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jag

[edit]

For an overview of all Jaguar XJ models, see Jaguar XJ.
Jaguar XJ (X351)
Picture of a black Jaguar XJ in a dark environment
Overview
Manufacturer
Production
  • March 2010 – July 2019
  • a. 122,330 examples
Assembly
Designer
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size luxury car
Body style4-door saloon
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive / all-wheel-drive
PlatformJLR D2a
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 6-speed automatic (2010–2013)
  • 8-speed automatic (2013–2019)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • XJ: 3,032 mm (119.4 in)
  • XJ-L: 3,157 mm (124.3 in)
Length
  • XJ: 5,130 mm (202 in)
  • XJ-L: 5,255 mm (206.9 in)
Width
  • 1,899 mm (74.8 in) (mirrors open)
  • 2,110 mm (83 in) (mirrors closed)
Height1,461 mm (57.5 in)
Kerb weight1,773–1,915 kg (3,909–4,222 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorJaguar XJ (X358)

The Jaguar XJ (X351) is the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ, a series of full-size luxury saloon cars produced by the automaker Jaguar Cars.[1] Produced between 2010 and 2019, it marked Jaguar's departure from the conservative styling of previous XJs.

The development of the X351 began in 2005, and the design approval process took place in November 2006. The designers Ian Callum and Matthew Beaven led the styling team of the XJ, which included various other prominent stylers such as Giles Taylor, Adam Hatton, Mark Phillips, Nicholas Finney and Kim Challinor. Jaguar tasked the designers with producing a new design incorporating most of the underpinnings from XJ (X350). But despite the X350 serving as its basis, the X351 had to include a style that fit in with the newly-introduced but unrelated XK (X150) and the XF (X250), which were already successful within the market sector. Beaven claimed that the design team had developed a series of vehicles ranging from a sports saloon to a large luxury car. The team finalised the design in 2008, and the XJ debuted in July 2009.

The official series manufacture began in March 2010 at the Castle Bromwich Assembly facility in Birmingham, England, and sales started in May. Initially, XJs were produced only at the English facility, but in 2014, the assembly of complete knockdown kits began at Jaguar's facility in Pune, India. In 2015, Jaguar introduced a facelift for the X351, with its most prominent change being the inclusion of Jaguar's "J-Blade" headlamps. The production of the X351 ended in July 2019, after Jaguar had produced over 122,330 examples. An electric version of the X351 was to be launched in 2020, but plans were cancelled in 2021 due to the economic infeasibility.

Development

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Picture of a black Jaguar XJ in a dark environment
The rear view of the XJ

The development and design work of the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ—codenamed the "X351"—began in 2005.[2]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Wilkins, David (1 July 2010), "Jaguar XJ6 Series 1 4.2 litre (1968)", The Independent, archived from the original on 6 July 2022, retrieved 20 April 2024
  2. ^ "Eighth Generation Jaguar XJ Saloon -X351", Jaguar Heritage Trust, retrieved 20 April 2024

Bibliography and print sources

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van

[edit]
This page is about the 2001–2007 Vanquish. For a complete overview of all generations, see Aston Martin Vanquish.
Aston Martin V12 Vanquish
A photo of a dark green 2002 Vanquish, parked in a parking lot.
Overview
ManufacturerAston Martin Lagonda Limited
Production
  • March 2001 – July 2007
  • 2,589 examples
AssemblyUnited Kingdom: Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire
DesignerIan Callum (1997)
Body and chassis
ClassGrand tourer
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine5.9 L Aston Martin V12
Transmission6-speed automated manual
6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,690 mm (105.9 in)[1]
Length4,665 mm (183.7 in)[1]
Width1,923 mm (75.7 in)[2]
Height1,318 mm (51.9 in)[1]
Kerb weight
  • 1,835 kg (4,045 lb) (Vanquish)[3][4]
  • 1,875 kg (4,134 lb) (Vanquish S)[5]
Chronology
PredecessorAston Martin Virage
SuccessorAston Martin DBS

The first generation of the Aston Martin Vanquish, also known as the Aston Martin V12 Vanquish, is a grand touring car produced between 2001 and 2007 by the British automaker Aston Martin. Replacing the Virage, the Vanquish was available as both a coupe and convertible.

At the North American International Auto Show in 1998, Aston Martin revealed the "Project Vantage"; initially, Aston Martin planned for it to remain a concept car, but its design inspired the Aston Martin executives, and the company began developing a production version in March 1998. The designer of the Vanquish was Ian Callum, who previously worked on the DB7's exterior. The official production version of the Vanquish debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show in February 2001, and manufacture of the car began in March at Aston Martin's facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. The vehicle uses aluminium extensively throughout its construction.

A facelift was implemented in 2004, which involved improvements to its power output, revisions to its design, and improved aerodynamic efficiency, as well as a name change to "Vanquish S". The car appeared in the 2002 film Die Another Day for which it received widespread public interest and earned the number three spot on the "Best Film Cars Ever" list. The Vanquish also appeared in the 2003 film The Italian Job. Aston Martin discontinued the production of the Vanquish in 2007 after a six-year production run during which 2,589 examples were produced; its replacement was the DBS. The Vanquish nameplate was resurrected in 2012 with a model based on the DB9's chassis and platform.

Development

[edit]

The Vanquish was conceived at a meeting in early 1997 between Jacques Nasser, chief executive officer (CEO) of Ford Motor Company; Bob Dover, CEO and chairman of Aston Martin; and senior executives at Jaguar Cars. Nasser proposed the idea of a concept car, to which the executives responded that they did not want one, but when the same proposition was presented to Dover, he expressed interest in the concept.[6]

What nobody actually knew outside Astons was that the Project Vantage was actually the prototype for the Vanquish. We knew that if we got a lot of support at the Detroit Show that we could build a car, which we obviously went on to do.

—Bob Dover[7]

Nasser wanted the design of the Project Vantage completed in time for the January 1998 North American International Auto Show. This required selecting a design by October 1997 and completely finishing the project by mid-December. Dover quickly implemented plans and processes to ensure the concept car was finished within the given timeframe; one of the initial steps was to search for a designer.[6] Aston Martin, lacking a design department of its own, commissioned a design from the Kidlington-based racing team Tom Walkinshaw Racing, whose chief designer, Ian Callum, styled the DB7.[8][9][10] Callum completed the design of Project Vantage in approximately twelve weeks.[11]

The development of the Project Vantage involved engineers and designers from Aston Martin, Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology, Magneti Marelli, AP Racing, Cosworth Racing and ITT. Aston Martin, Jim Clarke and Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology developed the engine, Magneti Marelli produced the paddle shift transmission, and AP Racing produced the braking system. The Project Vantage used several advanced technologies in constructing the body structure and chassis. The body shell was constructed of aluminium honeycomb, while the extruded aluminium chassis sections and roof pillar were reinforced with carbon fibre. These materials resulted in a weight saving of fifty per cent and a torsional rigidity increase of one hundred per cent.[12]

Aston Martin debuted the Project Vantage at the North American International Auto Show in January 1998.[13][14][15] Initially intended to remain a one-off concept car, its captivated the Aston Martin executives and plans were implemented to put the car into series production.[7] Following the motor show, Dover and his team began assembling the financial plan for the production version of the Project Vantage.[16][7] Development of the production version of the Project Vantage, later named the "Vanquish", began in March 1998. Ian Minards, whom Jaguar appointed as lead designer for the XJ8 project, was the chief programme manager. During development, the codename of the Vanquish was "Project Bolton" before it received its "AMV08" designation.[17] Dover stepped down as Aston Martin CEO in mid-2000 and was replaced by Ulrich Bez in July of that year.[18][19][20]

Due to the more advanced technology incorporated into the car, the Vanquish required more extensive pre-production testing than usual. The development costs were rumoured to be much greater than the initial budget; Aston Martin stated at the Vanquish's launch that fifty prototypes had been produced. These cars were tested worldwide, including hot-weather testing in Australia and cold-weather testing in Canada; temperatures were as cold as −40 °C (−40 °F) and as hot as 81 °C (178 °F).[21][22] The Aston Martin engineers collaborated with Lotus Engineering and Ford to increase engine efficiency and output with the help of the suspension expert Richard Parry-Jones.[21] The prototypes collectively amassed more than 1,500,000 miles (2,400,000 km).[23]

The production version of the Vanquish was revealed to groups of potential customers and designated media representatives in October 2000.[24] It debuted in February 2001 at the Geneva Motor Show.[25][26][27] Replacing the Virage,[28] official series manufacture of the Vanquish began in March 2001 at Aston Martin's facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire.[29][30][31] At launch, Aston Martin planned to produce between 200 and 300 examples annually.[32][33][34]

Design and construction

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A rear-three quarters view of a very dark blue Vanquish outdoor, with some Porsches parked in the background.
2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish

The construction of the Vanquish employed techniques derived from the aerospace industry to produce a strong and rigid platform without incurring extra costs.[35] Its body structure is composed mainly of aluminium, composite materials and carbon fibre.[36][37][38] At a factory in Worcester, England, pre-cut aluminium extrusions were riveted and bonded around the car's carbon fibre backbone.[39][35] In comparison to the Vantage, the Vanquish reduced over fifty per cent of its weight and had a torsional rigidity increase of 100 per cent.[35][12] The car has a boot capacity of 220 litres (7.8 cu ft).[40]

The Vanquish is considered both a grand touring car[41][42][43] and a sports car.[44][45][46] A two-door coupe, the Vanquish incorporates a two-seat layout, though a four-seat option was also available.[47][48] The car measures 4,665 millimetres (183.7 in) in length, 1,318 millimetres (51.9 in) in height,[49] 1,923 millimetres (75.7 in) in width,[2] with a wheelbase length of 2,690 millimetres (106 in).[49] It has a kerb weight ranging from 1,820 to 1,835 kilograms (4,012 to 4,045 lb), and a gross weight of 2,175 kilograms (4,795 lb).[50][3][4] With a drag coefficient of Cd=0.33,[51] the Vanquish incorporates 19-inch (480 mm) wheels held by Yokohama tyres.[52][53]

It had the purest line of thought and execution of any car I've ever worked on before and since.

