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Japan Studio

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Japan Studio
Native name
JAPANスタジオ
FormerlySony Computer Entertainment Japan (1993-2006)
Company typeDivision
IndustryVideo games
FoundedNovember 16, 1993; 30 years ago (1993-11-16)
DefunctApril 1, 2021 (2021-04-01)
FateMerged into Team Asobi and other studios
SuccessorTeam Asobi
Headquarters
Tokyo
,
Japan
Products
ParentSony Interactive Entertainment

Japan Studio was a Japanese video game developer based in Tokyo. Formerly the video game development division for Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. and serving as a first-party developer for the company, it was best known for the Ape Escape, LocoRoco, Patapon, Gravity Rush, and Knack series, the Team Ico games, Bloodborne, The Legend of Dragoon, and Astro's Playroom. In April 2021, Japan Studio was reorganized and merged with Team Asobi and other SIE studios.

History

[edit]

Sony Computer Entertainment was founded in Tokyo on November 16, 1993.[1] The studio was run similar to Sony Music Entertainment during its first few years, with producers seeking out creative talent and nurturing them to help develop new games.[2] Examples of these works included PaRappa the Rapper by NanaOn-Sha, and Everybody's Golf by Camelot Software Planning.[2]

Shuhei Yoshida oversaw the company from 1996 through 2000. Yoshida started creating teams and hired for them, while simultaneously assisting other developers for Sony-published exclusives; said teams included Sugar & Rockets, Arc Entertainment and Contrail.[3] These teams were consolidated into the company in 2000.[4] New games such as Ape Escape and The Legend of Dragoon came out from Yoshida's approach, as well as dedicated teams such as Team Ico for Ico, Project Siren/Team Gravity for Siren and Gravity Rush and Polys Entertainment for Gran Turismo (which eventually was spun out as Polyphony Digital).[5] Alongside these first-party titles, the latter years of the original PlayStation saw strong third-party support, with games like Square's Final Fantasy VII and Konami's Metal Gear Solid. According to Yoshida, this led Sony into some complacency on relying on third-party games to support further consoles, and oversight and support for first-party games was less of a priority.[5] The studio was moved to SCE Worldwide Studios in 2005, rebranding afterwards as Japan Studio; the brand first appeared in Genji: Days of the Blade, the studio's first game for the PlayStation 3. Though Japan Studio's output during the PlayStation 2 years were strong, it struggled to release successful games during the PlayStation 3 era. Yoshida attributed this to the general game development practice in Japan which he described as a "grassroots and bottom up", without a clear vision of what a final game would look like, with exceptions being for people like Kazunori Yamauchi or Fumito Ueda who possessed a specific drive towards a product. In contrast to Western video game development, Yoshida said Japan Studio's methods tended to allow games to wander.[5] Allen Becker, who led Japan Studio starting in 2011, said that their complacency during the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 era caused the studio to fall behind on updated tools and methodologies for game development.[2]

Yoshida took over full control of Japan Studio in 2008, at the same time that the PlayStation 3 was out and Sony was preparing to launch the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. Around that time, mobile gaming and casual gaming started to become a major factor in the Asian video game market and drove competition from the consoles.[5] Sony found that there was a lack of triple-A third-party support for these new products, and they had to turn to rely on their internal studios for game support. To get Japan Studio back on track, Sony brought in Becker, who had been working at Santa Monica Studio, to lead Japan Studio. Becker made several tough calls of the 40-some games that were in development at the time of his arrival to terminate development of those unlikely to be successful and implemented similar development processes as Sony's Western studios to get the studio back on track.[5] Though Becker's approach, the studio was able to release shorter but cohesive titles that still reflected a Japanese approach to video games, such as Puppeteer, Rain and Knack.[5] Also during this time, emphasis was placed on The Last Guardian, the highly anticipated third title from Ueda which had been in development for over six years, eventually released in 2016.[2]

Across late 2020 and early 2021, several notable Japan Studio employees announced that they were departing the company.[6][7][8] According to multiple sources speaking with Video Games Chronicle Sony had not renewed most of the contracts for the studio outside of those on the Team Asobi because the studio was not considered profitable enough to continue with original game development.[9] In a statement, Sony stated that, as of 1 April 2021, Japan Studio would be re-centered around Team Asobi to build on the popularity of Astro's Playroom.[10] Before and shortly after 1 April 2021, several additional Japan Studio staff announced their departure from the studio.[11] Team Asobi was moved into PlayStation Studios in June 2021.[12]

List of games

[edit]

