User:Donald Trung/Chinese playing cards (cash coins in art)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "cash coins in art" and is preserved for attribution.

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1027518788...1027532949  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:31, 8 June 2021 (UTC) .

Mahjong

While in the modern era Mahjong tiles don't often feature images of cash coins anymore, historically Mahjong was based on the Chinese money-suited decks, which are playing cards with designs based directly on cash coins. From the early 20th century onwards modern Mahjong tiles stopped referencing cash coins but these references remain in suit names and in terminology.

Cash coin-based terminology in Mahjong

Around 1872 collector Karl Georg Frederich Julius Himly noted the similarity in names between the Chinese money-suited playing deck names and Mahjong tile sets, as well as the number of suits and number of tiles/cards in each suit.

Historically Mahjong tiles depicted bamboo stalks as strings of cash coins, because of this the bamboo suit is still sometimes referred to as "a string of cash coins". This can also be alluded to by the fact that Mahjong uses a suit called "Tong" (筒, "Bamboo tube"), as recorded in the 1892 novel Haishang hua liezhuan ("A Biography of Flowers of Shanghai") by Han Bangqing, which is a homophone with the term "Tong" (銅, "Cash") and because of their similar pronunciation these terms may have been confused with each other.

The origins of Mahjong and cash coin-based playing cards

The evolution of money-suited playing cards into Mahjong was a slow process that occurred somewhere during the Qing dynasty.

Ming dynasty period scholar Lu Rong described a four player trick taking playing card game named dòu yèzǐ (鬥叶子, "Compete with Leaves") with 38 cards, while Pan Zhiheng described a game named mǎ diào (馬掉, "Horse Dropping [a Leg]") with 40 cards. Meanwhile about Ming dynasty period writer named Feng Menglong (1574-1646) claimed that the 40 card game was called either mǎ diào (馬吊, "Horse Hanging [a leg]") or mǎ diào jiǎo (馬吊腳, "Horse Hanging [up one leg]"). These 4-suited card decks inspired the creation of another money-suited card set with only 3 decks (or 30 cards) which later evolved into a 6-suited deck. The 4-suited deck continued to be used into the Qing dynasty t but seems to have disappeared by the end of the 19th century.

In the year 1783 author Jin Xueshi wrote a book called Mu zhu xianhua ("Idle Chats on the Swineherds’ Game") which describes different types of families of games including games from the same family as Mahjong, such as mò hú (默和, which could be translated as either "Silent harmony" or "Playing Silently"), which had 60 cards. This 60-card money-suited deck was later doubled to become a 120 card money-suited deck, this had effectively quadruplicated each card. This money-suited deck of 120 cards allowed for the formation of melds of three or four cards together from the same suit of cards, an example of this can be found in the 18th century card game named pèng hú (碰和, "Encountering Harmony", or "Playing for Points"). These melds of playing cards, in addition to sequences of consecutive numbers of cards from the same suit, were found in another pèng hú-type playing card game named shí hú (十壺, "Ten Points" or sometimes translated as "Ten Pots").

The evolution of these money-suited card games into the modern game of Mahjong can be attested to the fact that the term pèng hú was used for, amongst a plurality of things, an 18th century domino game which used 105 cards as well the name for a group of different Qing dynasty period games that shared the same basic characteristics as the popular pèng hú money-suited playing card game. Most importantly, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries the term pèng hú-style game was also used as the name for the game of má jiàng (rendered in English as "Mahjong"), it just took the transfer of the three quadruplicated suits of cards into a domino tile format combined with the addition of the wind directions and a number of extra tiles.

German colector Karl Georg Frederich Julius Himly noted in his 1889 article, Die Abteilung der Spiele im ‘Spiegel der Mandschu-Sprache (The Section of Games in "The Mirror of the Manchu Language"), that Mahjong was related to Chinese playing cards of the money-suited deck family. In his earlier 1889 article, Himly states that his “Ningpoer Bambuskarten” (Bamboo Cards of Ningbo), was part of his own collection of Chinese playing card packs, in other words, they belonged to the playing card family. In a 1901 article Karl Himly elaborates on the suit names and terms used by the "proto-Mahjong(g)" game.