—Ian Callum[54]

The 5.9-litre V12 engine, as fitted to the Vanquish, generates 450 brake horsepower (340 kW) at 6,500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 410 newton-metres (300 lbf⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm.[55][47] The Vanquish is a rear-wheel drive vehicle,[26][56] and its engine is positioned at the front.[57][58] The Vanquish offered a choice between two six-speed transmissions: a manual option[59][60] or an automated manual.[61][62] The car can accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in approximately five seconds and possesses a top speed of 306 km/h (190 mph).[61]

The Vanquish features 355-millimetre (14.0 in) and 330-millimetre (13 in) Brembo anti-lock disc brakes positioned at the front and rear, respectively.[63][64][65] The Vanquish features variable-ratio power steering and independent suspension that incorporate forged aluminium wishbones.[22][66]

Facelift and discontinuation

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A front three-quarters view of a black Vanquish S.
A rear three-quarters view of a black Vanquish S.
2005 Vanquish S

The facelifted version of the Vanquish, called the "Vanquish S", debuted at the 2004 Paris Motor Show.[67][68] The upgraded engine generates a power output of 520 brake horsepower (390 kW) at 6,500 rpm and a torque output of 576 newton-metres (425 lb⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm, sufficient to give the car a 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) of 4.9 seconds and a top speed of 322 km/h (200 mph).[69][70][71] Its transmission was also modified with a larger clutch plate and a higher ratio rear differential. The Yokohama tyres also are slightly larger and eleven-spoke wheels were standardised.[69] A spoiler on the boot, as well as a redesigned front grille and sizeable front splitter, were implemented. It is 5 millimetres (0.20 in) lower than the previous Vanquish, with a steering rack that is 20 per cent quicker and firmer springs and dampers.[72] The aerodynamic alterations decreased the car's drag coefficient to Cd=0.32.[51][73][74] The Vanquish S also incorporated the features of the Sports Dynamic Package—which was optional for the previous Vanquish—including stiffer suspension, revised steering, and larger brakes.[51]

The production of the V12 Vanquish ended on 19 July 2007, coinciding with the closing of the company's Newport Pagnell factory after 49 years of operation.[75] Over almost six years, 2,589 units were produced;[76][77] its sucessor was the DBS.[78]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Baltimore Sun.
  2. ^ a b "2006 new vehicle preview: Aston Martin V12 Vanquish S coupe". The Daily Herald.
  3. ^ a b "Vanquish that impulse to share the wealth". Edmonton Journal.
  4. ^ a b "Bond – James Bond – and his Aston Martin wheels". The Gazette.
  5. ^ Phillips 2012, p. 160.
  6. ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 200.
  7. ^ a b c Dowsey 2007, p. 250.
  8. ^ Taylor 2024, pp. 60–62.
  9. ^ "The pleasure of driving the new Aston Martin DB7 convertible is almost too much to bear". The Sunday Telegraph.
  10. ^ Lamm, John (December 1994). "Aston Martin DB7". Road & Track. Vol. 46, no. 4. p. 132. ISSN 0035-7189.
  11. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 202.
  12. ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 203.
  13. ^ "Start shouting!". The Daily Telegraph.
  14. ^ "Advantage, Aston". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  15. ^ "Importer seeks exclusive dealers for Aston Martin". The Age.
  16. ^ Waddington, Glen (January 2022). "Stirred, but not shaken". Octane. No. 223. pp. 56–66. ISSN 1740-0023.
  17. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 252.
  18. ^ "New drivers for Land Rover". The Age.
  19. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 231.
  20. ^ Enright, Andy (September 2020). "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Wheels. pp. 22–25. ISSN 0043-4779.
  21. ^ a b Taylor 2024, pp. 94–95.
  22. ^ a b "2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Palm Beach Daily News.
  23. ^ "Savile Row suit, Ford underpinnings". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  24. ^ Taylor 2024, p. 102.
  25. ^ "Aston-Martin raises flagship". Chicago Tribune.
  26. ^ a b "Wealth bomber". The Daily Telegraph.
  27. ^ "2001 Geneva". Autoweek. Vol. 51, no. 12. 12 March 2001. p. 20. ISSN 0192-9674.
  28. ^ Hayward, Matthew (16 May 2024). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Octane. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  29. ^ Dawe, Jason (7 August 2005). "Aston Martin Vanquish". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  30. ^ "Squatter, shorter, wider, and wilder". The Independent.
  31. ^ "Aston Martin offers velocity for $228,000". Lansing State Journal.
  32. ^ "Spring sees new models in showrooms". The Daily Chronicle.
  33. ^ Wernle, Bradford (14 August 2000). "Aston to build 3rd plant, delays V12 Vanquish". Automotive News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  34. ^ Wilson, Kevin A; Magee, Charlie (30 October 2000). "Heroic Ambitions". Autoweek. Vol. 50, no. 45. p. 16. ISSN 0192-9674.
  35. ^ a b c Taylor 2024, pp. 72–75.
  36. ^ "Edgy Aston has supercars in its sights". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  37. ^ "The Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". ATZautotechnology. 1 (4): 26–29. 2001. doi:10.1007/BF03246615. ISSN 1616-8216.
  38. ^ Marsh, George (2014). "Composites and metals – a marriage of convenience?". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 58 (2): 38–42. doi:10.1016/S0034-3617(14)70108-0.
  39. ^ "Aston attack: Vanquish leads supercar assualt". The Age.
  40. ^ Ross, David (16 June 2019). "Aston Martin Vanquish coupe boot space, practicality and safety". Parkers. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  41. ^ "The people car show". The Hamilton Spectator.
  42. ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish S". Auto Express. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
  43. ^ Huntingford, Steve (1 January 2006). "Used Aston Martin Vanquish 2001 - 2007 review". What Car?. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  44. ^ "Vanquishing desire for any other auto". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  45. ^ "Sophisticated sex appeal". National Post. 5 July 2002. p. 44. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024. Open access icon
  46. ^ Frank, Michael (17 September 2001). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Forbes. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  47. ^ a b Hutton, Ray (1 December 2000). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022.
  48. ^ "Something new to add to the list of dream cars". The Gazette.
  49. ^ a b "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
  50. ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish V12 2+2 2dr Auto". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  51. ^ a b c Vale 2022, p. 456.
  52. ^ "Smartire". The Vancouver Sun.
  53. ^ "The 2001 Aston Martin Vanquish". Forbes. 11 October 2000. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020.
  54. ^ Pattni, Vijay (29 October 2021). "The original Aston Martin Vanquish is 20 years old". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  55. ^ "007 will reclaim his Aston Martin". The Charlotte Observer.
  56. ^ "Souping up the Vanquish for latest Bond film". The Gazette.
  57. ^ "Shifty business: 2002 Aston Martin Vanquish". Motor Trend. 20 December 2002. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  58. ^ McKay, Peter (January 2003). "Vanquishing point". Wheels. p. 34. ISSN 0043-4779.
  59. ^ "To drive an Aston Martin like 007's, be willing to wait". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  60. ^ "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Journal News.
  61. ^ a b Tomalin, Peter (26 March 2024). "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish (2001 - 2007): Britain's answer to the Ferrari 550 Maranello". Evo. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  62. ^ Abidin, Shafiq (9 January 2024). "Fancy a pre-series, first-generation Aston Martin Vanquish? This one is now up for sale". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  63. ^ "New Bond car Vanquishes tedium". The Windsor Star.
  64. ^ "Vanquish continued from front". The Standard.
  65. ^ Frankel, Andrew (25 May 2004). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Autocar. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023.
  66. ^ "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish is 'the James Bond car'". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  67. ^ "Hot sports cars". The Post-Cresent.
  68. ^ Kiino, Ron (23 September 2004). "Aston Martin Vanquish S". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  69. ^ a b "With a growl and a smile". The Daily Telegraph.
  70. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 297.
  71. ^ "No one chooses a car for the planet's benefit". The Independent.
  72. ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish S auto". Autocar. 28 September 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  73. ^ Vollans, JJ; Chadwick, Nathan (19 August 2020). "Vanquish vs 550: classic V12s go head-to-head". Car. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  74. ^ Taylor 2024, p. 162.
  75. ^ Pollard, Tim (19 July 2007). "Aston Martin shuts historic factory". Car. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  76. ^ Barlow, Jason (2 September 2019). "The Aston Martin Vanquish 25 is a £550k remastered V12 GT". Top Gear. BBC. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  77. ^ Taylor 2024, p. 436.
  78. ^ Lindberg, Austin (4 June 2012). "DBS replacement will be called Vanquish". Car and Driver. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
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Newspapers

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Books

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mini

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Mini
A white extremely small 1960s automobile with circular lights and wheels, one door on each side, and a licence plate that says "621 AOK".
The first Mini built with the registration number "621 AOK". This unit was never sold but is preserved at the British Motor Museum.
Overview
Manufacturer
Model codeADO15[note 1]
Production8 May 1959 – 4 October 2000
5,387,862 units
DesignerSir Alec Issigonis
Body and chassis
ClassSmall car
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Transmission
Chronology
SuccessorMini Hatch

The Mini is a small car produced from 1959 until 1968 by the British Motor Corporation, from 1968 to 1986 by British Leyland and from 1986 until 2000 by the Rover Group. It is considered one of the most influential automobiles of the twentieth century and is an icon of 1960s British popular culture. The Mini's design was maintained throughout its production which spanned forty-one years, making it the seventh-longest generation of automobile with an unaltered design.

The official series manufacture of the Mini began at the facility in Cowley, Oxford on 8 May 1959; the first unit is preserved at the British Motor Museum in Gaydon, Warwickshire. The car was styled by the automotive designer Sir Alec Issigonis and developed under the codename "ADO15". The production of the Mini occurred in Longbridge, England; Cowley, England; and Sydney, Australia, before numerous other global locations were introduced in the subsequent years. The Mini was predominantly produced as a two-door saloon but numerous other body styles were introduced including a convertible, estate, fastback and coupe utility. The designations "Mini Cooper" and "Mini Cooper S" are used to denote the high-performance variants of the Mini. In Italy, the machinery works Innocenti redesigned the Mini and sold it under the "Innocenti Mini" nameplate. A utility and recreational derivative of the Mini called the "Moke", was produced between 1964 and 1993.