1994–1998

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
1994 Crime Crackers PlayStation [13]
Motor Toon Grand Prix
1995 Victory Zone
Rapid Reload
Jumping Flash!
Arc the Lad
Philosoma
Hermie Hopperhead: Scrap Panic
Wizardry VII: Crusaders of the Dark Savant
Sengoku Cyber: Fujimaru Jigoku Hen
Beyond the Beyond
Sentou Kokka: Air Land Battle
Project Horned Owl
1996 Jumping Flash! 2
Motor Toon Grand Prix 2
Popolocrois
Eigo no Tetsujin: Center Shiken Trial
Victory Zone 2
Arc the Lad II
Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Kenyaku Romantan – Ishin Gekitou Hen
PaRappa the Rapper
Fluid
Wild Arms
1997 I.Q.: Intelligent Qube
Sentou Kokka Kai: Improved
Alundra
Velldeselba Senki: Tsubasa no Kunshou
Pet in TV
Baby Universe
Quest for Fame
Ghost in the Shell
Everybody's Golf
Arc the Lad: Monster Game with Casino Game
Linda³ Again
The Granstream Saga
Crime Crackers 2
Elemental Gearbolt
Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Kenkaku Romantan – Juu Yuushi Inbou Hen
Gran Turismo
1998 PlayStation Comic No. 1 – Space Adventure Cobra: The Psycogun Vol. 1
PlayStation Comic No. 1 – Space Adventure Cobra: The Psycogun Vol. 2
Zero Pilot: Ginyoku no Senshi
PlayStation Comic No. 2 – Carol the Dark Angel
Tomoyasu Hotei: Stolen Song
Devil Dice
Yarudora Series Vol. 1: Double Cast
Souten no Shirokikami no Kura Great Peak
Yarudora Series Vol. 2: Kisetsu wo Dakishimete
Yarudora Series Vol. 3: Sampaguita
Legend of Legaia
Yarudora Series Vol. 4: Yukiwari no Hana
PopoRogue
Wonder Trek
PlayStation Comic No. 3 – 2999 Game Kids
I.Q. Final

1999–2000

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
1999 Circadia PlayStation [14]
Pocket MuuMuu
PlayStation Comic No. 4 – Cobra Galaxy Knights
Global Force: New Battle Nation
Um Jammer Lammy
Pocket Dungeon
Tamago de Puzzle
PlayStation Comic No. 5 – Buzzer Beater (Part 1)
PlayStation Comic No. 5 – Buzzer Beater (Part 2)
Lord of Monsters
Ore no Shikabane o Koete Yuke
Ape Escape
The Book of Watermarks
Gekisou TomaRunner
Doko Demo Issyo
Everybody's Golf 2
Panekit
Wild Arms 2
Ore no Ryouri
Paqa
Robbit Mon Dieu
Brightis
Poketan
Arc the Lad III
Pet in TV with My Dear Dog
Alundra 2: A New Legend Begins
The Legend of Dragoon
Vib-Ribbon
Love & Destroy
XI [sai] Jumbo
2000 Pocket Jiman
Beat Planet Music
Popolocrois II
Chase the Express
Koneko mo Issyo: Doko Demo Issyo Tsuika Disc
Addie no Okurimono: To Moze from Addie
Fantavision PlayStation 2
I.Q. Remix+: Intelligent Qube
Tiny Bullets PlayStation
Docchi Meccha!
Aconcagua
Boku no Natsuyasumi
Scandal PlayStation 2
TVDJ
Gekitotsu Toma L'Arc: TomaRunner vs L'Arc-en-Ciel PlayStation
Bikkuri Mouse PlayStation 2
Magical Dice Kids PlayStation
Bealphareth
Gunparade March
Kouashi Kikou Shidan: Bein Panzer
Shachou Eiyuuden: The Eagle Shooting Heroes
Koko Hore! Pukka: Dig a-Dig Pukka
Dark Cloud PlayStation 2
Blood: The Last Vampire (Volume One)
Blood: The Last Vampire (Final Volume)

2001–2002

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
2001 Sagashi ni Ikou Yo PlayStation 2 [15]
Sky Odyssey
Tsugunai: Atonement
Extermination
Okage: Shadow King
Check-i-TV
Phase Paradox
iMode mo Issyo: Doko Demo Issyo Tsuika Disc PlayStation
Mister Mosquito PlayStation 2
Rimo Cocoron
Pipo Saru 2001
Everybody's Golf 3
PaRappa the Rapper 2
Ico
Sky Gunner
The Yamanote Sen: Train Simulator Real
Mad Maestro!
Genshi no Kotoba
Seigi no Mikata
Bravo Music: Christmas Edition
Legaia 2: Duel Saga
Toro to Kyuujitsu
Yoake no Mariko
Ico
2002 Bravo Music: Chou Meikyoku Ban
Yoake no Mariko 2nd Act
Dual Hearts
Wild Arms 3
Surveillance Kanshisha
Otostaz
Popolocrois: Hajimari no Boken
Futari no Fantavision
Boku no Natsuyasumi 2: Umi no Bouken Hen
Ape Escape 2
Poinie's Poin
Space Fishermen
The Keihinkyuukou: Train Simulator Real
Dark Chronicle
Gacharoku
Let's Bravo Music
XI Go

