Spotted hyenas in Ethiopia
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Spotted hyenas are widely distributed in Ethiopia specifically in the eastern parts like Harar and Somali Region. They also dwell in urban areas like Addis Ababa where they have been estimated at about a thousand and scavenge rubbish substances and feral dogs and cats. Scavenging on remains is a common feature of spotted hyenas that focus around waste material and also corpses.
Hyenas also known for preying on domestic animals and livestock that can cause economic loss to farmers. For example, sheep is the most common prey for hyenas constituting 37.4% followed by goats, cattle, chicken and donkey.[1] Hyena attacks on human also reported where many people killed during nighttime and mostly homeless people. Many hyenas extensively fed on human corpses during the 1960 coup d'état and the Red Terror.
Description
[edit]In recent time, spotted hyenas spawn to urban areas of Ethiopia, while they adapted human interaction.[2] In Addis Ababa, hyenas prominently feature in urban wildlife with harmony.[3] Indeed, they are reputable for killing and scavenging domestic livestock, primarily cattle, sheep, and goats but also poultry, cats, dogs, horses, donkeys, and camels. Hyenas are opportunistic scavenger of human waste, bones, and dung and may forage on anthrax-infested carcasses without detrimental consequences. They can eat entire body of prey except hair and hooves.[4] The ecology of spotted hyenas are examined using different sampling techniques especially in livestock welfare.[4] In northern Ethiopia, hyenas are regarded as important for consuming waste materials. About 82% waste material in Mekelle are deposed at dumping site, 76–83% are organic waste that is important for hyenas and jackal. Abandoned slaughter cattles left outside and easily accessible to hyenas.[5][6] Hyenas observed in Mekelle are over 40 non-consecutive nights (with a mean of 1.14 nights between observation nights, and a range of zero to seven nights) between mid-June and mid-August 2019.[7]
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Spotted hyenas are also widely available in Gambella National Park with good condition.[8] In eastern Ethiopia, hyenas are adaptable to humans with high abundance. For example, hyenas are familiar in Harari and Haramaya woreda. 85 spotted hyenas were available from four woredas: Tinike numbering 22, Finkile (19), Bocheke (16), and Kerensa (28). Hyenas are broadly presented in Harar which historically tied at least 500 years according to many written sources.[9]
Attack on humans
[edit]Spotted hyena attacks on humans are underreported. During 1960 coup and the Red Terror,[10] hyenas were reported extensively fed on human corpses. In El Kere and Bare of south-eastern Ethiopia, 50 people were attacked by hyena in the year 1998/1999, of which of majority of them (35 out of 55) were children. In the same year at Fedis, located 30 km from Harari, hyena killed 3 people and injured 3 others. In 2000, 4 people were killed by hyena and 11 people killed and more than 40 were wounded in 2005/2006.[11]
In 2010 to 2012, twelve people were killed which 58.3% were children below the age of twelve. 50% were killed where they go to toilet during evening whereas the rest of them were killed during outdoor sleep in some villages. Overall, 98% attacks are occurring at night. Furthermore, between 2011 and 2012, 24 people were also killed at nighttime and in dangerous situation.[1]
Urban hyenas
[edit]In Addis Ababa, there are estimated thousand hyenas which scavengers rubbish tips and feral dogs and cats. There are also reports of attacks on homeless people. In 2013, a hyena snatched a baby boy from his mother and consumed near the Hilton Hotel. In December 2013, a cull was organized and marksmen killed ten hyenas which had occupied wasteland near the city center.[12] Some 40 of the animals reported seen around British Embassy fence.[13]
Domestic animals' vulnerability
[edit]Sheep are preferable prey for hyenas among domestic animals constituting 37.4%, followed by 35.4% goats and 10.47% dogs. Goats, cattle, chicken and donkey has been secondary prey of hyena which causes economic loss to livestock.[1]
In popular culture
[edit]Spotted hyenas prominently featured and influence on the Ethiopian folklore and associated with Bouda folklore. Widely believed among the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Beta Israel, it is associated with lower lower castes, primarily with manual trader such as blacksmith with a power to shapeshift into hyena. According to Niall Finneran, the "idea of magical creation underpins the perception of artisans in Ethiopia and in the wider African context. In many cases these skills have been acquired originally from an elemental source of evil via the paternal lineage, rather like a Faustian pact."[14][15]: 20–21
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Coexistence of human and hyena and associated impacts in Haramaya district of Eastern Ethiopia". 27 August 2022.
- ^ Young, Julie K.; Coppock, D. Layne; Baggio, Jacopo A.; Rood, Kerry A.; Yirga, Gidey (2020-12-15). "Linking Human Perceptions and Spotted Hyena Behavior in Urban Areas of Ethiopia". Animals. 10 (12): E2400. doi:10.3390/ani10122400. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 7765435. PMID 33333939.
- ^ "Addis Ababa and its hyenas have a long and peaceful history". The Guardian. 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ a b Deneke, Yigrem; Megaze, Aberham; Tekalegn, Wondimagegnheu; Dobamo, Taye; Leirs, Herwig (2022-04-01). "Population estimation and livestock loss by spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in Damota community managed forest, Southern Ethiopia". Global Ecology and Conservation. 34: e02037. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02037. hdl:10067/1856160151162165141. ISSN 2351-9894. S2CID 246395348.
- ^ Yirga, Gidey; Leirs, Herwig; Iongh, Hans H. De; Asmelash, Tsehaye; Gebrehiwot, Kindeya; Deckers, Jozef; Bauer, Hans (2015-07-17). "Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) concentrate around urban waste dumps across Tigray, northern Ethiopia". Wildlife Research. 42 (7): 563–569. doi:10.1071/WR14228. ISSN 1448-5494. S2CID 86458636.
- ^ Yirga, Gidey; Iongh, Hans H. De; Leirs, Herwig; Gebrehiwot, Kindeya; Deckers, Jozef; Bauer, Hans (2015). "Food base of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in Ethiopia". Wildlife Research. 42 (1): 19. doi:10.1071/WR14126. ISSN 1035-3712. S2CID 84308426.
- ^ Sonawane, Chinmay; Yirga, Gidey; Carter, Neil H. (December 2021). "Public health and economic benefits of spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta in a peri‐urban system". Journal of Applied Ecology. 58 (12): 2892–2902. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14024. ISSN 0021-8901. S2CID 239121500.
- ^ "Spotted hyenas in Gambela" (PDF). 27 August 2022.
- ^ "Best places to film spotted hyenas in Ethiopia - Fixer Ethiopia". Film Fixers Ethiopia. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ "EVIL DAYS - Human Rights Watch" (PDF). 27 August 2022.
- ^ Gade, Daniel W. (2006). "Hyenas and Humans in the Horn of Africa". Geographical Review. 96 (4): 609–632. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00519.x. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 30034140. S2CID 162339018.
- ^ "Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777)". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ "The urban hyenas that attack rough sleepers". BBC News. 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ Finneran, Niall (2003). "Ethiopian Evil Eye Belief and the Magical Symbolism of Iron Working". Folklore. 114 (3): 427–432. doi:10.1080/0015587032000145414. S2CID 161976625. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Wagaw, Teshome G. For Our Soul: Ethiopian Jews in Israel. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1993.