The Mini's space-saving transverse engine and front-wheel drive layout—allowing eighty per cent of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage—influenced a generation of automakers. The final Mini was produced at the Longbridge facility on 4 October 2000 after a production period of forty-one years, five months and twenty-six days during which 5,387,862 units had been produced. The automaker BMW acquired the Rover Group in 1994 and sold most of it in 2000, but retained the rights to build cars using the "Mini" name. Retrospectively, the car is often nicknamed the "Classic Mini" to distinguish it from the Mini Hatch family of vehicles produced since 2001.[3]

Background and conception

[edit]
See also: Suez Crisis

The Mini was conceived by the British Motor Corporation (BMC),[4] a conglomerate of Austin Motor Company, Morris Motors, MG, Riley Motor and Wolseley Motors that was formed 1952.[5][6][7] The Mini was a solution to two opposing trends in 1950s Britain: the rise of economical 'micro' cars after the Suez Crisis and the growing influence of American culture in the post-war period. The Suez Crisis resulted from Anglo-French efforts to denationalise the Suez Canal in Egypt, resulting in its closure to Western shipping during 1956 and 1957. This closure disrupted oil supplies. The Suez Crisis also led to the reintroduction of fuel rationing in Britain and elevated taxes on luxury items. Consequently, the affordability of new cars was limited for many British citizens, which were also inefficient because of their outdated pre-war engines.[4][8]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "ADO" stands for "Austin Drawing Office", while "15" was its project number.[1][2]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Blake, Mike (18 November 2007), "2007 MINI Cooper S: Economical and Still a Fun Drive", Lancaster New Era, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, p. 69, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  2. ^ "The Mini giant", Birmingham Evening Mail, Birmingham, West Midlands, 13 March 1978, p. 36, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  3. ^ Mainland 2015, Front Cover.
  4. ^ a b Mainland 2015, pp. 13–14.
  5. ^ "Glorious past, but a challenging future", The Independent, London, Greater London, 5 April 2005, p. 61, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  6. ^ "British motor bid for Fisher & Ludlow", The Daily Telegraph, London, Greater London, 31 July 1953, p. 2, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  7. ^ Thorley 2019, p. 132.
  8. ^ Anthony, Andrew (29 August 2009), "On the road: Mini Cooper S", The Guardian, retrieved 4 May 2024

Bibliography

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thunder

[edit]

For a complete overview of all Thunderbird generations, see Ford Thunderbird.

Ford Thunderbird
Blue sports car with circular headlights and seven-spoke silver wheels.
Overview
ManufacturerFord Motor Company
Model codeM205[1]
ProductionJune 2001 – July 2005
Model years2002–2005
AssemblyUnited States: Wixom, Michigan (Wixom Assembly)
DesignerJack Telnack (1997)
Body and chassis
ClassPersonal luxury car
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drive
PlatformFord DEW98
Powertrain
Engine3.9 L Jaguar AJ35 V8
Transmission5-speed Ford Bordeaux 5R44E automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase107.1 in (2,720 mm)[2]
Length186.3 in (4,732 mm)[2]
Width72 in (1,829 mm)[3]
Height52.1 in (1,323 mm)[4]
Curb weight3,775 lb (1,712 kg)[5]
Chronology
PredecessorFord Thunderbird (tenth generation)

The eleventh generation of the Ford Thunderbird—a series of personal luxury cars—was produced between 2001 and 2005 by the American automaker Ford Motor Company. The Thunderbird debuted at the 1999 edition of the North American International Auto Show. Designed by Jack Telnack and manufactured in Wixom, Michigan, the car was available as both a convertible and a hardtop convertible. It is the indirect successor to the tenth generation of the Thunderbird, and 68,098 units were produced before its discontinuation in July 2005.

The official series production of the Thunderbird commenced in June 2001. The Thunderbird, a two-door car, features Jaguar's 3.9 L AJ35 V8 engine. It generates a power output of 188 kilowatts (252 hp) and a torque output of 362 newton-meters (267 lbf⋅ft); an update was implemented in 2003, increasing outputs to 209 kilowatts (280 hp) and 388 newton-meters (286 lbf⋅ft). Based upon Ford's "DEW" platform, the car has a rear-wheel drive layout with a front engine placement. The Thunderbird received the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in 2002, and has been featured in several films, including Die Another Day, Thunderbirds, and The Sopranos.

Background and development

[edit]
A light green coupe from the late 1950s
The original Thunderbird

The original Ford Thunderbird debuted in October 1954.[6][7][8] Originally designed to compete with British, Italian, and German sports cars and the Chevrolet Corvette, it was the first time the Ford division sold two distinct model lines simultaneously. The Thunderbird incorporated various advanced technologies for its era, including power seats and a padded dashboard.[9] Ten consecutive generations of the car were produced the tenth generation was discontinued in 1997.[10] The introduction of the Volkswagen New Beetle in 1997 sparked a renaissance of retro-styling in American automakers.[11]

Jack Telnack, the lead design director of the Ford Thunderbird project, initiated a competition among design studios in Italy, England, Germany, California, and Dearborn; the latter studio ultimately prevailed. Upon Telnack's retirement, his successor, J Mays, then handled the minor design elements, including trims, fabrics, interior, and colors. The Thunderbird had the longest development process of any car Telnack worked on.[12] Ford unveiled the car as a concept vehicle at the 1999 edition of the North American International Auto Show,[13][14][15] and revealed the car's final design at the same motor show two years later.[16] Official manufacture of the Thunderbird began in June 2001,[17][18] at the assembly plant in Wixom, Michigan.[19][20] It indirectly replaces the tenth generation of the Thunderbird, which the company discontinued in 1997.[21]

Design

[edit]
Rear 3/4 view of a white hardtop convertible
Rear view

The Thunderbird employs Ford's DEW platform,[22][23] which it shares with the Jaguar S-Type[24][25] and the Lincoln LS.[26][27] It is a personal luxury car[28][29] with two doors and two seats,[30][31] which was available as both a convertible and a hardtop convertible.[32] The vehicle's designers aimed for a simple design, returning to classic elements like fluted doors, wing-shaped door panels, a two-tone dashboard, original seat styles, and metal appliques complemented by turquoise accents. Compared to the LS and the S-Type, the Thunderbird features a shorter wheelbase and overall length. The car has seventeen-inch cast aluminum wheels and tires sized P235/50VR-17.[33] It has a rear-wheel drive layout and a front-engine placement,[34][35] and a computer-engineered, fully independent suspension system incorporating lightweight materials to reduce weight and improve response.[36][37]

The Thunderbird features Jaguar's 3.9-liter AJ30 V8 engine,[38] which generates a power output of 188 kilowatts (252 hp) and 362 newton-meters (267 lb⋅ft),[39][40] providing the car with a 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration of 7.25 seconds.[41][42] Power is transmitted through a five-speed automatic transmission.[43][44] In 2003, the Thunderbird received minor updates, including an increase in engine output to 210 kilowatts (280 hp) and 388 newton-meters (286 lb⋅ft). The dashboard was revised, featuring more traditional analog gauges for better visibility during daylight driving. Additionally, a "Select Shift" version of the five-speed transmission was introduced as an option.[34]

Special editions

[edit]

