Rubus pubescens
| Rubus pubescens | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Rubus |
| Species: | R. pubescens
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| Binomial name | |
| Rubus pubescens Raf. 1811 not Vest ex Tratt. 1823 nor Weihe 1824 (syn of R. chloocladus) nor Bayer 1859 nor Kuntze 1891 nor Hayek 1901 nor Genev. 1880[1]
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| Synonyms[2][3] | |
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Rubus pubescens (dwarf red blackberry, dwarf red raspberry, dewberry) is a herbaceous perennial widespread across much of Canada and the northern United States, from Alaska to Newfoundland, south as far as Oregon, Colorado, and West Virginia.[4][5]
Description
[edit]Dewberry is known as a subshrub or herbaceous perennial (Kartesz 2011). The trailing stems (stolons) are 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) in length, and the upright petioles are usually less than 20 cm (8 inches) tall. They differ from larger shrubby species in the genus in that the only upright part is herbaceous and only lightly speckled with fine hairs (hence the specific epithet pubescens), as opposed to the woody stems and larger prickles that cover many other species of Rubus[6][7]
Leaves are compound with three more or less sessile (stalk-less), diamond-shaped leaflets. The middle leaflet is the largest, and most symmetrical, while the two side leaflets are wider below the midrib; all leaflets have toothed margins.[6] With the exception of the trailing stems, all parts of the plant are shed in the fall.[7]
Flowers have five white petals, often curled backwards, and the yellowish anthers give the center an appearance of yellow and black speckles. Flowering typically occurs between late May and late June, depending on the locality, but occasional flowers can be seen from early May through August. Flowers usually produce a single shiny red fruit, in the form of a cluster of drupelets (several tiny berries attached to a central receptacle), in early July. Like a blackberry, the fruit does not easily separate from its receptacle.[7]
Habitat
[edit]Dewberry is found in moist conifer or mixed-wood forests, with canopies dominated by spruce and fir with lesser components of aspen, maple, birch, or pine. It roots primarily in the organic layers of the soil. It is often found growing with bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), wild lily of the valley (Maianthemum canadense), and goldthread (Coptis trifolia).
Distribution
[edit]Dewberry is most common in boreal and temperate forested areas of Canada and the United States of America, but ranges from montane to coastal elevations, and from the arctic to the great plains, giving it a wide distribution in both north-south and east-west directions.[7]
Ecological Importance
[edit]Dewberry is eaten by a variety of mammals and birds, including black and grizzly bears, many small rodents, and game birds such as grouse.
Although the shallow-rooting tendency of dewberry makes it susceptible to damage by fire, it spreads quickly over a site by rhizomes, and can become an important component of ground cover after low and moderate-intensity disturbance,[8] thereby reducing soil water loss from evaporation.
Like other members of the genus, dewberry is an insect-pollinated plant. Without insect pollination, the number of fruits produced and the number of drupelets per fruit can decrease by 85-95%.[9] Because of its early flowering time, dewberry may be an important food source for insect pollinators in late spring, before the more nutritious and abundant flowering plants (e.g., red raspberry or blueberry crops) become available.
Human importance
[edit]Although dewberries are often too scattered and small to be an important traditional food for aboriginal groups in North America, those groups living in southern and eastern parts of the continent used the roots medicinally, to relieve various stomach ailments or to treat women with pregnancy or menstruation-related problems.[6]
The fruits are sweet and juicy right off the plant, but can also be used in jams, jellies, and most recipes involving red raspberries. If separating the berry from the receptacle frustrates your efforts to obtain a tasty treat, just eat the berry and receptacle together - both are quite edible.
Conservation
[edit]Dewberry is listed as threatened in the state of Illinois, where it is more commonly known as dwarf raspberry.[10] This status is probably due to a combination of human habitat destruction and a natural rarity at the southern limit of this species' range.
References
[edit]- ^ The Plant List search for Rubus pubescens
- ^ "Rubus pubescens". Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ "Rubus pubescens". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- ^ "Rubus pubescens". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Rubus pubescens". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ^ a b c Johnson, D.; Kershaw, L.; Mackinnon, A. (1999). Plants of the Western Boreal Forest and Aspen Parkland: Including Alberta, Saskatchewan And Manitoba. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing.
- ^ a b c d Alice, Lawrence A.; Goldman, Douglas H.; Macklin, James A.; Moore, Gerry (2014). "Rubus pubescens". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 9. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Wang, G.G.; Kemball, K.J. (2005). "Effects of fire severity on early development of understory vegetation". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 35 (2): 254–262. doi:10.1139/x04-177.
- ^ Whitney, G.G. (1984). "The reproductive biology of raspberries and plant-pollinator community structure". American Journal of Botany. 71 (7): 887–894. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb14155.x.
- ^ "Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of Illinois" (PDF). Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
External links
[edit]
- "Rubus pubescens". Plants for a Future.
- Northern Ontario Flora
- Shrubs of Wisconsin
- Native Plant Database profile, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin
- Plant Web — Department of Environmental Quality — Michigan
- Flowering Plants in Voyageur County
- Rubus pubescens in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
- IPNI Listing