Polygonatum biflorum
| Smooth Solomon's-seal | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Nolinoideae |
| Genus: | Polygonatum |
| Species: | P. biflorum
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| Binomial name | |
| Polygonatum biflorum | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Polygonatum biflorum (smooth Solomon's-seal, great Solomon's-seal, Solomon's seal) is an herbaceous flowering plant native to eastern and central North America.[2] The plant is said to possess scars on the rhizome that resemble the ancient Hebrew seal of King Solomon.[3] It is often confused with Solomon's plume, which has upright flowers.
Description
[edit]Solomon's seal has arching, unbranched leaf stalks that are usually 90 centimetres (3.0 ft) long, but can reach up to 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) long.[4] Leaves are simple and alternate with prominent, parallel veins. Between March and June, clusters of small white-green flowers droop from the stalks and later produce small blue berries. If dug up, the scars resembling Solomon's Seal may be visible on the nodes between sections of rhizomes. It is found in rich or rocky woods and along streambanks. It prefers shade to partial shade and medium to wet soil with high humus content, but can do well in a variety of conditions.[5]
Taxonomy
[edit]The species name biflorum is the neuter form of Latin biflorus, meaning "having two flowers". Despite the name, the flower clusters often have more than two flowers.[2]
P. biflorum is now regarded as including a number of other species and varieties, e.g. P. biflorum var. commutatum or P. commutatum.
Uses
[edit]Historically, the Native Americans consumed the starch-rich rhizomes of smooth Solomon's-seal as a "potato-like food" used to make breads and soups. The young shoots are also edible, raw or boiled for an asparagus-like food.[5] Smooth Solomon's-seal was also used in herbal medicine. For example, the rhizome was used in making a tonic for gout and rheumatism.[6] Smooth Solomon's-seal has had nearly a dozen uses in herbal medicine including as an anti-inflammatory, sedative, and tonic.[7] Smooth Solomon's-seal is not used in large-scale agriculture.
References
[edit]- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- ^ a b Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Polygonatum biflorum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 605. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
- ^ Denison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-887247-59-7.
- ^ a b "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
- ^ Bausor, S. C. (1937). "Medicinal Plants of Our Local Flora". Torreya. 373 (3): 45. JSTOR 40597114.
- ^ Duke, J. A. (2002). Handbook of medicinal herbs (2nd ed., pp. 25-26). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- Blanchan, Neltje (2002) [1900]. Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
- Blanchan, Neltje (2005) [1917]. Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
External links
[edit]- USDA Plants Profile for Polygonatum biflorum (smooth Solomon's seal)
- Connecticut Botanical Society: Polygonatum biflorum
- NatureServe secure species
- Polygonatum
- Flora of Eastern Canada
- Flora of the Eastern United States
- Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
- Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
- Flora of the Great Plains (North America)
- Flora of the North-Central United States
- Flora of the South-Central United States
- Flora of the Northeastern United States
- Flora of the Southeastern United States
- Flora of Wyoming
- Plants described in 1788
- Medicinal plants of North America
- Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
- Plants used in Native American cuisine
- Garden plants of North America
- Flora of Arizona
- Flora of Western Canada
- Flora of Northeastern Mexico