In late 2000, Ford introduced the Neiman Marcus edition of the Thunderbird.[45] Ford produced 200 units, each priced at US$41,995. All of the cars sold out in just two hours and fifteen minutes.[46]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jones, Terill Yue (31 August 2001). "Ford needs Thunderbird launch to fly". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b "T-Bird cruises back into Ford's lineup". Chicago Tribune. 27 May 2001. p. 12.1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419282465
  3. ^ "The Bird is the word, again, Ford's styling heritage soars in pleasurable Thunderbird". The Morning Call. 16 June 2002. p. J1. ISSN 0884-5557. ProQuest 393054828
  4. ^ "Nostalgic T-bird is fun, but could get better". USA Today. 8 June 2001. p. D12. ISSN 0734-7456. ProQuest 408902490
  5. ^ Ulrich, Lawerence (31 May 2001). "Ford's pretty little roadster is back: revived Thunderbird is plush and sporty". Detroit Free Press. p. D.1. ProQuest 1270956813
  6. ^ Sanow 1998, p. 8.
  7. ^ "Ford will retire T-Bird in July". Automotive News. Vol. 79, no. 6138. 14 March 2005. p. 56. ISSN 0005-1551. ProQuest 219416521
  8. ^ Vance, Bill (12 September 2008). "T-Bird revival was short-lived". Waterloo Region Record. p. E.1. ProQuest 267266900
  9. ^ McCraw, Jim (1 October 2000). "2002 Ford Thunderbird". Car and Driver. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  10. ^ Pfefferman 2013, p. 224.
  11. ^ Strohl, Daniel (7 December 2018). "Ford's Forty Nine concept promised a mainstream retro future for the blue oval". Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Telnack finds it difficult to let go of the car business". Automotive News. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  13. ^ Lienert, Dan (8 January 1999). "It's fun, fun, fun as Ford brings Thunderbird back". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. ISSN 0312-6315. ProQuest 363527173
  14. ^ Nissen, Todd (9 January 1999). "Thunderbird set to take off New lease of life for American icon". Birmingham Post. p. 21. ProQuest 326487831
  15. ^ "Total recall". The Age. 21 January 1999. p. 6. ISSN 2203-580X. ProQuest 363346476
  16. ^ "The Thunderbird concept is ready to go at Detroit". The Daily Telegraph. 6 January 2001. p. 5. ISSN 0307-1235. ProQuest 317434811
  17. ^ "Changeovers shift into high gear". Automotive News. Vol. 75, no. 5943. 13 August 2001. p. 20. ISSN 0005-1551. ProQuest 219435224
  18. ^ Kaus, Mickey (23 April 2003). "Ford's humiliation: The T-Bird is dead". Slate. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  19. ^ McIntyre, Doug (17 December 2016). "Driving the fun out of driving: Doug McIntyre". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Ford to retire Thunderbird after 2005 model". NBC News. Associated Press. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  21. ^ "2002 Ford Thunderbird". Forbes. 28 May 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  22. ^ Connelly, Mary (11 January 1999). "T-bird mixes heritage, high-tech". Automotive News. Vol. 73, no. 5081. p. 14. ISSN 0005-1551.
  23. ^ "Ford Thunderbird". Octane. No. 232. October 2022. p. 174. ISSN 1740-0023. ProQuest 2706454922.
  24. ^ Zesiger, Sue (7 June 1999). "Separated at birth". Fortune. Vol. 139, no. 11. pp. 251–254.
  25. ^ "All from one automakers learn to make several distinct models—and more money—from common platforms". Chicago Tribune. 2 November 2000. p. 7.1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419362584.
  26. ^ Green, Gavin (17 April 1998). "Mustang's new Australian mount". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. ISSN 0312-6315. ProQuest 363485214.
  27. ^ "Four cars to enjoy the sun and the wind: Here are convertibles built for all seasons that won't break bank". Toronto Star. 19 April 2014. p. W.16. ISSN 0319-0781. ProQuest 1517609284.
  28. ^ "Ford Thunderbird priced at $2,944". Automotive News. Vol. 74, no. 5890. 28 August 2000. p. 48. ISSN 0005-1551.
  29. ^ Vance, Bill (28 April 2000). "Birth of the personal luxury car: The Ford Thunderbird's switch from two seats to four created a brand new automotive segment". National Post. p. F01. ISSN 1486-8008. ProQuest 329587905.
  30. ^ Booth, David (19 June 2001). "Ford Thunderbird marks an impressive return". The Gazette. p. C1. ISSN 0384-1294. ProQuest 433717617.
  31. ^ Keebler, Jack; Freers, David (March 1999). "2000 Ford Thunderbird". Motor Trend. Vol. 51, no. 3. p. 38. ISSN 0027-2094.
  32. ^ Bornhop, Andrew (August 2001). "Thunderbird". Road & Track. Vol. 52, no. 12. p. 52. ISSN 0035-7189.
  33. ^ McCraw, Jim (1 October 2000). "2002 Ford Thunderbird". Car and Driver. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  34. ^ a b Swan, Tony (19 May 2021). "Tested: 2004 Ford Thunderbird". Car and Driver. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  35. ^ Boe, Dave (26 November 2001). "Thunderbird returns to Ford lineup". Daily Herald. p. 1. ProQuest 312539108.
  36. ^ "Birder's delight: Like the original, reborn 2002 Thunderbird is a classic cruiser". The Ottawa Citizen. 9 August 2002. p. C1. ISSN 0839-3222. ProQuest 240584353.
  37. ^ "New Thunderbird a mix of old attitude and modern technology". Hanover Post. 13 February 2001. p. A6. ISSN 0834-6372. ProQuest 353436897.
  38. ^ Hayward, Matthew (21 March 2024). "Ford Thunderbird (2002-2005) buying guide, history and review". Octane. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  39. ^ Chao, David (21 July 2002). "2002 Ford Thunderbird breaks new ground". Richmond News. p. 22. ProQuest 361562038.
  40. ^ "Nuts & bolts; 2002 Ford Thunderbird Deluxe convertible". The Washington Post. 24 June 2001. p. N01. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 409186305.
  41. ^ "2002 Ford Thunderbird: More than gorgeous: At work or rest, Ford's Thunderbird surprises". Autoweek. 18 February 2002. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Ford Thunderbird, Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG, Honda Pilot: Speed: When there's not enough, you want for more. And when there's plenty, there's still not enough". Autoweek. 13 May 2002. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  43. ^ Cato, Jeremy (7 November 2000). "Ford Thunderbird set to fly again in 2002". The Gazette. p. F1. ISSN 0384-1294. ProQuest 433663669.
  44. ^ Buckley, Martin (24 May 2021). "Is the reborn Ford Thunderbird really that bad?". Classic & Sports Car. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  45. ^ Huffman, John Pearley (7 May 2020). "Wildly expensive cars of Neiman Marcus Christmas books past". Car and Driver. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  46. ^ "Ford Thunderbird a blast from the past". CBS News. Associated Press. 8 January 2001. Retrieved 12 August 2024.

Bibliography

[edit]

v40

[edit]
This page is about the 2012–2019 V40. For the 1995–2004 V40, see Volvo V40 (1995–2004).

Volvo V40
Picture of a blue hatchback car with livery on the doors
Overview
ManufacturerVolvo Cars
Production2012–2019
Assembly
DesignerChris Benjamin
Body and chassis
ClassSmall family car
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
PlatformVolvo P1
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 6-speed Getrag B6 manual
  • 6-speed Volvo M66 manual
  • 6-speed Powershift
  • 6-speed Aisin TF-80SD automatic
  • 6-speed Aisin TF-71SC automatic
  • 8-speed Aisin TG-81SC automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,647 mm (104.2 in)
Length4,369 mm (172.0 in)
Width1,802 mm (70.9 in)
Height1,445 mm (56.9 in)
Curb weight1,357–1,498 kg (2,992–3,303 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorVolvo C30

The Volvo V40 is a small family car that was produced by the Swedish carmaker Volvo Cars between 2012 and 2019. The indirect successor to the C30, the V40 was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2012, and manufacture of the car began in May at the facility in Ghent, Belgium. Under the direction of Peter Horbury and Steve Mattin, Chris Benjamin designed the V40's exterior. From August 2012, the V40 was assembled in Shah Alam, Malaysia, as a complete knock-down kit.

The V40 is a five-door, front-wheel drive, compact-sized hatchback car that was available in both petrol and diesel engine configurations. It built upon Volvo's P1 platform. The V40 received a major facelift in 2015, which involved prominent updates to its front fascia. The V40 has received primarily good reviews: the magazine Auto Express called it a "highly accomplished premium hatch and a worthy alternative to more mainstream rivals",[1] whilst Top Gear described it as an "impressive model that's a genuine [Volkswagen] Golf rival".[2]

Background

[edit]

The Swedish carmaker[3][4] Volvo Cars began producing the C30 in 2006,[5][6] a compact, three-door hatchback.[7][8] The vehicle received a major facelift in 2009, introducing larger headlights, a larger grille and "an overall smoothing of [its] edges".[9] Volvo ended production of the C30 at the end of 2012.[10] It was—indirectly—replaced by the V40,[11] as was the S40 saloon and the V50 estate.[12]

Volvo introduced the V40 at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2012.[13][14] Official manufacture of the V40 began in the middle of May 2012 at the facility in Ghent, Belgium.[12] At launch, Volvo anticipated that 85 per cent of V40 sales would take place in Europe, with an expected annual sales volume of 90,000 units.[15] During the V40's design process, Volvo focused on competing with strengths seen in rivals like BMW; according to Peter Mertens, Volvo's chief of research and development, the V40 was intended to be "class-leading in fuel efficiency, safety and driving dynamics".[12]

Design

[edit]
Picture of a blue hatchback car with livery on the doors
Rear view

Under the direction of Peter Horbury and Steve Mattin,[16][17] the V40 was designed by Chris Benjamin.[18] As with most new models, Volvo's design teams in Camarillo and Barcelona competed with the headquarters in Gothenburg to pitch their concepts; ultimately, Benjamin's design was selected.[17] Whilst designing, Benjamin aimed to create "an emotionally engaging car that looked like a coupé but had the practicality and functionality of a five-door hatchback".[16]

The V40 is built upon Ford's Global C-car platform, which it shares with the third-generation of the Ford Focus.[19][20] It is a small family car (C-segment)[21][22] with five doors and a hatchback body style.[23][24] Its "curvaceous" exterior design draws inspiration from the S60 sedan, while the interior is "simple, clean and uncluttered".[15] The V40 possesses a front-wheel drive layout with a front engine placement.[25][26]

Powertrains

[edit]

Since its launch and up until its redesign, the V40 was available in nine distinct versions, which included six petrol engine models (designated with a "T" followed by a single-digit number) and three diesel engine models (marked with a "D" followed by a single-digit number). The T2 model's 2.0-litre produces a power output of 122 horsepower (91 kW) and a torque output of [convert: needs a number].[27]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Ingram 2017.
  2. ^ Top Gear 2015.
  3. ^ "Volvo's quiet image clashes with Ford's". The Orlando Sentinel.
  4. ^ "Ford to sell Volvo unit for $1.8B". The Journal News.
  5. ^ "Still sharp looking after all these years". Capital News.
  6. ^ Top Gear Philippines 2013.
  7. ^ Rechtin 2007.
  8. ^ "Smallest Volvo won't be mistaken for other compacts". The Oregonian.
  9. ^ Gall 2009.
  10. ^ Stoklosa 2012.
  11. ^ Crawford 2012.
  12. ^ a b c Gibbs 2012.
  13. ^ "Premium power from Volvo's new hatchback". Lancashire Telegraph.
  14. ^ "The best of what’s not coming here". The Toronto Star.
  15. ^ a b Pulman 2012.
  16. ^ a b Volvo Cars 2012.
  17. ^ a b Fowler 2012.
  18. ^ Bolduc 2012.
  19. ^ "Volvo V40 T3: Smooth, supple and stylish". Jordan Times.
  20. ^ Auto Express 2019.
  21. ^ "Volvo announces price of new V40 hatchback". The Independent.
  22. ^ Dredge 2018.
  23. ^ Wendler 2012.
  24. ^ Walton 2013.
  25. ^ "The facts: Volvo V40 D2 ES". The Daily Telegraph.
  26. ^ "A real turn-up for the books". Sunday Telegraph.
  27. ^ "Beefed-up Volvo targets British motorists". Evesham Journal.

Bibliography

[edit]

Websites

[edit]

Newspapers

[edit]

ve

[edit]
For a complete overview of all Commodore models, see Holden Commodore.

