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I am currently working on editing the article Palm Oil Production in Indonesia. I did grammatical fixes and simplified the structure of all the article. I added some precisions here and there, improved the structure of two paragraph by adding by content and and added a section on the "effects on local communities".
Here are the main changes and additions. The nature of those changes in underlined and in bold.
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Copied from Palm Oil Production in Indonesia
Restructuring the paragraph and adding informations:
Borneo and Sumatra are the two islands that account for 96 percent of Indonesia’s palm oil production. As of 2011, there were 7.8 million hectares of palm oil plantations, with 6.1 million hectares of these being productive plantations under harvest, thus making Indonesia the global leader in crude palm oil (CPO) production. According to World Bank reports, nearly 50% of CPO produced in the country is exported in an unprocessed form, while the remaining is processed into cooking oil, about half of which is exported, while the rest is consumed locally.
Adding informations and making clarifications:
Uses
[edit]Palm oil is an essential ingredient for the food industry, used as a cooking oil or in the production of processed foods (such as many types of chocolates, biscuits, chewing gum...) and for the manufacture of cosmetic and hygiene products (soaps, lipstick, washing powder...)[1]. It is also valuable as a lubricant in industrial production or for the energy sector for the production of biodiesel.[2]
Adding informations and making clarifications to an unclear, sometimes inaccurate section:
Environmental impact
[edit]
Further information: Social and environmental impact of palm oil
Since agricultural land is limited, in order to plant monocultures of oil palms, land used for other cultivations or the tropical forest need to be cleared. Of the total logging in Indonesia, up to 80% is reported to be performed illegally.[3] A major environmental threat is then the destruction of rainforests in Indonesia, which was estimated at 0.84 Mha of primary forest per year from 2000 to 2012.[4] This entails a reduction in biodiversity and an alteration of ecosystems which causes the destruction of the habitats of endangered species such as Borneo pygmy elephants, Sumatran elephants, Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceroses, and the various species of orangutan that can be found only on the forests of Borneo and Sumatra.
Deforestation also makes Indonesia one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is released in the atmosphere massively with the cutting of tropical peatlands, which are carbon sinks, according to Greenpeace. [5] Another cause are illegal forest fires to clear land for palm oil plantations. According to WWF for example, in 1997 around 0.81 to 2.57 gigatons of carbon were released by the fires which represented "13-40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels that year".[6]
Industrial palm tree plantations also impacts negatively the quality of soils, water and the air because they often rely on the use of agrochemicals products, such as pesticides or fertilizers.[4]
New Section Created
Impacts on local communities
[edit]The expansion of the palm oil industry is driven by its profitability, and it has the potential to develop new jobs and improve the standards of living of people and small-holders when conducted sustainably. [7] [8] According to the UNDP, there are about 16 million jobs that depend on the palm oil sector. [9]
On the other side, deforestation for oil palm plantation development also endangers indigenous tribes and local communities as it entails the destruction of living spaces or land appropriation.[10] For example, in regions like Kalimantan, the local livelihoods of Dayak communities and their traditions of shifting cultivation, are undermined by the development of palm oil production and monocultures.[11] This often results in human rights violations and confrontation between large-scale producers and local communities whose land is appropriated.[12] Colchester, for example, found that in 2010, there had been more than 630 land disputes linked to oil palm production in Indonesia. [13]
The industry of palm oil also causes pollution of air and water which increase health risks to the populations of Indonesia.
New Section Created
Sustainable Palm Oil
[edit]In response to critiques on the industry by environmental and human rights group, efforts are made towards more sustainability of the industry. According to the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), that applies to palm oils who are produced to increase the food supply while keeping in mind the goals to "safeguard social interests, communities and workers" or to "protect the environment and wildlife" for example.[14]
In 2011, Indonesia’s Sustainable Palm Oil System (ISPO) was introduced. It is a mandatory certification scheme to ensure the quality and the respect of norms regarding the environment, workers and respect of local populations that should apply to all producers.[9]
The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) is also active in the region in providing certifications of sustainability for the produces who match the standards.
- ^ "Can Indonesia increase palm oil output without destroying its forest?". The Guardian. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
- ^ "Indonesia's Palm Oil Industry Rife With Human-Rights Abuses". Businessweek. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ Riskanalys av glas, järn, betong och gips 29 March 2011. s.19–20 (in Swedish)
- ^ a b Petrenko, C., Paltseva, J., & Searle, S. (2016). Ecological Impacts of Palm Oil Production in Indonesia. International Council On Clean Transportation. Retrieved from http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Indonesia-palm-oil-expansion_ICCT_july2016.pdf
- ^ "Indonesia". Greenpeace International. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
- ^ "Palm oil & climate change". Retrieved 2017-11-29.
- ^ The Economic Benefit of Palm Oil to Indonesia. (2011). Worldgrowth.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017, from http://worldgrowth.org/site/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/WG_Indonesian_Palm_Oil_Benefits_Report-2_11.pdf
- ^ Feintrenie, L., Chong, W., & Levang, P. (2010). Why do Farmers Prefer Oil Palm? Lessons Learnt from Bungo District, Indonesia. Small-Scale Forestry, 9(3), 379-396.
- ^ a b "Sustainable Palm Oil for All". UNDP in Indonesia. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
- ^ "Finding Their Forests Flush With Foes, Provincial Tribes Push for Logging Ban". Jakarta Globe. 10 October 2010.
- ^ Obidzinski, Krystof; Andriani, Rubeta; Komarudin, Heru; Andrianto, Agus (2012-03-16). "Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Plantations and their Implications for Biofuel Production in Indonesia". Ecology and Society. 17 (1). doi:10.5751/es-04775-170125. ISSN 1708-3087.
- ^ Abram, Nicola K.; Meijaard, Erik; Wilson, Kerrie A.; Davis, Jacqueline T.; Wells, Jessie A.; Ancrenaz, Marc; Budiharta, Sugeng; Durrant, Alexandra; Fakhruzzi, Afif. "Oil palm–community conflict mapping in Indonesia: A case for better community liaison in planning for development initiatives". Applied Geography. 78: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.10.005.
- ^ Colchester, M. 2010. Land acquisition, human rights violations, and indigenous peoples on the palm oil frontier.Forest Peoples Programme, Moreton-in-Marsh, UK.
- ^ "Sustainable palm oil". www.rspo.org. Retrieved 2017-11-30.