Later studies into the origins of Mahjong and into Chinese playing cards in general such as those by Wilkinson and Culin et al, were found to be in line with the hypotheses proposed by Himly when analysing the properties of his playing card collection. The Chinese generally make no distinction between the thicknesses of their cards in their playing card games and are addressed with the same word. The Chinese refer to playing cards of all thicknesses and of all materials as "pai" (literally translated into English as "plaque"). This means that all references to "pai" from these early Western works use this term for both playing cards and similar ga.es such as proto-Mahjong(g), or Maqiao (麻雀, its main pre-1949 pronunciation). These cards should have likely have been made of very thick bamboo plaques or cards, known as Zhupai (竹牌, literally "dominoes"), which were essentially bamboo tiles. The proto-Mahjong(g) from the Himly collection was thus known as Ningbo Zhupai (寧波竹牌).

Another proto-Mahjong(g) game from this period was Shi Hu (十壺, "Ten Points" or "Ten Pots"), which was likely a variant of the earlier game Peng Hu (碰和). This game was referenced in the Yangzhou huafanglu ("The Painted Pleasure Boats of Yangzhou") by the author Li Dou, that was prefaced in the year 1796; Later the game Peng Hu was also referenced in the novel Huifanglu ("A Record of Painted Fragrance"), which was written by Xiling Yeqiao around the year 1878.

It was in the context of the quadruplicated, three suited games that used "Shi Hu Pai" that Himly placed the game of Ningbo Zhu Pai from his collection.

“The bamboo cards of Ningpo [Ningbo] cannot be separated from the shi hu pai because of the [索] suo and [万] wan [that are] present in them. So we have to add … the bamboo cards of Ningpo [Ningbo], which have 36 [同] tong instead of [鉼] bing, besides the well-known 36 suo and 36 wan.6 …. We have to add the three [化] hua as they carry the names [索化] suo hua, [万化] wan hua, [同化] tong hua,7 so they must have a certain relation to these three basic regulars of the shi hu cards” [that is, the three 枝花 zhi hua, ‘flower’ cards, each associated with a shi hu pai suit].

Karl Georg Frederich Julius Himly (1901). With annotations from From Cards to Tiles: The Origin of Mahjong(g)’s Earliest Suit Names (The MAHJONG Tile Set) by Michael Stanwick and Hongbing Xu.

Because of this logic Karl Himly used the names of the suo and wan suits as the criteria that made him include the Ningbo bamboo tiles game into the "Shi Hu Pai" category of playing cards.

The game terms Shi Hu and Maqiao were primarily used in the cities of Wenzhou and Hangzhou in Zhejiang province during the 1890s, while Penghu was primarily played in Shanghai for the game-play, whereas Maqiao was used as the name of the playing cards in Zhejiang province but as the name of the game-play in Shanghai. The games also had specific terms for the "pai" that were used to play with them, for example the game of Shi Hu was played with cards called "Peng Hu Pai" (碰和牌, "Plaques of (the game) Peng Hu") these cards were named after the prevailing game of the time. Later at the height of the popularity of the Shi Hu game the cards that were used to play it may have become known as "Shi Hu Pai" (十壺牌, "Plaques of (the game) Shi Hu").

The currently known evidence into the origins of Mahjong strengthen the hypotheses put forth by Himly that Mahjong was based on suits of cards that had game systems based on cash coins and many early Mahjong and Mahjong-like games used cash coin terminology for their gameplay.

Mahjong (Pre-re-organisation)

While in the modern era Mahjong tiles don't often feature images of cash coins anymore, historically Mahjong was based on the Chinese money-suited decks, which are playing cards with designs based directly on cash coins. From the early 20th century onwards modern Mahjong tiles stopped referencing cash coins but these references remain in suit names and in terminology.