Holden Commodore (VE)
Front 3/4 view of a silver medium-sized sedan
Overview
ManufacturerHolden
Also called
ProductionJuly 2006 – May 2013 (sedan)
August 2007 – May 2013 (utility)
July 2008 – May 2013 (wagon)
AssemblyAustralia: Adelaide, South Australia (Elizabeth)
DesignerPeter Hughes (2003)
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size
Body style2-door coupé utility
4-door sedan
5-door station wagon
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drive
PlatformGM Zeta
RelatedBuick Park Avenue (China)
Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)
Holden Statesman/Caprice (WM)
Holden Special Vehicles GTS/Clubsport
Powertrain
Engine3.0 L LF1 V6
3.6 L LY7 V6
3.6 L LFX V6
6.0 L L98 V8 (Manual 2008–2010)
6.0 L L76 V8 (Auto 2008–2010)
6.0 L L77 V8
6.2 L LS3 V8 (HSV and Pontiac)
7.0 L LS7 V8 (HSV only)
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,915 mm (114.8 in) (sedan, wagon)
3,009 mm (118.5 in) (utility)
Length4,894–4,900 mm (192.7–192.9 in) (sedan)
4,896–4,904 mm (192.8–193.1 in) (wagon)
5,040–5,055 mm (198.4–199.0 in) (utility)
Width1,899 mm (74.8 in)
Height1,471–1,497 mm (57.9–58.9 in)
Kerb weight1,690–1,825 kg (3,726–4,023 lb) (sedan)
1,837–1,988 kg (4,050–4,383 lb) (wagon)
1,620–1,777 kg (3,571–3,918 lb) (utility)
Chronology
PredecessorHolden Commodore (VZ)
SuccessorHolden Commodore (VF)

The Holden Commodore (VE) is a full-size car that was produced from 2006 to 2013 by Holden—the Australian subsidiary of General Motors. Dubbed Holden's "billion dollar baby",[1][2] the car was available as the Holden Berlina—the mid-range model—and the Holden Calais—the luxury variant; utility models were marketed as the Holden Ute.

Succeeding the VZ series, the VE was the first iteration of the fourth generation of the Holden Commodore, a series of automobiles built between 1978 and 2020. Unlike its predecessors, which used Opel-sourced platforms adapted mechanically and in size for the local market, the VE was the first Commodore entirely designed and developed by Holden in Australia. To minimise export redevelopment costs, features such as a symmetrical centre console housing a flush-fitting hand brake lever facilitated the conversion to left-hand drive. The VE was internationally badge-engineered as the Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Omega, Bitter Vero Sport and Pontiac G8.

Holden introduced the VE variants in stages, beginning with the sedan in July 2006. Before this, Holden stated they would manufacture two parallel generations of Commodores until the launch of the station wagon and utility. Variants by Holden's performance vehicle partner, Holden Special Vehicles, were released soon after the sedan's debut alongside the long-wheelbase WM Statesman/Caprice models. The VE Ute entered production in 2007, coinciding with the unveiling of the Sportwagon concept car. The production version of the Sportwagon—which shared its 2,915 mm (114.8 in) wheelbase with the sedan instead of the extended wheelbase from the Caprice like previous models—was introduced in July 2008.

Holden introduced updates to the VE as model year changes starting in April 2007. Typically subtle, these recurring changes have involved alterations to colours and trim, increased standard equipment, and reduced fuel consumption. More noteworthy adjustments have come in the form of a smaller 3.0-litre V6 engine for entry-level versions and "Series II" styling revisions in September 2010.

Development

[edit]

Official manufacture of the VE sedan began at Holden's production facility in Elizabeth, South Australia, on 13 July 2006.[3] Three days later, Holden debuted the car at the Melbourne Convention Centre, broadcast simultaneously via the Internet.[4][5][6] Its debut occurred alongside that of the company's flagship model, the Statesman/Caprice (WM).[6] Before this, Holden announced that the VE station wagon and utility variants would be delayed, while the VZ equivalents would continue to be produced.[7] The VE Ute was revealed on 22 August 2007.[8] This was followed by the unveiling of the Sportwagon concept late that year,[9][10] the production version of which was released in July 2008.[11]

Sedan

[edit]

In 1999 Holden's designers and engineers began laying down the basics of a clean-sheet Commodore sedan.[12] In the seven years of development the car became Holden's largest and most expensive project, representing an expenditure of approximately A$1.03 billion and 3.4 million kilometres (2.1 million miles) of testing.[13][14] This investment gave it the sobriquet "billion dollar baby".[15]

By late 1998 the design chief Michael Simcoe had sketched a basic VE silhouette—a rakish sedan with a longer wheelbase and shorter overhangs—to guide management and designers. The sketch formed the design basis for the eventual production-ready car.[16] In early 1999 Peter Hughes—manager of exterior design for Holden—produced a two-dimensional image of a sketch drawn earlier by Simcoe.[17] By late 2000 eight initial exterior sketches were selected, then narrowed down to four through a voting process within the design team. These designs featured the same core elements: prominent wheel arches, an aggressive stance, dynamic lines, and short overhangs. Full-size clay models of the four chosen sketches were created.[18]

By July 2002 the speculative phase ended, and a single exterior design direction was chosen. With only four years left before the car's launch, and without having undergone practical testing or real-world engineering, the team turned to a computer-aided industrial design program, Autodesk Alias. One solitary VE concept was refined, sculpted and taken to Holden's Lang Lang Proving Ground, placed on the skidpan and scrutinised by designers and directors from up close and far away to assess how much prominence it had on the road.[18]

In February 2003 the designers provided important information to the engineering team, and by May 2003 the design was finalised and approved by Peter Hughes. By July 2003 the teams created the final design mock-up, featuring a fully transparent model with a glasshouse structure.[18][19] In 2004, two years before the release of the VE Commodore, Holden unveiled the Torana TT36 concept car at the Australian International Motor Show in Sydney.[20][21] This concept previewed the production Commodore and allowed Holden to assess public response to its exterior design. Some production-ready components such as the steering wheel and the handbrake lever were integrated from the TT36 into the production VE.[22]

After completing the initial design sketches Holden's engineers quickly began work on developing the chassis. Opel discontinued the rear-wheel drive Omega in 2003. Holden, who used this platform for all earlier Commodore models, had two options: adopt another General Motors (GM) platform or create a new architecture. GM's new premium rear-wheel drive Sigma platform, which was set to debut in the Cadillac CTS, was offered to Holden's engineers, but they believed that it was unsuitable for the car's requirements. The shoulder width in the rear seat was too narrow.[23][24] Holden chose to develop a new platform, the GM Zeta, which would also serve as the basis for several upcoming GM vehicles.[25] The car features a double-pivot MacPherson strut front suspension and a four-link independent rear suspension, replacing the earlier MacPherson strut front and semi-trailing arm rear designs.[26] Denny Mooney was appointed chairman of Holden in January 2004.[19] One of Mooney's priorities was to improve the perceived quality issues that surrounded the previous generations of Commodores. Mooney advocated for a reduction of panel gaps by an 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) over previous targets.[27] Using three-quarters high-strength steel and an intensive design, the body structure is 50 per cent stiffer than the outgoing model. Strength enhancements include the incorporation of tailor-welded blanks in the front chassis rails and floor reinforcing, resulting in a bare shell mass of 70 kilograms (150 lb). These advancements not only result in noise, vibration and harshness reductions but also lead to improved handling and crash safety.[28]

The development of the VE prompted Holden to redesign the facility in Elizabeth, South Australia, facilitating the assembly of entire sections of the car off the foremost production line. This production method allows for a seamless construction of complete sub-sections such as the engine and transmissions to be assembled on rigs that simplify production.[29] This process is applied to the front-end module of the VE Commodore, comprising its headlights, bumpers, airbag sensors and other accessory components. This modular construction permits the easy removal of the entire front-end as a single-piece unit, resulting in reduced repair costs and easier access to the engine bay.[30] This production technique was the first used by GM and won the SAE Australasia's 2006 "Automotive Engineering Excellence Award".[31] A modular design structure known as the "Flex" strategy has been applied to the interior where fundamentally different components such as audio units and instrument clusters can be swapped out for the various Commodore variants, creating radically varied interior look and feel without much higher costs. The upshot of this is much greater differentiation between the variants than the outgoing model, creating three distinct interior looks, dubbed Functional, Performance and Luxury.[32][33]

The VE model introduced several updates including a new four-strut hinge system for the boot, replacing the previous "gooseneck" hinges.[34] High-specification variants feature expandable door pockets and a "blackout" mode that illuminates only the speedometer at night.[35] The handbrake is flush-fitting and integrated into a symmetrical center console allowing it to be easily reversed for left-hand drive markets, reducing redesign and redevelopment costs.[33][36]

Sportwagon

[edit]
Rear three-quarters view of a silver station wagon car
Unlike its predecessor, which used a longer wheelbase, the Sportwagon (pictured) shares the sedan's 2,915 mm (114.8 in) wheelbase

Unveiled at the 2007 Australian International Motor Show in Melbourne,[37][38] the Sportwagon marked a departure from previous Commodore station wagons. Representing an A$110 million investment with over 500,000 kilometres (310,000 mi) of road testing,[14] the VE Sportwagon programme aimed to address the changing market dynamics of station wagons influenced by the growth of the sales of sport utility vehicles (SUV) and the overreliance on fleet purchasing. Recognising a shift away from traditional station wagons, Holden sought to develop a sportier and more stylish station wagon, dubbed the Sportwagon.[39] Up to 90 per cent of VZ wagons were bought by fleet companies and Holden desired to attract more retail customers and the decision was made to develop a lower, sportier wagon as an alternative to SUVs.[40]

The Sportwagon, unlike all models previous—which shared their long-wheelbase with the Statesman/Caprice—is built on the same 2,915 mm (114.8 in) wheelbase platform as the sedan.[38][41] While this adjustment resulted in a cargo capacity reduction from the VZ's 1,402 to 895 litres (370 to 236 US gal), the sedan's near 50:50 weight distribution is retained.[14][42] To ensure the cargo opening is large enough, the tailgate is hinged partway up the roofline.[43][44] The design of the tailgate is compact enough to open in just 268 millimetres (10.6 in) of space, a publicised feature in Sportwagon television commercials.[45] Suspension modifications were made to accommodate the Sportwagon's different design characteristics, including stiffer springs, alterations to the anti-roll bar and an additional ball joint in the rear suspension to handle the increased weight.[46] Compared to the sedan, kerb weight increases by about 91 kilograms (201 lb).[47]

Ute

[edit]
Rear three-quarters view of a white low coupe utility vehicle with two doors
The Ute (pictured) is built upon the Caprice's 3,009 mm (118.5 in) wheelbase
For an overview of all Holden Ute models, see Holden Ute.

