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Cranberry juice
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| Nutritional value per 248 g (1 cup) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 451.9 kJ (108.0 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26.18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 23.52 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.29 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Saturated | 0.005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trans | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monounsaturated | 0.005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polyunsaturated | 0.005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.65 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 212.64 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Caffeine | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nutrition
[edit]A cup of standard 100% cranberry juice, amounting to 248 grams or 8 ounces, is a rich source of antioxidants, vitamin C and salicylic acid.[3][4] It also supplies calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and potassium minerals. Cranberry juice is classified as an acidic drink with a typical pH between 2.3 to 2.5.[5]
Health Benefits
[edit]The proanthocyanidins found in cranberry juice can prevent bacteria from adhering to the epithelial tissue that line many interior parts of the human body.[6] These adhering bacteria can cause breakdown and inflammation of the epithelial lining of the urinary tract, leading to urinary tract infections.[6]
A clinical study has shown that the cranberry juice, which is rich in polyphenols, significantly increasing blood plasma antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in women.[7]
Several clinical studies have shown that cranberry juice promotes good gum health by preventing bacterial adhesion within oral epithelium tissue and preventing dental plaque accumulation.[6][8][9][10]
A clinical study by Neto, C. (2007) suggests that cranberry juice has a potential role in the prevention of certain cancers and vascular diseases (including atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke, and neuro-degenerative diseases).[11] Cranberries contain a variety of phytochemicals, including anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins, that counteract mechanisms that contribute to certain cancers and diseases.[11]
Manufacturing/Processing
[edit]Manfacturing
[edit]Cranberries are a kind of tart red berry produced by various plant species, but it is the large-fruited, or “American cranberry” (Vaccinium macrocarpon), that is farmed for commercial production.[12] Currently, the main cranberry farming Canadian provinces are British Columbia, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.[12] However, the lower temperatures present in the Eastern provinces require the use of irrigation and flooding to prevent frost damage and moisture loss.[13] Wet harvesting is the common harvesting method used for cranberries that are to become cranberry juice.[14] A paddled machine called a water reel harvester is used to separate the ripe cranberries from the vines, then collected through a large suction pipe and transported by truck to a processing plant.[14] At the processing plant, the cranberries go through a sequence of fruit crushing, mash maceration, mash heating, juice pressing, and pasteurization to produce a cranberry concentrate that is separated from pulp.[15][16] To prepare a cranberry juice/cocktail product, cranberry juice concentrate is reconstituted with varying amounts of water, specified by the solicitation, contract, or purchase order.[17]
Pest Management
[edit]During growth, cranberry quality can be affected by various pests including: weeds, insects, mites, vertebrate animals, and diseases, resulting in the need for physical, biological or chemical treatments to reduce these impacts.[12] Canada has a “Pesticide Risk Reduction Program” where the AAFC (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) and the PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency) work to confront the dangers pesticides pose to the environment and human health.[13] Flooding and irrigation often remain the best technique to deter pesticide resistant pests in the cranberry cultivation process.[13]
Traditional Sterilization Method
[edit]Traditionally, cranberry juice is commercially sterilized though thermal processing to eliminate any pathogenic or spoilage-causing microorganisms and spores.[18] The prepared cranberry juice product is heat treated by high temperature-short time (HTST) or ultra-high temperature (UHT) techniques and packaged into aseptic, hermetically-sealed containers.[18] During thermal processing, the cranberry juice receives a heat treatment time equivalent to a 5-log pathogen reduction.[19] Often, the bacterium Clostridium botulinum is given special attention during thermal processing techniques of food.[18] However, C. botulinum does not grow and produce toxins below a pH of 4.6 and cranberry juice is classified as a high-acid food with a pH of 2.3 to 2.9.[18][20]
New Sterilization Methods
[edit]Recently, new methods of cranberry juice processing include high pressure processing (HHP) and pulsified electric fields (PEF) technology. HHP treatment involves applying pressure (80,000 psi or 550 MPa) to cranberry juice for 1 to 9 minutes to eliminate any harmful bacteria, moulds and viruses.[21][22] The resulting raw cranberry juice, without thermal processing, is classified as a novel food item by Health Canada.[21] PEF treatment involves generating a high-intensity electric field inducing a flux of electrical current to flow through the food product to eliminate harmful microorganisms.[23] PEF treated cranberry juice does not alter the flavour, colour, or aroma profile of the cranberries used, unlike the traditional thermally processed method.[24]
