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Coordinates: 32°32′25″N 44°36′17″E / 32.54028°N 44.60472°E / 32.54028; 44.60472
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This page is about the ancient Sumerian city. For the hypothesis about the culture of the city, see Kish civilization.
Not to be confused with Kesh (Sumer).
Kish
Image: 300 pixels
Ruins of Kish at time of excavation
Kish is located in Iraq
Kish
Kish
Shown within Iraq
LocationTell al-Uhaymir, Babil Governorate, Iraq
RegionMesopotamia
Coordinates32°32′25″N 44°36′17″E / 32.54028°N 44.60472°E / 32.54028; 44.60472
TypeSettlement
History
FoundedUbaid period
PeriodsUbaid to Hellenistic

Kish (Sumerian: Kiš; transliteration: Kiški; cuneiform: 𒆧𒆠;[1] Akkadian: kiššatu,[2] near modern Tell al-Uhaymir) is an important archaeological site in Babil Governorate (Iraq), located 80 kilometers south of Baghdad and 12 kilometers east of the ancient city of Babylon. The Ubaid period site of Ras al-Amiyah is 8 kilometers away. It was occupied from the Ubaid to Hellenistic periods.[3] In Early Dynastic times the city's patron deity was Inanna with her consort Enki. Her temple, at Tell Ingharra, was (E)-hursag-kalama.[4][5] By Old Babylonian times the patron deity had become Zababa, along with his consort, the goddess Bau. His temple Emeteursag (later Ekišiba) was at Uhaimir.[6]

History

[edit]
The ancient cities of Sumer.

Kish was occupied from the Ubaid period (c.5300-4300 BC), gaining prominence as one of the pre-eminent powers in the region during the Early Dynastic Period when it reached its maximum extent of 230 hectares.[7][8]

Early history

[edit]

The Sumerian king list states that Kish was the first city to have kings following the deluge,[9] beginning with Ĝushur. Ĝushur's successor is called Kullassina-bel, but this is actually a sentence in Akkadian meaning "All of them were lord". Thus, some scholars have suggested that this may have been intended to signify the absence of a central authority in Kish for a time. The names of the next nine kings of Kish preceding Etana are Nanĝišlišma, En-tarah-ana, Babum, Puannum, Kalibum, Kalumum, Zuqaqip, Aba, Mašda, and Arwium. These names are all Akkadian words for animals, e.g. Zuqaqip "scorpion". The East Semitic nature of these and other early names associated with Kish reveals that its population had a strong Semitic (Akkadian speaking) component from Early Dynastic I period on. Archaeological finds from the Uruk period indicate that the site was part of the Uruk Expansion and hence originally Sumerian and Sumerian language speaking.[10][11] Ignace Gelb identified Kish as the center of the earliest East Semitic culture which he calls the Kish civilization,[12] however the concept was discarded by more recent scholarship in 2021.[13] According to legend, after the flood, the kingship was given to Kish, with Etana as king.[14] Ancient Sumerian sources describe Etana as 'the shepherd who ascended to Heaven and made firm all the lands'.[14] This implies a cultural belief that Etana stabilized the kingdom by bringing peace and order to the area after the Flood.[14] Etana is also sometimes credited with the founding of Kish.

The twenty-first king of Kish on the list, Enmebaragesi, who is said to have captured the weapons of Elam, is the first name confirmed by archaeological finds from his reign.[4] He is also known through other literary references, in which he and his son Aga of Kish are portrayed as contemporary rivals of Dumuzid, the Fisherman, and Gilgamesh, early rulers of Uruk.