The Holden Ute—the coupe utility version version[48]—was unveiled on 22 August 2007 via the Internet and is designed to be a "lifestyle vehicle", a shift from the traditional "workhorse" market.[49][50] The VE Ute program involved an investment of around AU$105.1 million.[14][51] The design was conceived in 2000 when the team began developing the design of the VE sedan and the global rear-wheel-drive architecture. At that time, many of the surfaces, details, and linework along the body side were incorporated to ensure the flexibility needed to extend the design to accommodate a Ute.[52] The Holden Ute shares its 3,009 millimetres (118.5 in) wheelbase with the WM Statesman/Caprice.[53] The horizontal tail-light theme is meant to give the Ute what Tony Stolfo—the chief designer of the VE—describes as "a more car-like persona", as does the raised numberplate housing and full one-piece bumper.[52][54]

Safety

[edit]

Engine placement was a contentious issue during development. Holden's designers advocated for the engine positioned well behind the front axle, aiming to achieve short overhangs and an overall sportier appearance. However, this approach raised concerns among crash engineers, who feared it would reduce the body's impact absorption in the event of an accident. To resolve the conflicting perspectives, negotiation was reached between designers and crash engineers, resulting in the relocation of engine components, including relocating the battery to the boot, freeing up valuable front-end space.[55] By having the engine moved back and further down, the VE Commodore also benefits from near-perfect 50:50 weight distribution across all variants, leading to superior handling.[56] Crash engineers implemented several other safety initiatives, including relocating the fuel tank in front of the rear-axle line, instead of behind.[57] In July 2006, Holden claimed that the VE featured one of the best body structures globally. An extensive series of assessments, comprising over 5,000 simulated tests and 79 live barrier tests, led to Holden announcing that the Commodore had one of the best body structures globally.[58] Crash test results from Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) rate the VE lower in the offset frontal impact test than the VZ. The overall crash score was marginally higher than the outgoing VZ, due to improvements in side impact protection giving a score of 27.45 out of 37 or a four-star rating out of a possible five.[59][60]

The standardisation of six airbags in March 2008 for the MY09 update made the VE eligible for the ANCAP side pole test, yielding additional scoring points. The second stage of the VE's safety rollout in October 2008 for MY09.5 included the addition of an energy-absorbing steering column shroud and redesigned rear door latches across the VE range. The Omega sedan, equipped with a seat belt reminder achieved another point, thus allowing it to bear a five-star rating with a score of 33.45 in December 2008.[61][62] The Omega Sportwagon was the next model to be awarded a five-star rating in February 2009, following the addition of a seat belt reminder in Sportwagon range.[63] Subsequent safety upgrades extended to other VE-based models, including the Ute and WM Statesman/Caprice, with the inclusion of the seat belt reminder becoming standard as part of the MY10 update in August 2009. Consequently, all VE sedan and Sportwagon variants along with the extended-wheelbase WM models received a five-star rating.[64] The VE Ute officially received the rating on 19 October 2009, making the entire line-up of Australian-made Holdens five-star ANCAP rated.[65][66]

Powertrains

[edit]
Front-three-quarters view of a beige-coloured sedan
Holden introduced a bi-fuel variant of the Alloytec V6—offered in the Omega (pictured) and Berlina models—in 2006.

Holden, recognising the risks of simultaneously introducing a new platform and drivetrain, introduced the Australian-built Alloytec V6 engine derived from the proven VZ model. This allowed Holden to identify and rectify any issues or faults before integrating it into the production VE.[67] The original base V6 benefited from power increases compared to the VZ, with engine noise decreased by implementing new timing chains, among other modifications.[68] The four-speed GM 4L60-E automatic transmission—first introduced on the VL—remained for this engine, incorporating subtle alterations to its functionality. Manual transmission options are the Aisin AY6 and Tremec TR6060 six-speed, while two automatics featuring Active Select functionality were offered as the five-speed GM 5L40-E and six-speed GM 6L80-E.[69] The latter was reserved exclusively for a modified L76 V8 engine, giving an extra 10 kilowatts (13 hp) of power compared to the VZ. This new engine, internally designated L98, does not readily support fuel-saving Active Fuel Management (AFM) technology, unlike the L76.[70]

In October 2006 Holden introduced a bi-fuel variant of the Alloytec V6, offered in the Omega and Berlina models. This version can run on both petrol and LPG, incorporating an advanced Sequential Vapour Gas Injection system and reinforced valve seats for durability. The bi-fuel V6 delivers slightly lower performance—5 kW (7 hp) and 5 N⋅m (4 lb⋅ft) less than the conventional V6 when running on LPG, resulting in a total of 175 kW (235 hp). Although LPG prices are lower than petrol, the engine uses a large 100 kg (220 lb) cylindrical gas tank which causes decreased boot space and slightly increased fuel consumption.[71] On 10 April 2007 due to the possibility that the bi-fuel Commodores may have been fitted with undersized O-rings in the service valve hand tap Holden issued a recall affecting model produced between November 2006 and April 2007.[72] There were also two VE recalls previous to this. The initial 16 October 2006 recall affecting 1,521 V8 Commodore and WM Statesman/Caprice models involved a faulty fuel hose, causing a fuel smell to enter the cabin.[73] A second 10 November 2006 recall affecting 12,830 Commodores and WM models built before 11 September 2006 resulted from defective rear seat belt anchors.[74] On 7 December 2007 another recall was issued for over 86,000 VE and WM V6 models. This was due to the possibility that one of the fuel lines in the engine compartment may have a rub condition with a fuel vapour hose clip, possibly causing a fuel smell to become evident.[75][76]

The internal parts of the front left of a light cyan sedan, revealing its engine and some of its wheels, and its suspension setup
Internal cut-away revealing the VE Calais (MY07 pictured) engine bay and suspension setup

On 21 October 2008 Holden disclosed the upgrades involving the MY09.5 updates. Alterations involved the standardisation of the Alloytec V6 across the entire Commodore range from November 2008, whereas it was previously exclusive to the SV6 and Calais.[77][78] The Omega and Berlina variants gained variable valve timing similar to the High Output engine, however, the "premium" dual exhaust system and the five-speed automatic are excluded. The upshot of this is an output reduction of 5 kW (7 hp) and 5 N⋅m (4 lb⋅ft) compared to the engine it replaces. However, Omega and Berlina sedans and Sportwagons benefit from a two and four per cent fuel efficiency improvement, respectively.[79] Furthermore, emissions have also been reduced allowing petrol-powered variants to achieve a Euro VI certification, an emission standard that was introduced in Europe in 2014. These changes extend further than the petrol engine as bi-fuel LPG variants benefit from an eight per cent improvement in fuel economy when running on LPG.[80] Nevertheless, the reduced fuel consumption does however, signify a trade-off: LPG-equipped models now produce 318 N⋅m (235 lb⋅ft), which is 7 N⋅m (5 lb⋅ft) less than before.[81] Also announced in 2008 was a version of the 6.0-litre V8 engine featuring General Motors' AFM technology, designated L76. Originally omitted from the L98 V8, AFM contributes to enhanced fuel consumption during light engine loads. However, it is available only with models featuring an automatic transmission and power output is reduced by 10 kilowatts (13 hp).[82] The announcement of AFM coincided with the announcement of EcoLine, a badge highlighting Holden vehicles employing fuel-saving technologies. In the case of the VE Commodore, both AFM and LPG-powered versions are encompassed under the EcoLine designation.[79] On 7 April 2009 dealerships began receiving the first EcoLine-branded models.[83]

On 4 August 2009 Holden announced the MY10 revisions to the VE and WM range.[84] For the Omega and Berlina, the 3.6-litre Alloytec V6 has been superseded by a 3.0-litre engine, the lowest engine displacement of a Commodore since the straight-six engine fitted to the 1986 VL series. The new engine receives Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) technology, officially claimed to yield a fuel consumption reduction of up to 12 percent contingent upon the variant. Power increases to 190 kW (255 hp), albeit with a reduction in torque to 290 N⋅m (214 lbf⋅ft).[85] Along with the 3.0-litre engine, a newly-developed 3.6-litre version of the same, producing 210 kW (282 hp) and 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft), was also unveiled. Other than the manual transmission version of the SV6, all SIDI V6 models are coupled to GM's 6L50 automatic and fall under Holden's EcoLine designation.[86] Benefits to fuel economy for the 3.6-litre SIDI can also be attributed to an improved "deceleration fuel cut" system, which halts the fuel supply during engine coasting, a more efficient alternator and voltage regulator, a 50 revolution per minute (rpm) reduction in idle speed (to 550 rpm), and the incorporation of a "turbine damper" for the automatic transmission suppresses vibrations at low RPMs, thus enabling earlier upshifts.[87] The Omega iterations of the Ute, as well as all bi-fuel variants, retain the 3.6-litre engine coupled with a four-speed automatic transmission, but alterations were made to the LPG engine to achieve additional gains in efficiency.[85]

Significant updates were introduced in late August 2010 with the MY11 Series II upgrades.[88] The Omega versions of the Ute were upgraded to the 3.0-litre SIDI engine paired with a six-speed automatic transmission, as used in the sedan and wagons versions.[89] Holden also modified the 3.0-litre V6 to accept E85 bio-ethanol in addition to petrol, stating that using E85 provides a sizeable increase in performance and reduces CO2 emissions between 20 and 40 per cent, depending on the distance the fuel is transported from the production site to the filling station.[90] E85 compatibility was extended to the 3.6-litre V6 as part of the MY12 update in September 2011.[91]