Additives
[edit]Naturally, cranberries are low in sugar content and have a tart or astringent taste.[25] As a result, unsweetened cranberry juice is generally considered unpalatable by consumers.[25][6] To make the juice more palatable to consumers, the tart flavour can be changed by blending with other fruit juices or the addition of natural/artificial sweetening ingredients.[6]
Packaging
[edit]All cranberry juice products are required to be packed in aseptic, hermetically seal containers (plastic bottles, cans, cartons) in accordance with good manufacturing practices of their country.[17][26] The typical container size used are 11.5 or 64 fluid ounce, and each must be filled with the product by at least 90 percent.[26] Cranberry juice products should also not be packaged more than 90 days prior to their delivery, unless specified in the order.[17] Ocean Spray and Fruit d'Or cranberry juice products have a frozen shelf life of 24 months and 36 months, respectively.[19][20]
Labeling
[edit]Cranberry juice container labels have the following information printed: product name and code, nutrition facts table, lot/drum number, date of packaging, brix, acidity, net weight, manufacturer name, manufacturer address and country of origin.[19][20] According to Canada's composition claims, a "no preservatives" claim can be added to cranberry juice products if it only contains naturally-occurring constituents that provide a preservative function such as benzoates.[27]
Standards/Regulations
[edit]Canada
[edit]For Canadian markets, cranberry juice is regulated as a processed product under fruit juices.[28] Cranberry juice must be made from sound, clean, and ripe cranberries. One or more of the following dry sweetening ingredients may be added: sugar, invert sugar, and dextrose.[28][29] According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), the common name of this product may appear as “cranberry juice drink/cooler” if at least 25% of the named juice is contained within the net quantity of the product.[30]
In Canada, cranberries are graded into two categories: Canada No. 1 and Canada Domestic. The cranberries of Canada No. 1 grade are required to be fairly clean; be uniform in size; and free from any damage and/or defect that affects the appearance, edibility, or shipment quality.[31] The cranberries of Canda Domestic grade are required to be reasonably clean; and be free from any damage and/or defect that seriously affects the appearance, edibility, or shipment quality.[31] Furthermore, all grades must be properly packaged; be sound; have a minimum surface area of 65% coloured red; and be free of insects and insect larvae.[31]
United States
[edit]For US markets, cranberry juice from concentrate is a blended mixture of cranberry juice or cranberry juice concentrate, water, sweeteners, and ascorbic acid.[17][26] The cranberry juice or concentrate in the mixture must be produced from clean, sound, mature, well-colored, and washed, fresh or frozen cranberries (Vaccinium Macrocarpon).[17][26] One or more of the following sweetening ingredients may be added: sucrose, liquid sugar, invert sugar syrup, or high fructose corn syrup (40% or greater).[17][26] The use of food additives (color, flavours, or acids) into cranberry juice depends on the percentage of cranberry juice or concentrate by volume.[17] Cranberry juice mixtures with 25% or 27% contain none of the mentioned additives, except for ascorbic acid. Cranberry juice mixtures with 22% contain no added color or flavors, but citric acid may be added. Cranberry juice mixtures with 20% may contain color, flavors, and citric acid.[17] The finished cranberry juice from concentrate product should yield a minimum of one one part cranberry juice concentrate to three parts water with a minimum Brix level of 12°.[17][26] Additionally, each cranberry juice product should be fortified with Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), with each serving size delivering not less than 100% of the current US Referenced Daily Intake.[17][26] The minimum titratable acidity of the cranberry juice product must be 1.67% wt/wt, measured as citric acid.[26]
Market Outlook
[edit]From 1999 to 2006, the price of cranberry juice for Ocean Spray rose from $14.79 per barrel to $47.69 per barrel, which is an 222% increase.[32] Ocean spray is the largest production brand in the U.S., having 60% market share of the U.S cranberry juice market.[32] From 2005 to 2006, juice consumption decreased by 2.6%, but cranberry juice has continue growth by 9.9%.[32]
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- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "15 Amazing Benefits of Cranberry Juice | Organic Facts". www.organicfacts.net. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ "Food Composition Databases Show Foods -- Cranberry juice blend, 100% juice, bottled, with added vitamin C and calcium". ndb.nal.usda.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ "Is Cranberry Juice Acidic or Alkaline?". Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ a b c d e Wilson, Ted (2016). Beverage Impacts on Health and Nutrition. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 103–111. ISBN 9783319236728.