Some early kings of Kish are known through archaeology, but are not named on the King list. These include Utug or Uhub, said to have defeated Hamazi in the earliest days, and Mesilim, who built temples in Adab and Lagash, where he seems to have exercised some control.[4]

Mesannepada, Lugal Kish-ki (𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕 𒈗 𒆧𒆠), "Mesannepada, King of Kish", on a seal impression found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.[15][16] The last column of characters, is thought to mean "his wife..." (𒁮𒉡𒍼, dam-nu-gig).[15]

After its early supremacy, Kish declined economically and militarily, but retained a strong political and symbolic significance.[17] Its influence reached as far west as the city of Ebla near the Mediterranean Sea, as shown by the Ebla tablets.[18][19] Just as with Nippur to the south, control of Kish was a prime element in legitimizing dominance over the north of Mesopotamia. Because of the city's symbolic value, strong rulers later claimed the traditional title "King of Kish", even if they were from Akkad, Ur, Assyria, Isin, Larsa or Babylon.[20] One of the earliest to adopt this title upon subjecting Kish to his empire was King Mesannepada of Ur.[21]

Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian Empire, came from the area near Kish, called Azupiranu according to a much later Neo-Assyrian text purporting to be an autobiography of Sargon.[22]

Later history

[edit]
Macehead inscription of Manishtushu, ruler of the Akkadian Empire: Manishtushu Lugal Kish, "Manishtushu King of Kish"

After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, Kish became the capital of a small independent kingdom. One king, named Ashduniarim, ruled around the same time as Lipit-Ishtar of Isin. By the early part of the First Dynasty of Babylon, during the reigns of Sumu-abum and Sumu-la-El, Kish appears to have come under the rule of another city-state, possibly Kutha. Iawium, king of Kish around this time, ruled as a vassal of kings named Halium and Manana. Sumu-la-El conquered Kish and, later, subjugated Halium and Manana, bringing their territories into the expanding Babylonian Empire. The First Dynasty kings Hammurabi and Samsu-iluna undertook construction at Kish, with the former restoring the city's ziggurat and the latter building a wall around Kish. By this time, the eastern settlement at Hursagkalama had become viewed as a distinct city, and it was probably not included in the walled area.[10]

After the Old Babylonian period, however, Kish appears to have declined in importance; it is only mentioned in a few documents from the later second millennium BC. During the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, Kish is mentioned more frequently in texts. However, by this time, Kish proper (Tell al-Uhaymir) had been almost completely abandoned, and the settlement that texts from this period call "Kish" was probably Hursagkalama (Tell Ingharra).[10]

After the Achaemenid period, Kish completely disappears from the historical record; however, archaeological evidence indicates that the town remained in existence for a long time thereafter.[10] Although the site at Tell al-Uhaymir was mostly abandoned, Tell Ingharra was revived during the Parthian period, growing into a sizeable town with a large mud-brick fortress. During the Sasanian period, the site of the old city was completely abandoned in favor of a string of connected settlements spread out along both sides of the Shatt en-Nil canal. This last incarnation of Kish prospered under Sasanian and then Islamic rule, before finally abandoned during the later years of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).[23]

Archaeology

[edit]

Kish is located east of Babylon and 80 km (50 mi) south of Baghdad. The Kish archaeological site is an oval area roughly 8 by 3 km (5 by 2 mi), transected by the dry former bed of the Euphrates River, encompassing around 40 mounds, the largest being Uhaimir and Ingharra.

After irregularly excavated tablets began appearing at the beginning of the twentieth century, François Thureau-Dangin identified the site as being Kish.[24] Those tablets ended up in a variety of museums. Because of its close proximity to Babylon (of which early explorers believed it was part) the site was visited by a number of explorers and travelers in the 19th century, some involving excavation, most notably by the foreman of Hormuzd Rassam who dug there with a crew of 20 men for a number of months. Austen Henry Layard and also Julius Oppert dug some trenches there in the early 1850s. None of this early work was published. A French archaeological team under Henri de Genouillac excavated at Tell Uhaimir for three months in January 1912, finding some 1,400 Old Babylonian tablets which were distributed to the Istanbul Archaeology Museum and the Louvre. At Tell Bander he uncovered Parthian materials.[25][26]