Eng. disp.; configuration Engine Power[note 1] Torque Transmission Fuel type Fuel consumption (sedan) Production Ref.
3.6 L (3,564 cc); V6[93] Alloytec (LE0)[93] 180 kW (241 hp) 330 N⋅m (243 lbf⋅ft) 4-speed GM 4L60-E automatic Petrol 10.9 L/100 km (21.6 mpg‑US) 2006–2007 [98]
10.8 L/100 km (21.8 mpg‑US) 2007–2008 [99][100]
175 kW (235 hp) 325 N⋅m (240 lbf⋅ft) 10.6 L/100 km (22.2 mpg‑US) 2008–2009 [101][102]
Petrol/LPG (bi-fuel)[note 2] 16.0 L/100 km (14.7 mpg‑US) 2006–2007 [104]
15.5 L/100 km (15.2 mpg‑US) 2007–2008 [78][105]
318 N⋅m (235 lb⋅ft) 14.2 L/100 km (16.6 mpg‑US) 2008–2009 [78][81]
13.4 L/100 km (17.6 mpg‑US) 2009–2012 [85][106]
High Output Alloytec (LY7)[93] 195 kW (261 hp) 340 N⋅m (251 lbf⋅ft) 6-speed Aisin AY6 manual Petrol 11.0 L/100 km (21.4 mpg‑US) 2006–2009 [109]
5-speed GM 5L40-E automatic 11.3 L/100 km (20.8 mpg‑US) [112]
3.0 L (2,997 cc); V6[113] SIDI (LF1)[114] 190 kW (255 hp) 290 N⋅m (214 lbf⋅ft) 6-speed GM 6L50 automatic Petrol 9.3 L/100 km (25.3 mpg‑US) 2009–2010 [114]
Petrol/E85 9.1 L/100 km (25.8 mpg‑US) 2010–2011 [115][116]
8.9 L/100 km (26.4 mpg‑US) 2011–2013 [91][117]
3.6 L (3,564 cc); V6[118] SIDI (LLT)[119] 210 kW (282 hp) 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft) 6-speed Aisin AY6 manual Petrol 10.2 L/100 km (23.1 mpg‑US) 2009–2010 [120][121]
9.8 L/100 km (24.0 mpg‑US) 2010–2013 [125]
6-speed GM 6L50 automatic 9.9 L/100 km (23.8 mpg‑US) 2009–2010 [126]
9.8 L/100 km (24.0 mpg‑US) 2010–2011 [127]
SIDI (LFX)[128] Petrol/E85 9.5 L/100 km (24.8 mpg‑US) 2011–2013 [129][130]
SIDI (LWR)[131] 180 kW (241 hp) 320 N⋅m (236 lbf⋅ft) LPG 12.3 L/100 km (19.1 mpg‑US) 2012–2013 [134]
6.0 L (5,967 cc); V8[135] Generation 4 Alloy (L98)[136] 270 kW (362 hp) 530 N⋅m (391 lbf⋅ft) 6-speed Tremec T-56 manual Petrol 14.4 L/100 km (16.3 mpg‑US) 2006–2009 [137][138]
13.7 L/100 km (17.2 mpg‑US) 2009–2010 [139][140]
6-speed GM 6L80-E automatic 14.3 L/100 km (16.4 mpg‑US) 2006–2009 [138][141]
Generation 4 Alloy (AFM) (L76)[142] 260 kW (349 hp) 517 N⋅m (381 lb⋅ft) 12.9 L/100 km (18.2 mpg‑US) 2009 [145]
12.6 L/100 km (18.7 mpg‑US) 2009–2010 [146][147]
Generation 4 Alloy (L77)[148] 270 kW (362 hp) 530 N⋅m (391 lbf⋅ft) 6-speed Tremec T-56 manual Petrol/E85 12.2 L/100 km (19.3 mpg‑US) 2010–2013 [152]
Generation 4 Alloy (AFM) (L77)[153] 260 kW (349 hp) 517 N⋅m (381 lb⋅ft) 6-speed GM 6L80-E automatic 12.6 L/100 km (18.7 mpg‑US) 2010–2011 [154][155]
12.3 L/100 km (19.1 mpg‑US) 2011–2013 [88][156]

Models

[edit]
Rear-three-quarters view of a beige-coloured sedan
MY07 Commodore Omega sedan
Front-three-quarters view of a silver-coloured sedan
Rear-three-quarters view of a silver-coloured sedan
MY06 Commodore SV6 sedan
Front-three-quarters view of a silver-coloured sedan
Rear-three-quarters view of a silver-coloured sedan
MY09 Commodore SS V sedan
Front-three-quarters view of a gold-coloured sedan
Rear-three-quarters view of a gold-coloured sedan
MY09 Calais V sedan

Commodore Omega

[edit]

Replacing both the outgoing Commodore Executive and Acclaim, the Omega is the entry-level option regarding equipment levels.[157][158] The most significant gain over the Executive is inclusion of the Bosch version 8.0 electronic stability control system as a standard feature across the range.[159] The Omega, along with all VE models, comes with a "space saver" spare tyre, which has faced criticism. Concerns have been raised about its practicality; the Royal Automobile Club of Victoria has published studies indicating that these temporary spare tyres significantly reduce a car's driving dynamics. There are concerns regarding the availability of certain tyre sizes in remote areas.[160] Similar concerns have been raised in the media, though Holden argues that the "space saver" spare tyre is a weight-saving feature, with the option for customers to purchase a full-size spare tyre at an additional cost.[161][162] Critics also highlighted the absence of standard air conditioning for the Omega model;[163] however, this was rectified in the MY09 upgrade of the Omega.[164]

Holden offered five limited edition models based on the Commodore Omega. Launched in the middle of 2006, the V-Series Commodore featured air conditioning, a sports-oriented body kit, 17-inch alloy wheels, a rear spoiler, and colour-matched wing mirrors and exterior door handles.[165][166] Debuting in June 2007, the Lumina model, in addition to the features of the Omega, included Bluetooth phone connectivity and rear parking sensors.[167] Released on May 1, 2008, the 60th Anniversary model commemorated the sixtieth anniversary of the 48–215—the company's first model. It included unique 18-inch alloy wheels, leather seat inserts, and special "60th Anniversary" badging.[168][169] Available from March 2009 in sedan and Sportwagon variants, the International models featured alloy wheels from the Calais V, front fog lamps, a six-disc CD changer, leather trim, and Bluetooth connectivity.[170] A reintroduced version in October 2009 came with a choice of a 3.0-litre SIDI V6 engine with a six-speed automatic transmission, or a 3.6-liter LPG Alloytec V6 with a four-speed automatic (sedan only), as well as 18-inch alloy wheels and a Berlina grille.[171] Unveiled on September 5, 2012, to commemorate the discontinuation of the VE before the introduction of the VF models, the Z Series was designed to combine luxury and sports features to appeal to a wide audience. Available in the Omega, SV6, SS, and SS V variants, it offered leather seats (in Omega and SS V), Bluetooth connectivity, rear parking sensors, a rear parking camera, and alloy wheels in various sizes. The series was available in sedan, Sportwagon, and Ute body styles, with minimal variations between the three.[172][173]

Commodore SV6

[edit]

The SV6 builds on the Omega with a more powerful High Output version of the Alloytec V6 engine, paired with either a six-speed manual or a five-speed automatic transmission.[107][174] Unlike the launch Omega, air conditioning comes standard in the SV6.[175][176] It also features the "FE2" suspension, which incorporates a lowered body, firmer springs and heavier dampers.[177] The SV6 possesses a Performance-style interior, in contrast to the Omega's Functional-style interior.[32] The SV6 Z Series, launched on 5 September 2012, was introduced alongside the Omega model; as aforementioned, this series was designed to clear out the final VE models before the introduction of the VF. While the Z Series retained the same mechanical components as the standard SV6, it featured several enhancements, including 19-inch alloy wheels, leather-bolstered seats, Z Series badging, custom carpets, a rearview camera, and rear parking sensors.[172][173]

Commodore VE SS

[edit]

The Commodore SS uses the 6.0-litre V8 engine and T-56 six-speed manual transmission, and has quad exhaust outlets.[137][178] In both 2006 and 2007 the SS won the Motor magazine's "Bang For Your Bucks" award.[179] The subsequent introduction of the SS V marked Holden's first application of the "V-Series" naming convention on a series-produced car, which was implemented to differentiate specific models from special edition programmes.[180] The SS V offers extra luxuries at a similar price point to the preceding SS. Its interior can be distinguished by the metallic-style pedals and instruments matched with the exterior colour. The entire dashboard could be optioned in bright red, orange and black.[181] The exterior of the SS V exhibits five-spoke 19-inch alloy wheels and the option of larger 20-inch wheels.[182]

Holden produced two special editions of the VE SS. Launched on 1 May 2008, the SS V 60th Anniversary incorporated additional features over the standard SS V. These included 10-spoke 20-inch alloy wheels, satellite navigation, rear parking sensors, a high-mounted rear spoiler, chrome exterior door handle accents and "60th Anniversary" badging and floor mats.[168] After the Pontiac brand was discontinued in North America in 2009, Holden fitted approximately 1,500 Commodore SS Vs with the Pontiac G8 front-end fascia and other features.[183][184] This special edition was unveiled at the Deniliquin Ute Muster on 2 October 2009, with sales beginning in November.[185] The SS V-Series Special Edition was produced in three body styles—sedan, utility, and Sportwagon—with 500 units of each, unlike the Pontiac G8, which was available only as a sedan.[186]

Berlina

[edit]

As the mid-range VE model, the Berlina maintains a similar level of equipment to that of the Omega.[187] The exterior styling is similar to the Omega but gains extra touches such as larger tail-lights, front fog lamps, seven-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels and the Luxury-type interior.[188][189][32] The Berlina International was based on the Series II Berlina and was available as both a sedan or wagon. It includes leather trim, 18-inch alloy wheels and a reversing camera.[190][191]

