722183.
- ^ Nakata, Chisa; Itaya, Akemi (2020-10-22). "Exploring forests vulnerable to over-logging to supply woody biomass to power plants in Mie, Central Japan". Spatial Information Research. 29 (4): 569–576. doi:10.1007/s41324-020-00365-3. ISSN 2366-3286. S2CID 224826541.
- ^ Ut, Ngo, and Tran Van Con. "The evaluation and classification of rehabilitated forest site after over logging in east-southern Vietnam." Science and Technology Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development (2009).
- ^ Lasco, R. D.; Visco, R. G.; Pulhin, J. M. (2001). "Secondary Forests in the Philippines: Formation and Transformation in the 20Th Century". Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 13 (4): 652–670. ISSN 0128-1283. JSTOR 43582365.
- ^ Speranskaya, O A. The Russian forest as an element in stabilizing global climatic change. United States: N. p., 1994. Web.
- ^ a b Zaizhi, Z. (2001). "Status and Perspectives on Secondary Forests in Tropical China". Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 13 (4): 639–651. ISSN 0128-1283. JSTOR 43582364.
- ^ Li, R., Werger, M.J.A., During, H.J. et al. Biennial variation in production of new shoots in groves of the giant bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens in Sichuan, China. Plant Ecology 135, 103–112 (1998). doi:10.1023/A:1009761428401
- ^ "A STUDY ON THE ALTITUDINAL BELTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE KARAKORAM AND WEST KUNLUN MOUNTAINS--《Journal of Natural Resources》1989年03期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ Wang, Guangyu; Innes, John L.; Hajjar, Reem; Zhang, Xiaoping; Wang, Jingxin (2013-05-01). "Public Awareness and Perceptions of Watershed Management in the Min River Area, Fujian, China". Society & Natural Resources. 26 (5): 586–604. doi:10.1080/08941920.2012.718411. ISSN 0894-1920. S2CID 154237219.
- ^ Korpelainen, Heikki; Ådjers, Göran; Kuusipalo, Jussi; Nuryanto, Koerdi; Otsamo, Antti (1995-12-01). "Profitability of rehabilitation of overlogged dipterocarp forest: A case study from South Kalimantan, Indonesia". Forest Ecology and Management. 79 (3): 207–215. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(95)03600-8. ISSN 0378-1127.
- ^ Liu, Shilei; Xia, Jun (August 2021). "Forest harvesting restriction and forest restoration in China". Forest Policy and Economics. 129: 102516. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102516. ISSN 1389-9341. S2CID 236298298.
- ^ Choong, Alex (1996-11-01). "Melanesia irks Malaysia". Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa. 3 (2): 133–136. doi:10.24135/pjr.v3i2.597. ISSN 2324-2035.
- ^ Anderson, Dennis (1990). "Review of Frederic Edwin Church and the National Landscape". The New England Quarterly. 63 (1): 171–173. doi:10.2307/366075. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 366075.