Later, a joint Field Museum and University of Oxford team under Stephen Langdon excavated from 1923 to 1933, with the recovered materials split between Chicago and the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. The main focus of the excavations was at Tell Ingharra and Tell Uhaimir.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] The actual excavations at Tell Uhaimir were led initially by E. MacKay and later by L. C. Watelin. Work on the faunal and flora remains was conducted by Henry Field.[34][35][36] A bone awl from Phase 2 in the YWN area, the transition between Early Dynastic and Akkadian periods, was accelerator radiocarbon dated to 2471–2299 BC (3905 ± 27 C14 years BP).[37]

More recently, a Japanese team from the Kokushikan University led by Hideo Fuji and Ken Matsumoto excavated at Tell Uhaimir in 1989-89, 2000, and 2001. The final season lasted only one week. Work was focused mainly on Tell A with some time spent at the plano-convex building.[38][39][40]

In the Chicago expedition to Kish in 1923-1933, several other sections are included:

  • Tell Ingharra – Twin ziggurats and Neo-Babylonian Temple Complex.
  • Area P: Located in the Northern part of Kish which the Plano-convex Building resided
  • Mound A, which includes a palace and a cemetery
  • Tell H, identified roughly as "The Sasanian Settlement"[31]

Tell Uhaimir

[edit]

This site consists of three subtells (T, X, and Z). Tell Z was the location of one of the main ziggurats which at Tell X a 1st Millennium BC fort was uncovered and at Tell T some Old Babylonian structures. Between Uhaimir and Ingharra are three smaller tells and further east Tell W where an entire Neo-Babylonian archive was found consisting of about 1000 tablets.

Tell Ingharra

[edit]

Located in the eastern side of the ancient Kish, Tell Ingharra was extensively explored during the Chicago excavation and provided the best known archaeological sequence in the 3rd millennium BC site. The site consists of several subtells (A, B, D, E, F, G, H, and Tell Bandar which is made up of Tells C and V).[41][42] In particular, the 1923 excavation concentrated heavily on mound E with its twin ziggurats, while the Neo-Babylonian temple was one of the two buildings that was properly described in a published report.[43]

The twin ziggurats were built of small plano-convex bricks in a herringbone fashion on the summit of Tell Ingharra.[44] The larger one is located on the south-west side of the temple and the smaller one on the south-east side.[44] The excavation report mainly focused on the larger ziggurat while there had been only one report on the smaller one by Mackay.[44] Based on the findings from the larger ziggurat, it is suggested that the structures were built at the end of the Early Dynastic IIIa period to commemorate the city.[45] The fascination of the ziggurats was interesting to the excavators as it was the only Early Dynastic structure that was not destroyed or obscured by later reconstructions, which was why it provided valuable evidence of that time period.[44]

As for the temple complex, the findings of the temple had determined that the mound was part of the city of Hursagkalama.[44] It was used as an active religious centre until after 482 BC. They also had identified the builder as Nabonidus or Nebuchadnezzar II based on the bricks with inscriptions and barrel cylinder fragments reported in the temple.[44]

Area P

[edit]
3-D reconstruction of the Plano-convex building (North-east view) by Hmlam

This area, north of tell W, was unearthed during the second excavation season (1923-1924) led by Mackay, which uncovered the 'Plano-convex building' (PCB).[31][46][47] But outstanding discoveries in Palace A rapidly overshadowed the contemporary excavation here, and the building remained partially uncovered.[46]

Revealed by its stratigraphy and pottery assemblage was the existence of three distinct architectural phases.[46] The earliest archaeological occupation dates back to the ED II period.[46] Above it, rested the massive ED III construction – the PCB. Multiple rooms in the PCB exhibited layers of ashes and charcoals with arrowheads and copper blades, attested that the PCB suffered significant destruction twice during the late ED III period.[47] After its destruction, the PCB was abandoned.[8][46][47] Located above later floors of the PCB were scattered burials during the Akkadian period.[38][47]

The 'Plano-convex building'

[edit]
3-D reconstruction of the Plano-convex building (bird's eye view) by Hmlam