Cash coin-based terminology in Mahjong

Around 1872 collector Karl Himly noted the similarity in names between the Chinese money-suited playing deck names and Mahjong tile sets, as well as the number of suits and number of tiles/cards in each suit.

! Karl Himly’s Mahjong tile set
(circa 1872) || Karl Himly’s three-suited deck playing cards
(circa 1872) |- ! |- | 同 || tóng || Copper Cash || 鉼 || bǐng || Silver Coin cast into the shape of a "cake" |- | 索 || suǒ || Strings of [100] Cash || 索 || suǒ || Strings of [100] Cash |- | 万 || wàn || Myriads (10.000) of Strings of Cash || 万 || wàn || Myriads (10.000) of Strings of Cash |}

Historically Mahjong tiles depicted bamboo stalks as strings of cash coins, because of this the bamboo suit is still sometimes referred to as "a string of cash coins". This can also be alluded to by the fact that Mahjong uses a suit called "Tong" (筒, "Bamboo tube"), as recorded in the 1892 novel Haishang hua liezhuan ("A Biography of Flowers of Shanghai") by Han Bangqing, which is a homophone with the term "Tong" (銅, "Cash") and because of their similar pronunciation these terms may have been confused with each other.

The origins of Mahjong and cash coin-based playing cards

The evolution of money-suited playing cards into Mahjong was a slow process that occurred somewhere during the Qing dynasty. During the reign of the Ming dynasty the Late Ming period scholars Lu Rong and Pan Zhiheng wrote about the 40 card money-suited decks and their modified versions, these works were translated by Andrew Lo of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. According to Lo there were two particular manuals on Chinese card games that are today among the earliest surviving descriptions of money-suited decks, namely "A Manual of Leaves (Cards)" and the "A Sequel to a Manual of Leaves (Cards)". These extant records on the history of Chinese card games explain that the three-suited card deck was a modification of a pre-existing four suited card deck.

Ming dynasty period scholar Lu Rong described a four player trick taking playing card game named dòu yèzǐ (鬥叶子, "Compete with Leaves") with 38 cards, while Pan Zhiheng described a game named mǎ diào (馬掉, "Horse Dropping [a Leg]") with 40 cards. Meanwhile about Ming dynasty period writer named Feng Menglong (1574-1646) claimed that the 40 card game was called either mǎ diào 馬吊 (Horse Hanging [a leg]") or mǎ diào jiǎo (馬吊腳, "Horse Hanging [up one leg]"). These 4-suited card decks inspired the creation of another money-suited card set with only 3 decks (or 30 cards) which later evolved into a 6-suited deck. The 4-suited deck continued to be used into the Qing dynasty t but seems to have disappeared by the end of the 19th century.

In the year 1783 author Jin Xueshi wrote a book called Mu zhu xianhua ("Idle Chats on the Swineherds’ Game") which describes different types of families of games including games from the same family as Mahjong, such as mò hú (默 和, "Silent harmony" or "Playing Silently"), which had 60 cards. This 60-card money-suited deck was later doubled to become a 120 card money-suited deck, this had effectively quadruplicated each card. This money-suited deck of 120 cards allowed for the formation of melds of three or four cards together from the same suit of cards, an example of this can be found in the 18th century card game named pèng hú (碰和, "Encountering Harmony", or "Playing for Points"). These melds of playing cards, in addition to sequences of consecutive numbers of cards from the same suit, were found in another pèng hú-type playing card game named shí hú (十壺, "Ten Points" or sometimes translated as "Ten Pots").