2003–2005

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
2003 Lifeline PlayStation 2 [16]
DekaVoice
Shibai Michi
Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits
Doko Demo Issyo: Watashi na Ehon
Minna no Golf Online
Ka 2: Let's Go Hawaii
Hungry Ghosts
Flipnic: Ultimate Pinball
ChainDive
Siren
Mojib-Ribbon
Kuma Uta
Wild Arms: Alter Code F
Everybody's Golf 4
Gacharoku 2: Kondo ha Sekai Isshuu Yo!
2004 Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
Popolocrois: Tsuki no Okite no Bouken
Doko Demo Issyo: Toro to Nagareboshi
Koufuku Sousakan
Vib-Ripple
Ape Escape: Pumped & Primed
Finny the Fish & the Seven Waters
DJbox
EyeToy: Monkey Mania
Doko Demo Issyo: Toro to Ippaii
Waga Ryuomiyo: Pride of The Dragon Peace
Bakufuu Slash! Kizna Arashi
Arc the Lad: End of Darkness
Everybody's Golf Portable PlayStation Portable
Doko Demo Issyo
Ape Escape Academy
2005 Popolocrois
Ape Escape: On The Loose
Wild Arms 4 PlayStation 2
Bokura no Kazoku
Bleach: Heat the Soul PlayStation Portable
Derby Time
Genji: Dawn of the Samurai PlayStation 2
Kenran Butousai
Ape Escape 3
Kingdom of Paradise PlayStation Portable
Yarudora Portable: Double Cast
Yarudora Portable: Kisetsu wo Dakishimete
Yarudora Portable: Sampaguita
Yarudora Portable: Yukiwari no Hana
Bleach: Erabareshi Tamashii PlayStation 2
Bleach: Heat the Soul 2 PlayStation Portable
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
Mawaza PlayStation 2
Shadow of the Colossus
Fuku Fuku no Shima PlayStation Portable
Talkman
Ape Academy 2
Work Time Fun

2006–2007

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
2006 Gunparade Orchestra: Shiro no Shou – Aomori Penguin Densetsu PlayStation Portable [17]
Rule of Rose PlayStation 2
Yarudora Portable: Blood The Last Vampire
Bleach: Hanatareshi Yabou
Forbidden Siren 2
Monster Kingdom: Jewel Summoner PlayStation Portable
Blade Dancer: Lineage of Light
Derby Time 2006
Bomberman: Bakufuu Sentai Bombermen
XI Coliseum
I.Q. Mania
Gunparade Orchestra: Midori no Shou – Ookami to Ano Shounen PlayStation 2
Talkman Euro PlayStation Portable
Doko Demo Issyo: Let's Gakkou!
Boku no Natsuyasumi Portable
Brave Story: New Traveller
Brave Story: Wataru's Adventure PlayStation 2
Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys
LocoRoco PlayStation Portable
Gunparade Orchestra: Ao no Shou PlayStation 2
Bleach: Heat the Soul 3 PlayStation Portable
Blood+: Souyoku no Battle Rondo PlayStation 2
Blood+: Final Piece PlayStation Portable
Everybody's Tennis PlayStation 2
Bleach: Blade Battlers
Tenchi no Mon 2: Busouden PlayStation Portable
Genji: Days of the Blade PlayStation 3
Jeanne d'Arc PlayStation Portable
PaRappa the Rapper
Saru! Get You! Pipo Saru Racer
Wild Arms 5 PlayStation 2
P-kara PlayStation Portable
2007 Talkman-Shiki Shaberingual Eigkaiwa
Kikou Souhei Armodyne PlayStation 2
Rogue Galaxy
Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 PlayStation Portable
Minna no Golf Ba Vol. 1
Folklore PlayStation 3
Piyotama
Talkman-Shiki Shaberingual Eigkaiwa for Kids! PlayStation Portable
Boku no Natsuyasumi 3 PlayStation 3
Everybody's Golf 5
Saru! Get You! SaruSaru Big Mission PlayStation Portable
Minna no Golf Ba Vol. 2
Wild Arms XF
Rezel Cross
LocoRoco Cocoreccho! PlayStation 3
Bleach: Blade Battlers 2nd PlayStation 2
Go! Sports Ski PlayStation 3
Minna no Golf Ba Vol. 3 PlayStation Portable
The Eye of Judgment PlayStation 3
Toy Home
Minna no Golf Ba Vol. 4 PlayStation Portable
Dark Mist PlayStation 3
What Did I Do to Deserve This, My Lord? PlayStation Portable
Everybody's Golf Portable 2
Talkman Travel
Doko Demo Issyo: Let's Gakkou! Training Hen
Patapon