The Plano-convex building was a fortified construction built extensively with plano-convex bricks.[31][46][47] It displayed the socio-economic dynamics at Kish during the ED III period.[47] No characteristic linking the building to a religious construct. [43] Instead, the Plano-convex building is recognized as a public building associated with the economical production of beer, textile and oil. [47] The PCB might have also housed the administrative center powered by the elites.[47] First recognized by Margueron, scholars have divided the building into four main sectors based on the architectural layout:[47]

  • Sector A: Production area
  • Sector B: Inconclusive but arguably an administration area
  • Sector C: Unknown but exhibit a high degree of segregation
  • Sector D: Private, domestic area for housing activities

Mound A

[edit]

Mound A, which includes a cemetery and a palace, was discovered during 1922-1925 excavations conducted by Ernest Mackay, under the Field Museum and Oxford University.[48][49] Although it was earlier a part of the Ingharra mounds lying about 70 meters to the north, it is now separated by an alluvial valley. The seals and other artifacts found in the graves, dating back to a later age than the palace, show that the site was used as a cemetery even in the pre-Sargonic times.[48][50][51][52]

The Sumerian Palace

[edit]

The palace, which was unearthed beneath the mound, had fallen into decay and was used as a burial ground during Early Dynastic III. It comprises three sections - the original building, the eastern wing and stairway, and the annex. The original building, which was composed of unbaked plano-convex bricks (23 x 15 x 3.50-6 cm), had extremely thick walls, while the annex, which was added later to the south of the building, had comparatively thinner walls. A 2.30 m wide passage was constructed within the outer wall of the original building to prevent invaders from entering the structure.[53]

The archaeological findings within the palace lack pottery items, the most remarkable among them was a fragment of slate and limestone inlay work, which represents the scene of a king punishing a prisoner.[53]

3-D reconstruction of Sumerian Palace (Mound A) by Pahuna/ Pahuna99
3-D reconstruction of Sumerian Palace (Mound A) by Pahuna/ Pahuna99

Tell H

[edit]
3-D reconstruction of Tell H, SP-2 by OceanOwll

In the 1923-1933 Expedition, Tell H became the focus of its final three seasons (1930-1933).[31] Due to personal reasons of the excavators, the Kish material in this section remained selective, mainly yielding Sasanian pottery, coins, incantation bowls and so on.[31][54] The dating of this section crossed a range of periods, with layer upon layer built on the site. Evidence shows that in the Early Dynastic III Period, there once even existed a twin city.[8] Therefore, the city occupies a relatively unsettled presence in chronology. But from the excavation, eight buildings were identified as from the Sasanian period, thus making this place primarily identified as the Sasanian Settlement. Researchers suspect that some of the buildings might function together as a complex serving different purposes, including royal residence, storage, and administration.[31]

3-D reconstruction of Tell H, SP-3 by OceanOwll

The most prominent finding is the stucco decoration in the first two buildings, while the 1923-1933 team also figured out the floor plan and architectural structure of others. It was partly through these stucco decorations that researchers identified the royal resident to be Bahram V (420-438 AD)—Sasanian kings had their distinctive crowns separately, and the unique crown pattern on stucco served as evidence to support this argument.[31] In Kish, which once functioned as a transfer station between Ctesiphon and Hira, Bahram V built palaces for summer entertainment, which explains why one of the buildings has a huge water tank in the middle, probably functioning to cool down the court in summers.[31] Around Bahram V’s palaces, a group of Sasanian people also took residence and developed a system of settlement and commercial activities.

List of rulers of Kish

[edit]
Main article: Sumerian King List
Spear dedicated to "Lugal(...) King of Kish". Circa 2600 BC

The Sumerian King List (SKL) gives a list of the rulers of the four dynasties of Kish.

Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated dates Notes and references
First dynasty of Kish
Jushur Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 29th century BC Historicity uncertain; names before Etana do not appear in any other known source, and their existence is archaeologically unverified.
Kullassina-bel The name is an Akkadian phrase meaning "All of them (were) lord", which may denote a period of no central authority in the early period of Kish.
Nangishlishma
En-tarah-ana
Babum
Puannum
Kalibum The name is believed to be an East Semitic word for hound.
Kalumum The name is believed to be an East Semitic word for lamb.
Zuqaqip The name is believed to be an East Semitic word for scorpion.
Atab
Mashda The name is believed to be an East Semitic word for gazelle.
Arwium The name is believed to be an East Semitic word for male gazelle.
Etana Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 28th century BC Babylonian myth of Etana is recorded.
Balih Nothing is known about the ruler.
En-me-nuna Nothing is known about the ruler.
Melem-Kish Nothing is known about the ruler.
Barsal-nuna His name may have meant sheep of the prince. Barsal means sheep.
Zamug Nothing is known about the ruler.
Tizqar Nothing is known about the ruler.
Ilku Nothing is known about the ruler.
Iltasadum Nothing is known about the ruler.
En-me-barage-si The earliest ruler on the SKL confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence and can be historically verified with archaeology.
Aga Uncertain; may have r. c. 27th century BC Contemporary with Gilgamesh of Uruk, according to the Sumerian tale of Gilgamesh and Aga.[55]
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated dates Notes and references
Second dynasty of Kish
Susuda Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 26th century BC
Dadasig
Mamagal
Kalbum
Tuge
Men-nuna
Enbi-Ishtar
Lugalngu
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated dates Notes and references
Third dynasty of Kish
Kug-Bau Uncertain; may have r. c. 25th century BC The only known woman in the SKL; said to have gained independence from En-anna-tum I of Lagash and En-shag-kush-ana of Uruk; contemporary with Puzur-Nirah of Akshak, according to the later Chronicle of the É-sagila.
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated dates Notes and references
Fourth dynasty of Kish
Puzur-Suen Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 24th century BC Nothing is known about the ruler besides that he was the son of Kug-bau.
Ur-Zababa According to the SKL: Sargon of Akkad was his cup-bearer.
Zimudar
Usi-watar
Eshtar-muti
Ishme-Shamash
Shu-ilishu
Nanniya
[edit]
  • Ruins of a ziggurat at the Sumerian city of Kish. Babel Governorate, Iraq.
    Ruins of a ziggurat at the Sumerian city of Kish. Babel Governorate, Iraq.
  • An ancient mound at Kish, Babel Governorate, Iraq
    An ancient mound at Kish, Babel Governorate, Iraq
  • An ancient mound at the city of Kish, Mesopotamia, Babel Governorate, Iraq
    An ancient mound at the city of Kish, Mesopotamia, Babel Governorate, Iraq
  • Pottery fragments, illegal exavations at the ancient city of Kish, Tell al-Uhaymir, Iraq
    Pottery fragments, illegal exavations at the ancient city of Kish, Tell al-Uhaymir, Iraq
  • Ancient mound at the city of Kish, Mesopotamia, Babil Governorate, Iraq
    Ancient mound at the city of Kish, Mesopotamia, Babil Governorate, Iraq
  • Ruins near the ziggurat of Kish at Tell al-Uhaymir, Mesopotamia, Babel Governorate, Iraq
    Ruins near the ziggurat of Kish at Tell al-Uhaymir, Mesopotamia, Babel Governorate, Iraq
  • Ruins near the ziggurat of Kish, Tell al-Uhaymir, Babylon Governorate, Iraq
    Ruins near the ziggurat of Kish, Tell al-Uhaymir, Babylon Governorate, Iraq
  • Ruins near the ziggurat of the city of Kish at Tell al-Uhaymir, Babel Governorate, Iraq
    Ruins near the ziggurat of the city of Kish at Tell al-Uhaymir, Babel Governorate, Iraq
  • Ruins of the ziggurat of the ancient city of Kish, Tell al-Uhaymir, Mesopotamia, Iraq