Calais

[edit]

The Calais—the flagship of the VE range—pairs the High Output Alloytec V6 engine with the five-speed automatic transmission.[192][193] Like the SS, an upscale V-Series edition is available.[182] Two special editions of the Calais were produced. Based on the Series I model, the Calais V International was available with V6 or V8 and auto transmission. The model featured 19-inch alloy wheels, chrome exterior door handles, colour satellite navigation and alloy-faced pedals.[194] The Calais V 60th Anniversary Edition features an electronic sunroof, 19-inch alloy wheels, a leather interior, alloy-faced pedals and chrome exterior door handles.[195]

Model year changes

[edit]

Like the VZ model before it the fourth-generation of the Commodore continued the tradition of significant updates, often marked by new model designations—such as the third-generation update with the VT, followed by the VX, VY and VZ models—interspersed with "Series II" and occasionally "Series III" revisions. Throughout the VE's lifespan Holden also introduced a series of ongoing changes, identified by the model year (MY).[196][197][198]

Series I

[edit]
Rear-three-quarters view of a beige-coloured sedan
MY07 Commodore Omega sedan

The MY09 models were launched on 15 March 2008. Six airbags became standard across the range, replacing the previous two airbags in the Omega variant and four in the SV6. Standard features like air conditioning, 16-inch alloy wheels, body-coloured wing mirrors and door handles, and a new grille insert with chrome accents were added to the Omega models.[164] The subsequent MY09.5 upgrades affected models ordered from 21 October 2008 and produced from November.[77][78] These updates included standardising the instrument cluster illumination and removing the turn-by-turn navigation and Berlina V8 options. The "premium" version of the Alloytec V6 was introduced to the Omega and Berlina, offering improved fuel consumption with a slight reduction in engine output (see above).[77] Various safety upgrades were also implemented (see above).[62] Additional MY09.5 changes were introduced in March 2009. The space-saver spare wheel were discontinued and replaced by two no-cost options: either a lightweight tyre inflator kit or a full-size spare wheel (previously an extra cost).[199] Sportwagon variants of the Calais V and SS V receive an alloy spare wheel if the full-size spare is chosen, while the remainder of the line-up receives a steel wheel spare.[200] Holden also replaced the dark-grey horizontal dashboard strip and steering wheel spokes on the SV6, SS, and SS V with a matte silver finish.[201] The safety improvements made to the Omega sedan from October production onwards were also introduced for the Omega Sportwagon (see above).[63]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Power figures are measured in accordance with the ECE standard.[92]
  2. ^ Performance and fuel economy figures attained when running on LPG. The engine will produce the same figures as the conventional Alloytec V6 when run on petrol, with economy rated at 11.7 L/100 km (20.1 mpg‑US) for the original-release engine.[103]

Citations

[edit]
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Bibliography

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  • Butler, Glenn; Dowling, Joshua; Hagon, Toby; Newton, Bruce (2006). "VE Commodore eMag" (PDF). Drive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  • McCarthy, Mike; McKay, Peter; Newton, Bruce; Robinson, Peter (2006). "2006 Collector's Edition VE Commodore: The Full Story". Wheels.
  • Robinson, Peter (2006). AutoBiography: The Inside Story of Holden's All-New VE Commodore. Focus Publishing. ISBN 1-921156-10-4.

gs

[edit]
For a complete overview of all GS models, see Lexus GS.

Lexus GS
Front three-quarters view of a black sedan
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Model codeS190[1]
ProductionJanuary 2005 – December 2011
AssemblyJapan: Tahara, Aichi (Tahara plant)
DesignerYasuhide Hosoda, Isoroku Yamada, and Sotiris Kovos (2003)
Body and chassis
ClassExecutive
Body style4-door sedan
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drive
Front-engine, all-wheel drive
PlatformToyota N
RelatedLexus IS (XE20)
Lexus LS (XF40)
Powertrain
Engine3.0 L 3GR-FSE V6 (petrol)
3.5 L 2GR-FSE V6 (petrol/hybrid)
4.3 L 3UZ-FE V8 (petrol)
4.6 L 1UR-FE V8 (petrol)
Transmission6-speed automatic
8-speed automatic
CVT
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,850 mm (112.2 in)[2]
Length4,826 mm (190.0 in)[3]
Width1,821 mm (71.7 in)[4]
Height1,425–1,435 mm (56.1–56.5 in)[5][6]
Chronology
PredecessorLexus GS (S160)
SuccessorLexus GS (L10)

The Lexus GS (S190) is an executive car. It is a four-door sedan that is the third generation of the Lexus GS—a series of vehicles produced between 1993 and 2020. The S190 model itself was produced between 2005 and 2011 by Lexus—the luxury vehicle division of the Japanese automaker Toyota.

The development of the GS began in 2000 under the chief engineer Shigetoshi Miyoshi and took forty months. Styling of the exterior and the interior started under Yasuhide Hosoda. A concept car called the LF-S debuted at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 2003. Its design patent was filed in December 2003, preceding a public unveiling of a pre-production model at the North American International Auto Show in January 2004, the production version of which was unveiled at the same show in the subsequent year. Official manufacture began at the facility in Tahara, Aichi, in January 2005.

Suceeding the S160 model, the S190 offered numerous engine options, comprising a 3.0-litre V6, 4.3-litre V8, 4.6-litre V8, and a 3.5-litre V6 petrol-hybrid. Three transmission options were available: a six- and eight-speed automatic for the petrol models, whilst the hybrid model included a continuously variable transmission. The GS has received numerous awards, including the iF Product Design Award from the International Forum Design in 2007. Manufacture of the S190 ended in December 2011, and Lexus replaced it with the L10 in 2012.

Development

[edit]

The development of the fourth generation GS began in 2000 under chief engineer Shigetoshi Miyoshi. He explained that the project was guided by three core design principles: simplicity, contrast and dynamism. The development process took forty months, longer than usual, as the GS was intended to hold a prominent position within the Lexus lineup.[7] Both the exterior and interior styling were led by the designer Yasuhide Hosoda around the time the L-finesse design philosophy came to fruition in 2001.[8][9] In October 2003 a concept car called the LF-S—an acronym for Lexus Future Sedan[10][11]—debuted at the Tokyo Motor Show.[12][13] The GS' design patent was filed on 22 December 2003 by Hosoda, Isoroku Yamada, and Sotiris Kovos,[14] preceding a public unveiling of a pre-production model at the North American International Auto Show in January 2004,[15] the production version of which was unveiled at the same show in the subsequent year.[16] Official manufacture of the S190 began at the the facility in Tahara, Aichi, in January 2005.[17]

Design

[edit]

Exterior and interior

[edit]
Rear three-quarters view of a black sedan
Rear view

The GS is a four-door fastback[18][19] that is classified as an executive car.[20][21] It is based upon the N platform.[22][23] The third-generation GS was the first Lexus model to use the brand's new L-finesse design philosophy.[24][25] It retained the quad headlamp design from the second-generation model.[26][27] Its elongated bonnet, sleek windscreen, and curvaceous silhouette contribute to a drag coefficient figure of Cd=0.27.[28][29] The design features include a prominent front valance with a large air inlet and integrated fog lamps, side rocker extensions, a short rear end with a tall rear valance, and dual stainless steel-tipped exhaust pipes.[29]

The GS interior offered options such as ash leather with black Bird's-eye maple wood trim, cashmere leather with brown Bird's-eye maple trim, or black leather with walnut trim.[30] Standard features included water-repellent front door glass, side mirrors with puddle lamps, an auto-dimming rearview mirror, ten-way power and heated front seats, a power tilt/telescoping steering wheel, and a power-operated trunk closer.[37] The GS sedans included Lexus' SmartAccess keyless system, which introduced a standard push-button start feature.[38][39] It has a driver-side hidden drop-down panel for less frequently used controls and a standard seven-inch touchscreen display in the centre console.[40][41] Optional features included a power moonroof, ventilated front seats with perforated leather, a power rear sunshade, rain-sensing wipers, a 5.1 surround sound system with 14 speakers and 330-watt Mark Levinson audio, XM satellite radio, and a DVD-based navigation system with a backup camera and Bluetooth technology.[48]

Safety systems

[edit]
Cutaway of a four-door mid-size sedan
Cutaway of the Lexus GS 450h

The third-generation Lexus GS came equipped with dual front airbags, front driver and passenger knee airbags, front and rear side curtain airbags, and front row side torso airbags as standard features, with rear row side torso airbags available as an option.[49][50] An Adaptive Front-lighting System was standard on the V8 model while optional on the V6 model.[51][52] An optional radar-based Pre-Collision System with Dynamic Radar Cruise Control could apply up to 0.3g of deceleration if the driver failed to respond to crash warnings.[53][54] Standard features across all models included anti-lock brakes, electronic brakeforce distribution, brake assist, and Vehicle Stability Control.[55][56] The GS 430, 460 and 450h incorporate Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management and Variable Gear Ratio Steering.[57][58][59] It became standardised in the GS 350 in 2008.[60]

In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests the GS received a "Good" overall rating in both frontal and side impact tests, achieving "Good" in 13 of the 14 measured categories.[61][62] In 2005, the European New Car Assessment Programme awarded the GS the maximum five stars for Adult Occupant protection, four stars for Child Occupant protection, and two out of four stars for Pedestrian safety.[63]

Models

[edit]

GRS191 / UZS190 (2005)

[edit]
Front-three quarters view of a silver sedan
2007 Lexus GS 300 (GRS190)

On 30 August 2005, the GS 350 (GRS191) and GS 430 (UZS190) were launched for sale.[64] The GS 350 features a 3.5-litre 2GR-FSE V6 engine with direct injection.[65][66] The engine of the initial GS 350 produces

References

[edit]
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  11. ^ Treece, James B; Yamaguchi, Yuzo, "Sizing up the Tokyo show", Automotive News, vol. 78, no. 6063, pp. 20–21
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