2008–2009

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
2008 Sky Diving PlayStation 3 [18]
Coded Soul: Uketsugareshi Idea PlayStation Portable
MyStylist
Echochrome
Echochrome PlayStation 3
Nippon no Asoko de PlayStation Portable
Bleach: Heat the Soul 5
Shiki-Tei PlayStation 3
Siren: Blood Curse
The Last Guy
Afrika
Xam'd: Lost Memories Video
Aquanaut's Holiday: Hidden Memories PlayStation 3
What Did I Do to Deserve This, My Lord? 2 PlayStation Portable
Bleach: Soul Carnival
Derby Time Online PlayStation 3
Patapon 2 PlayStation Portable
LocoRoco 2
Minnya no Putter Golf PlayStation 3
White Knight Chronicles
2009 Dress
Enkaku Sousa: Shinjitsu e no 23 Nichikan PlayStation Portable
Demon's Souls PlayStation 3
Ape Quest PlayStation Portable
Trash Panic PlayStation 3
Bleach: Heat the Soul 6 PlayStation Portable
Juusei to Diamond
Numblast
Numblast PlayStation 3
Boku no Natsuyasumi 4 PlayStation Portable
Toro to Morimori PlayStation 3
Everybody's Sukkiri PlayStation Portable
Echoshift
LocoRoco Midnight Carnival
Bleach: Soul Carnival 2

2010–2014

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
2010 Patchwork Heroes PlayStation Portable [19]
Everybody's Tennis Portable
The Eye of Judgment: Legends
No Heroes Allowed
Influence
Piyotama
Boku no Natsuyasumi 2
White Knight Chronicles II PlayStation 3
Trick×Logic Season 1 PlayStation Portable
Bleach: Heat the Soul 7
Trick×Logic Season 2
Kung Fu Rider PlayStation 3
Beat Sketcher
PlayStation Move Ape Escape
Echochrome II
2011 White Knight Chronicles: Origins PlayStation Portable
Patapon 3
Bleach: Soul Resurrección PlayStation 3
The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection
Ico
Ore no Shikabane wo Koete Yuke PlayStation Portable
Everybody's Golf 6 PlayStation Vita
Welcome Park [20]
2012 Gravity Rush [19]
Tokyo Jungle PlayStation 3
Everybody's Golf 6
Open Me! PlayStation Vita
Paint Park
2013 Soul Sacrifice
Puppeteer PlayStation 3
Rain
The Playroom PlayStation 4
Knack
No Heroes Allowed: No Puzzles Either! PlayStation Vita
2014 Soul Sacrifice Delta
Destiny of Spirits
Freedom Wars
Oreshika: Tainted Bloodlines

2015–2020

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Ref(s).
2015 Bloodborne PlayStation 4 [21]
Bloodborne The Old Hunters
Gravity Rush Remastered
2016 The Playroom VR
The Tomorrow Children
The Last Guardian
2017 Gravity Rush 2
PaRappa the Rapper
LocoRoco
Everybody's Golf
Patapon
Knack II
Japan Studio VR Music Festival
No Heroes Allowed! VR
LocoRoco 2
The Last Guardian VR Demo
2018 Shadow of the Colossus
No Heroes Allowed! DASH! Android, iOS [22]
Astro Bot Rescue Mission PlayStation 4 [21]
Déraciné
2019 Everybody's Golf VR
Monkey King: Hero Is Back [23]
Death Stranding [24]
2020 Patapon 2 [21]
Ghost of Tsushima [25]
Astro's Playroom PlayStation 5 [26]
Demon's Souls

Former teams

[edit]

Japan Studio was formed by several internal development teams, with all of them being disbanded, reorganised, or spun off into a separate studio.

Polys Entertainment

[edit]
Main article: Polyphony Digital

Polys Entertainment was founded in 1994 as a team under Japan Studio and was formally spun off into Polyphony Digital after the success of Gran Turismo.