    Ruins of the ziggurat of the ancient city of Kish, Tell al-Uhaymir, Mesopotamia, Iraq
  • Indus Valley civilisation "Unicorn" seal excavated in Kish, early Sumerian period, c. 3000 BC. An example of ancient Indus-Mesopotamia relations.[56]
    Indus Valley civilisation "Unicorn" seal excavated in Kish, early Sumerian period, c. 3000 BC. An example of ancient Indus-Mesopotamia relations.[56]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
  2. ^ Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)
  3. ^ wparkinson (2011-01-11). "The Kish Collection". Field Museum. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  4. ^ a b c Frayne, Douglas R, "Presargonic Period (2700–2350 BC)", The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Vol 1, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008
  5. ^ Inanna's Descent to the Underworld translation at ETCSL
  6. ^ McEwan, G. J. P. “Late Babylonian Kish.” Iraq, vol. 45, no. 1, 1983, pp. 117–23
  7. ^ Weiss, Harvey, and Mcguire Gibson. “Kish, Akkad and Agade.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 95, no. 3, 1975, p. 434., doi:10.2307/599355.
  8. ^ a b c [1] J. Ur, Kish and the Spatial Organization of Cities in Third-Millennium BC Southern Iraq, pp. 227-239 in Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 71, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2021 ISBN 978-1-61491-063-3
  9. ^ Hall, John Whitney, ed. (2005) [1988]. "The Ancient Near East". History of the World: Earliest Times to the Present Day. John Grayson Kirk. 455 Somerset Avenue, North Dighton, MA 02764, USA: World Publications Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-57215-421-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  10. ^ a b c d Gibson, The City and Area of Kish, pp. 2-5
  11. ^ Cambridge Ancient History, p. 100
  12. ^ Donald P. Hansen, Erica Ehrenberg (2002). Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen. p. 133. ISBN 9781575060552.
  13. ^ Sommerfeld, Walter (2021). Vita, Juan-Pablo (ed.). The "Kish Civilization". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 1. BRILL. pp. 545–547. ISBN 9789004445215. Retrieved 23 February 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b c "Kingdoms of Mesopotamia - Kish / Kic". www.historyfiles.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  15. ^ a b Hall, H. R. (Harry Reginald); Woolley, Leonard; Legrain, Leon (1900). Ur excavations. Trustees of the Two Museums by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. p. 312.
  16. ^ Image of a Mesanepada seal in: Legrain, Léon (1936). Ur Excavations Voulme III Arachaic Seal-impressions (PDF). The Trustees Of The Two Museums By The Aid Of A Grant From The Carnegi Corporation Of New York. p. 44 seal 518 for description, Plate 30, seal 518 for image.
  17. ^ Steinkeller, Piotr., "An Archaic ‘Prisoner Plaque’ From Kiš.", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 107, pp. 131–57, 2013
  18. ^ Archi, Alfonso., "More on Ebla and Kiš", in Ebla and Its Archives: Texts, History, and Society, Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 478-496, 2015
  19. ^ Moorey, P. R. S., "Abu Salabikh, Kish, Mari and Ebla: Mid-Third Millennium Archaeological Interconnections.", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 447–48, 1981
  20. ^ Maeda, T., "'King of Kish' in Pre-Sargonic Sumer", Orient 17, pp. 1-17, 1981
  21. ^ Albrecht Goetze, "Early Kings of Kish", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 105–111, 1961
  22. ^ L. W. King, Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings, II, London, pp. 87-96, 1907
  23. ^ Gibson, The City and Area of Kish, pp. 59-60
  24. ^ Tureau-Dangin, F., "Asduni-Erim, roi de kis", Revue d’Assyriologie 8, pp. 65-79, 1909
  25. ^ Henri de Genouillac, Premières recherches archéologiques à Kich : mission d'Henri de Genouillac 1911-1912 : rapport sur les travaux et inventaires, fac-similés, dessins, photographies et plans. Tome premier, Paris : Libr. ancienne Edouard Champion, 5, quai Malaquais, 1924