- ^ Basu, Arpita; Betts, Nancy M.; Ortiz, Jennifer; Simmons, Brandi; Wu, Mingyuan; Lyons, Timothy J. (2011-3). "Low-calorie Cranberry Juice Decreases Lipid Oxidation and Increases Plasma Antioxidant Capacity in Women with Metabolic Syndrome". Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.). 31 (3): 190–196. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2011.02.003. ISSN 0271-5317. PMC 3075541. PMID 21481712.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Shmuely, Haim; Ofek, Itzhak; Weiss, Ervin I.; Rones, Zichria; Houri-Haddad, Yael (April 2012). "Cranberry components for the therapy of infectious disease". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 23 (2): 148–152. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.10.009. ISSN 1879-0429. PMID 22088310.
- ^ Feghali, Karine; Feldman, Mark; La, Vu Dang; Santos, Juliana; Grenier, Daniel (2012-06-13). "Cranberry proanthocyanidins: natural weapons against periodontal diseases". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60 (23): 5728–5735. doi:10.1021/jf203304v. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 22082264.
- ^ Weiss, Ervin I.; Kozlovsky, Avital; Steinberg, Doron; Lev-Dor, Ron; Bar Ness Greenstein, Ronit; Feldman, Mark; Sharon, Nathan; Ofek, Itzhak (2004-03-12). "A high molecular mass cranberry constituent reduces mutans streptococci level in saliva and inhibits in vitro adhesion to hydroxyapatite". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 232 (1): 89–92. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(04)00035-7. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 15019739.
- ^ a b Neto, Catherine C. (2007). "Cranberry and blueberry: Evidence for protective effects against cancer and vascular diseases". Molecular Nutrition Food Research. 51 (6): 652–664. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600279. PMID 17533651.
- ^ a b c FITZPATRICK, SHEILA. "Cranberry". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
- ^ a b c "Crop Profile for Cranberry in Canada" (PDF). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b "How cranberries is made - material, history, used, processing, product, industry, machine, Raw Materials". www.madehow.com. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ Narwojsz, Agnieszka (2010). "Cranberry and Strawberry Juices - Influence of Method Production on Antioxidants Content and Antioxidative Capacity" (PDF). Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. 25 (2): 209–214. doi:10.2478/v10020-010-0018-6.
- ^ Sinha, Nirmal (2012). "Manufacturing Fruit Beverages and Concentrates". Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing. John WIley & Sons. Ltd. pp. 213–228. doi:10.1002/9781118352533.ch13. ISBN 9780813808949.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Commercial Item Description: Cranberry Juice Cocktail" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b c d Valentas, Kenneth J. (1997). Handbook of Food Engineering Practice. CRC Press LLC, New York. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9781420049077.
- ^ a b c "Ocean Spray Quality Operating Guidelines" (PDF). Ocean Spray. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b c "Cranberry Juice Product Description" (PDF). Fruit d'Or. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b Canada, Health. "Novel Food Information - High Pressure Processing (HPP)-Treated Raw Fruit Juices - Canada.ca". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ "Putting the squeeze on fruit with "pascalization" boosts healthful antioxidant levels - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ Min, Seacheol. "Extending Shelf Life of Juice Products by Pulsed Electric Fields". Ohio State University Dissertations. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ Raso-Pueyo, Javier (2006). Pulsed Electric Fields Technology for the Food Industry: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. pp. 146–147. ISBN 9780387311227.
- ^ a b "Ocean Spray to FDA: Cranberry Juice Tastes Bad Without Sugar | BDCWire". BDCWire. 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Commodity Specification: Bottled Juices" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ Agency, Government of Canada,Canadian Food Inspection. "Composition and Quality Claims". www.inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Processed Products Regulations". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
- ^ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Processed Products Regulations". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
- ^ Directorate, Government of Canada,Canadian Food Inspection Agency,Food Labelling and Claims. "Juice and Juice Products". www.inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Directorate, Government of Canada,Canadian Food Inspection Agency,Domestic Food Safety Systems and Meat Hygiene. "Canadian Grade CompendiumVolume 2 - Fresh Fruit or Vegetables". www.inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Knudson, WIlliam A. "The Economic Impact of Expanded Cranberry Production" (PDF). Michigan State University. Retrieved 2017-08-10.