The evolution of these money-suited card games into the modern game of Mahjong can be attested to the fact that the term pèng hú was used for, amongst a plurality of things, an 18th century domino game which used 105 cards as well the name for a group of different Qing dynasty period games that shared the same basic characteristics as the popular pèng hú money-suited playing card game. Most importantly, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries the term pèng hú-style game was also used as the name for the game of má jiàng (rendered in English as "Mahjong"), it just took the transfer of the three quadruplicated suits of cards into a domino tile format combined with the addition of the wind directions and a number of extra tiles.

German colector Karl Himly noted in his 1889 article, Die Abteilung der Spiele im ‘Spiegel der Mandschu-Sprache (The Section of Games in ‘The Mirror of the Manchu Language), that Mahjong was related to Chinese playing cards of the money-suited deck family. In his earlier 1889 article, Himly states that his “Ningpoer Bambuskarten” (Bamboo Cards of Ningbo), was part of his own collection of Chinese playing card packs, in other words, they belonged to the playing card family. In a 1901 article Karl Himly elaborates on the suit names and terms used by the "proto-Mahjong(g)" game.

Later studies into the origins of Mahjong and into Chinese playing cards in general such as those by Wilkinson and Culin et al, were found to be in line with the hypotheses proposed by Himly when analysing the properties of his playing card collection. The Chinese generally make no distinction between the thicknesses of their cards in their playing card games and are addressed with the same word. The Chinese refer to playing cards of all thicknesses and of all materials as "pai" (literally translated into English as "plaque"). This means that all references to "pai" from these early Western works use this term for both playing cards and similar ga.es such as proto-Mahjong(g), or Maqiao (麻雀, its main pre-1949 pronunciation). These cards should have likely have been made of very thick bamboo plaques or cards, known as Zhupai (竹牌, dominoes), which were essentially bamboo tiles. The proto-Mahjong(g) from the Himly collection was thus known as Ningbo Zhupai (寧波竹牌 ).

Another proto-Mahjong(g) game from this period was Shi Hu (十壺, "Ten Points" or "Ten Pots"), which was likely a variant of the earlier game Peng Hu (碰和). This game was referenced in the Yangzhou huafanglu ("The Painted Pleasure Boats of Yangzhou") by the author Li Dou, that was prefaced in the year 1796; Later the game Peng Hu was also referenced in the novel Huifanglu ("A Record of Painted Fragrance"), which was written by Xiling Yeqiao around the year 1878.

It was in the context of the quadruplicated, three suited games that used "Shi Hu Pai" that Himly placed the game of Ningbo Zhu Pai from his collection.

|quote=“The bamboo cards of Ningpo [Ningbo] cannot be separated from the shi hu pai because of the [索] suo and [万] wan [that are] present in them. So we have to add … the bamboo cards of Ningpo [Ningbo], which have 36 [同] tong instead of [鉼] bing, besides the well-known 36 suo and 36 wan.6 …. We have to add the three [化] hua as they carry the names [索化] suo hua, [万化] wan hua, [同化] tong hua,7 so they must have a certain relation to these three basic regulars of the shi hu cards” [that is, the three 枝花 zhi hua, ‘flower’ cards, each associated with a shi hu pai suit]. |source= Himly (1901)

Because of this logic Karl Himly used the names of the suo and wan suits as the criteria that made him include the Ningbo bamboo tiles game into the "Shi Hu Pai" category of playing cards.

The game terms Shi Hu and Maqiao were primarily used in the cities of Wenzhou and Hangzhou in Zhejiang province during the 1890s, while Penghu was primarily played in Shanghai for the game-play, whereas Maqiao was used as the name of the playing cards in Zhejiang province but as the name of the game-play in Shanghai. The games also had specific terms for the "pai" that were used to play with them, for example the game of Shi Hu was played with cards called "Peng Hu Pai" (碰和牌, "Plaques of (the game) Peng Hu") these cards were named after the prevailing game of the time. Later at the height of the popularity of the Shi Hu game the cards that were used to play it may have become known as "Shi Hu Pai" (十壺牌, "Plaques of (the game) Shi Hu").