  26. ^ Henri de Genouillac, Fouilles françaises d'El-Akhymer, Champion, 1924–25
  27. ^ Stephen Langdon, "Excavations at Kish I (1923–1924)", 1924
  28. ^ Stephen Langdon and L. C. Watelin, "Excavations at Kish III (1925–1927)", 1930
  29. ^ Stephen Langdon and L. C. Watelin, "Excavations at Kish IV (1925–1930)", 1934
  30. ^ [2]Henry Field, The Field Museum-Oxford University expedition to Kish, Mesopotamia, 1923–1929, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1929
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i P. R. S. Moorey, "Kish excavations, 1923–1933 : with a microfiche catalogue of the objects in Oxford excavated by the Oxford-Field Museum, Chicago, Expedition to Kish in Iraq"Clarendon Press, 1978, ISBN 0-19-813191-7
  32. ^ S. Langdon and D. B. Harden, Excavations at Kish and Barghuthiat 1933, Iraq, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 113–136, 1934
  33. ^ S. D. Ross, "The excavations at Kish. With special reference to the conclusions reached in 1928–29", in Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, vol. 17, iss. 3, pp. 291–300, 1930
  34. ^ Henry Field, Ancient Wheat and Barley from Kish Mesopotamia, American Anthropologist, New Series, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 303-309, 1932
  35. ^ L. H. Dudley Buxton and D. Talbot Rice, Report on the Human Remains Found at Kish, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 61, pp. 57–119, 1931
  36. ^ DAVIES, D. C., "Unearthing the Past at Kish.", Scientific American, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 216–18, 1928
  37. ^ Zaina, F., A Radiocarbon date from Early Dynastic Kish and the Stratigraphy and Chronology of the YWN sounding at Tell Ingharra, Iraq, vol. 77(1), pp. 225–234, 2015
  38. ^ a b K. Matsumoto, Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Kish/Hursagkalama 1988–1989, al-Rāfidān 12, pp. 261-307, 1991
  39. ^ K. Matsumoto and H. Oguchi, "Excavations at Kish, 2000", al-Rāfidān, vol. 23, pp. 1–16, 2002
  40. ^ K. Matsumoto and H. Oguchi, "News from Kish: The 2001 Japanese Work" al-Rafidan, vol. 25, pp. 1–8, 2004
  41. ^ Zaina, Federico (April 2016). "Tell Ingharra-East Kish in the 3rd Millennium BC: Urban Development Architecture and Functional Analysis". Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 1: 431.
  42. ^ [3]Zaina, Federico ca 20 /21 Jh (2020). The urban archaeology of early Kish: 3rd millennium BCE levels at Tell Ingharra. OrientLab Series Maior. Ante Quem. ISBN 978-88-7849-149-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ a b Moorey, P.R.S. (1979). Kish Excavations 1923-1933: With a Microfiche Catalogue of the Objects in Oxford Excavated by the Oxford Field Museum, Chicago Expedition to Kish in Iraq, 1923-1933. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 81–83. ISBN 0-19-813191-7.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Moorey, P.R.S. (1979). Kish Excavations 1923-1933: With a Microfiche Catalogue of the Objects in Oxford Excavated by the Oxford Field Museum, Chicago Expedition to Kish in Iraq, 1923-1933. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-19-813191-7.
  45. ^ Zaina, Federico (April 2016). "Tell Ingharra-East Kish in the 3rd Millennium BC: Urban Development Architecture and Functional Analysis". Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 1: 438.
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  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zaina, F. (2015). "Craft, administration and power in Early Dynastic Mesopotamian public buildings. Recovering the Plano-convex building at Kish, Iraq". Paléorient. 41: 177–197. doi:10.3406/paleo.2015.5661.
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  49. ^ Zaina, Federico ca 20 /21 Jh (2020). The urban archaeology of early Kish: 3rd millennium BCE levels at Tell Ingharra. OrientLab Series Maior. Ante Quem. ISBN 978-88-7849-149-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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References