Team Asobi

[edit]
Main article: Team Asobi

Team Asobi is a team founded in 2012 by Nicolas Doucet, who previously worked for London Studio and Saffire.[27] In April 2021, they were formally spun off into a separate studio under SIE Worldwide Studios.[12]

Team Ico

[edit]
Main article: Team Ico

Team Ico is best known for developing Ico and Shadow of the Colossus.[28] They were disbanded following lead game designer Fumito Ueda leaving the company and establishing genDESIGN.[29]

Team Gravity

[edit]

Team Gravity, originally known as Project Siren, was a team formed in 1999 by former members of Team Silent, the creators of Silent Hill.[30] The team developed games in the Siren and Gravity Rush series and was led by game designer and director Keiichiro Toyama, who, alongside designers Kazunobu Sato and Junya Okura, left Japan Studio in late 2020 to form Bokeh Game Studio.[31]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nix, Marc (March 23, 2007). "The Future of PSP — SCE Japan". IGN. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Goldfarb, Andrew (June 30, 2017). "How PlayStation's Japan Studio Stands Out". IGN. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  3. ^ "Digital entertainment and software production companies founded" (PDF) (in Japanese). Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. October 14, 1997. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  4. ^ "Personnel reform and reorganisation announcement" (PDF) (in Japanese). Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. August 1, 2000. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Ashcroft, Brian (November 4, 2013). "How Sony's Hometown Studio Rose From the Ashes In Time for the PS4". Kotaku. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  6. ^ Romano, Sal (December 2, 2020). "Siren and Gravity Rush creator Keiichiro Toyama leaves Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Studio, establishes Bokeh Game Studio". Gematsu. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  7. ^ Romano, Sal (December 24, 2020). "Teruyuki Toriyama to leave Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Studio". Gematsu. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  8. ^ Romano, Sal (February 25, 2021). "Bloodborne producer Masaaki Yamagiwa to leave Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Studio at the end of February". Gematsu. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  9. ^ Robinson, Andy; Calvin, Alex (February 25, 2021). "Sources: PlayStation is winding down Sony Japan Studio". Video Games Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  10. ^ Kim, Matt (February 25, 2021). "PlayStation Confirms Japan Studio Will be Re-Organized". IGN. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  11. ^ Kim, Matt (April 1, 2021). "Sony Japan Studio Restructure Leads to Mass Exodus of Developers". IGN. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Doucet, Nicolas (June 2, 2021). "Introducing Team Asobi, creators of the Astro Bot series". PlayStation Blog. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  13. ^ "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧 1998年～1994年" [List of Japan Studio works 1998–1994] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  14. ^ "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧 2000年～1999年" [List of Japan Studio works 2000–1999] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  15. ^ "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧 2002年～2001年" [List of Japan Studio works 2002–2001] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  16. ^ "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧 2005年～2003年" [List of Japan Studio works 2005–2003] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  17. ^ "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧 2007年～2006年" [List of Japan Studio works 2007–2006] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  18. ^ "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧 2009年～2008年" [List of Japan Studio works 2009–2008] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  19. ^ a b "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧 2014年～2010年" [List of Japan Studio works 2014–2010] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  20. ^ Gallagher, James (December 23, 2011). "Five Things We Learned at the Japan PS Vita Launch". PlayStation Blog. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
  21. ^ a b c "JAPANスタジオ作品一覧" [List of Japan Studio works] (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. 2021. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  22. ^ Romano, Sal (December 7, 2016). "Sony announces smartphone games lineup: Hot Shots Golf, Wild Arms, PaRappa, NIS and Square Enix projects, more". Gematsu. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  23. ^ Nelva, Giuseppe (August 2, 2018). "Monkey King: Hero Is Back Co-Developed by Sony Japan Studio for PS4 Gets First Gameplay Trailer". DualSHOCKERS. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  24. ^ "Death Stranding: Director's Cut". MobyGames. September 24, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
  25. ^ Williams, Mike (May 20, 2020). "How the Studio Behind The Last Guardian Helped Ghost of Tsushima Find Its Direction". USgamer. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  26. ^ "Worldwide Studios: First look at 9 new PS5 games". PlayStation Blog. June 11, 2020. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  27. ^ "Nicolas Doucet - MobyGames". MobyGames. Archived from the original on August 4, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
  28. ^ Moriarty, Colin (December 2, 2013). "Every Sony-Owned Studio, From Worst to Best". IGN. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  29. ^ Leone, Matt (March 16, 2018). "Directing from the sidelines". Polygon. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  30. ^ Gifford, Kevin (October 13, 2013). "Silent Hill creator discusses how he joined the game biz and why AAA horror is 'difficult' to fund". Polygon.
  31. ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (December 2, 2020). "Silent Hill, Gravity Rush's Keiichirō Toyama Leaves SIE, Founds New Studio". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
[edit]
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