The currently known evidence into the origins of Mahjong strengthen the hypotheses put forth by Himly that Mahjong was based on suits of cards that had game systems based on cash coins and many early Mahjong and Mahjong-like games used cash coin terminology for their gameplay.

Playing cards (1)

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/1002547413&type=revision  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:51, 24 January 2021 (UTC) .

Further information: Chinese playing cards § Money-suited cards

Three-suited Water Margin deck, markings on ends serve as indices.

The earliest Chinese playing cards included designs with a different numbers of cash coins shown on each card. Money-suited decks typically contain 38 cards in four suits, all of which are based on money: cash / coins (tong, 銅/同, ("copper", as in copper-alloy cash coins) or bing, 餅/并, ("cake", as in a cake of silver) or tong 筒 ("bamboo tube").), strings of coins (either suo 索 ("strings of cash") or tiao 條/条 ("strings")), myriads of strings (wan 萬/万, usually accompanied with images of human figures or portraits, sometimes these were heavily abstracted), and tens of myriads (of strings, of coins - 十萬貫). The smallest value depicting one cash coin per card and the largest one depicting ten strings of ten cash coins.

The money-suited cards are believed by some scholars to be an ancestor of the four-suited decks of Islamic and European playing cards.

Playing card table

! Lu Rong's description !! Pan Zhiheng's description |- | Cash || 錢 || qián || Cash || 文錢
錢 || wén qián
qián |- | 100 Cash || 百 || bǎi || Strings of 100 cash coins || 索子
索
百 || suǒ zǐ
suǒ
bǎi |- | 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 萬貫 || guàn || 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 萬貫
萬 || wàn guàn
wàn |- | 10s of 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 十萬貫 || shí wàn guàn || 10s of 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 十萬
十 || shí wàn
shí  |}

Playing cards (2)

•  Canceled, moved to the Mahjong section... For now.

During the reign of the Ming dynasty the Late Ming period scholars Lu Rong and Pan Zhiheng wrote about the 40 card money-suited decks and their modified versions, these works were translated by Andrew Lo of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. According to Lo there were two particular manuals on Chinese card games that are today among the earliest surviving descriptions of money-suited decks, namely "A Manual of Leaves (Cards)" and the "A Sequel to a Manual of Leaves (Cards)". These extant records on the history of Chinese card games explain that the three-suited card deck was a modification of a pre-existing four suited card deck.

==========================

Ming dynasty period scholar Lu Rong This part was moved.

Playing cards (3)

During the reign of the Ming dynasty the Late Ming period scholars Lu Rong and Pan Zhiheng wrote about the 40 card money-suited decks and their modified versions, these works were translated by Andrew Lo of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. According to Lo there were two particular manuals on Chinese card games that are today among the earliest surviving descriptions of money-suited decks, namely "A Manual of Leaves (Cards)" and the "A Sequel to a Manual of Leaves (Cards)". These extant records on the history of Chinese card games explain that the three-suited card deck was a modification of a pre-existing four suited card deck.

 Canceled playing card table

Playing card terms (money-suited decks)

•  Re-doing it again

! Lu Rong's description !! Pan Zhiheng's description !! Karl Himly’s Mahjong tile set
(circa 1872) !! Karl Himly’s three-suited deck playing cards
(circa 1872) |- | Cash || 錢 || qián || Cash || 文錢
錢 || wén qián
qián |- | 100 Cash || 百 || bǎi || Strings of 100 cash coins || 索子
索
百 || suǒ zǐ
suǒ
bǎi |- | 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 萬貫 || guàn || 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 萬貫
萬 || wàn guàn
wàn |- | 10s of 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 十萬貫 || shí wàn guàn || 10s of 10,000 strings of 1000 cash coins || 十萬
十 || shí wàn
shí  |}

I'm really sick of this at this point, I have too much content to work with and after incorporating ALMOST ALL of it into this, I feel like it's too much for two (2) subjects that I was forced into splitting into three (3). I might do the table at another time, but honestly, it is really a lot of work and I'm not sure how to change the table at this point to preserve its message and not violate its copyright. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:58, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Terminology of game suits

Main page: User:Donald Trung/Terminology of game suits (cash coins in art)

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Donald_Trung/Terminology_of_game_suits_(cash_coins_in_art)&redlink=1#
  • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/1027532949&type=revision  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:30, 8 June 2021 (UTC) .