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  • Algaze, G., "Private Houses and Graves at Ingharra. A Reconsideration", Mesopotamia 18-19, pp. 135-195, 1983-84
  • Charvat, Petr, "The Kish Evidence and the Emergence of States in Mesopotamia."., Current Anthropology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 686–88, 1981
  • Charvat, Petr, "Earliest History of the Kingdom of Kiš", P. Charvát and P.M. Vlčková (eds.), Who Was King? Who Was Not King? The Rulers and the Ruled in the Ancient Near East, Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences, Prague, pp. 16-23, 2010
  • T. Claydon, "Kish in the Kassite Period (c. 1650 – 1150 B.C)", Iraq, vol. 54, pp. 141–155, 1992
  • [5] I. J. Gelb, Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary 5, University of Chicago Press, 1970 ISBN 0-226-62309-2
  • McGuire Gibson, "The Archaeological uses of Cuneiform Documents: Patterns of Occupation at the City of Kish", Iraq, vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 113–123, Autumn 1972
  • Harden, D.B, "A Typological Examination of Sumerian Pottery from Jamdat Nasr and kish.", Iraq 1, pp. 30-44, 1934
  • Gibson, McGuire (1972). The City and Area of Kish. Miami: Field Research Projects. pp. 53–55, 155.
  • Seton Lloyd, "Back to Ingharra: Some Further Thoughts on the Excavations at East Kish", Iraq, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 40–48, 1969
  • [6]E. Mackay, "Report on the excavation of the ‘A’ Cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia: Part I." Anthropology, Memoirs, vol. 1, no. 1, Chicago: Field Museum, 1925.
  • [7] E. Mackay, "A Sumerian Palace and the "A" Cemetery: Part 2", Anthropology Memoirs, vol. 1, no. 2, Chicago: Field Museum,1929
  • Molleson, Theya, and Joel Blondiaux., "Riders' bones from Kish, Iraq.", Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4.2, pp. 312-316, 1994
  • P. R. S. Moorey, "A Re-Consideration of the Excavations on Tell Ingharra (East Kish) 1923-33", Iraq, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 18–51, 1966
  • P. R. S. Moorey, "The Terracotta Plaques from Kish and Hursagkalama, c. 1850 to 1650 B.C.", Iraq, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 79–99, 1975
  • P. R. S. Moorey, "Kish Excavation 1923–1933", Oxford: Oxford Press, 1978 ISBN 9780198131915
  • P. R. S. Moorey, "The 'Plano-Convex Building' at Kish and Early Mesopotamian Palaces", Iraq, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 83–98, 1964
  • P. R. S. Moorey, "Cemetery A at Kish: Grave Groups and Chronology", Iraq, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 86–128, 1970
  • Nissen, Hans "The early history of the ancient Near East, 9000–2000 B.C." Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN 0-226-58656-1, ISBN 0-226-58658-8) Elizabeth Lutzeir, trans.
  • Sa'di al-Ruwayshdi, "A Comparison Between the Palace at Kish and Later Palaces", vol. 30, no. 1-2, pp. 47-49, 1974
  • Watelin, L.Ch., "Rapport sur les Fouilles de kish", Journal Asiatique 215, pp. 103-116, 1929
  • Watelin, L.Ch., "Note sur l’Industrie Lithique de kish", L’Anthropologie 39, pp. 65-76, 1929
  • Weiss, Harvey, and Mcguire Gibson., "Kish, Akkad and Agade.", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 434-453, 1975, doi:10.2307/599355.
  • [8]Norman Yoffee, "The Economics of Ritual at Late Old Babylonian Kish", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 312–343, 1998
  • Wu Yuhong and Stephanie Dalley, "The Origins of the Manana Dynasty at Kish and the Assyrian King List", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 159–165, 1990
  • [9]Zaina, F., "Craft, Administration and Power in Early Dynastic Mesopotamian Public Buildings. Recovering the Plano-convex Building at Kish", Iraq, Paléorient, vol. 41, p. 177–197, 2015
  • Zaina, F. (2016). "Tell Ingharra-East Kish in the 3rd Millennium BC: Urban Development Architecture and Functional Analysis". In Proceedings of the ICAANE: 431–445. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • [10]Zaina, F. "The urban archaeology of early Kish: 3rd millennium BCE levels at Tell Ingharra", (OrientLab Series Maior 5), Bologna, Ante Quem, 2020
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