Sources

• Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). Cast Chinese Coins. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1412054669.
• Hartill, David, Qing cash, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication 37, London, 2003.

Category:Cash coins Category:Visual arts by subject

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February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

• <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

• <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

• <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
  • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Sources for expansion (Playing cards)

• https://www.learnchinesehistory.com/history-chinese-playing-cards/
  • <ref name="Learn-Chinese-History-Playing-Cards">{{cite web|url= https://www.learnchinesehistory.com/history-chinese-playing-cards/|title= History of Chinese Playing Cards.|date=2021|accessdate=24 January 2021|author= Heather|publisher= Learn Chinese History™ - Where the Middle Kingdom comes alive.™ |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:22, 24 January 2021 (UTC) .

• https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/money-suited-playing-cards/
  • <ref name="The-Mahjong-Tile-Set-Chinese-Money-Suited-Playing-Cards">{{cite web|url= https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/money-suited-playing-cards/ |title= Chinese Money-Suited Playing Cards.|date=2017|accessdate=24 January 2021|work= The Mahjong Tile Set - This site has had 1524094 hits since 19/04/2013. |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:35, 24 January 2021 (UTC) .

• https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/history-of-playing-cards
  • <ref name="Atlas-Obscura-History-of-Playing-Cards">{{cite web|url= https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/history-of-playing-cards|title= Playing Cards Around the World and Through the Ages. - The complicated lineage of our ubiquitous decks.|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=24 January 2021|author= Dan Nosowitz|publisher= Atlas Obscura|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:35, 24 January 2021 (UTC) .

Mahjong sources

• https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/the-origin-of-the-mahjong-tile-set-part-2/
  • <ref name="The-Mahjong-Tile-Set-Origins-Part-2">{{cite web|url= https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/the-origin-of-the-mahjong-tile-set-part-2/|title= The Origin and Development of the Mahjong Tile Set. Part 2.|date=2017|accessdate=7 June 2021|author= Michael Stanwick|publisher= The MAHJONG Tile Set.|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Finally done. --Donald Trung (talk) 14:00, 7 June 2021 (UTC) .

• https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/earliest-suit-names/
  • <ref name="The-Mahjong-Tile-Set-Suit-Names">{{cite web|url= https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/earliest-suit-names/|title= From Cards to Tiles: The Origin of Mahjong(g)’s Earliest Suit Names.|date=2017|accessdate=5 June 2021|author= Michael Stanwick and Hongbing Xu|publisher= The MAHJONG Tile Set. |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Finally done. --Donald Trung (talk) 14:00, 7 June 2021 (UTC) .

• http://www.mahjongtreasures.com/original-strings-of-coins/ & http://www.mahjongtreasures.com/?s=Primaltrek
  • <ref name="Mahjong-Treasures-Bamboo-Coins">{{cite web|url= http://www.mahjongtreasures.com/original-strings-of-coins/ |title= Original Strings of Coins - Real “Strings of Cash,” the inspiration for the Bamboo suit.|quote="The Bamboo suit, or "Bam" as we in the US call it, is sometimes known as String of Cash. This suit is based on actual strings of cash. In the early 1900s, and probably for years before that, Chinese coins were carried on strings put right through the hollow center of the coin."|date=8 April 2014|accessdate=25 January 2021|author= Kuan Yin (Gregg Swain)|publisher= Mahjong Treasures (Appreciating the Art of Mahjong; A Collector's Guide). |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:31, 25 January 2021 (UTC) .