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Barkley (1950–1956)

Alben William Barkley (/ˈbɑːrkli/; November 24, 1877 – April 30, 1956) was an American lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served as the 35th vice president of the United States from 1949 to 1953 under President Harry S. Truman. In 1905, he was elected to local offices and in 1912 as a U.S. representative. Serving in both houses of Congress, he was a liberal Democrat, supporting President Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom domestic agenda and foreign policy.

Alben W. Barkley
Official portrait, 1950
34th President of the United States
In office November 1, 1950 – April 30, 1956
Vice President	None (1950–1953) Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. (1953–1956)
Preceded by	Harry S. Truman
Succeeded by	Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.
35th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1949 – November 1, 1950
President	Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	Harry S. Truman
Succeeded by	Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.
United States Senator from Kentucky
In office March 4, 1927 – January 19, 1949
Preceded by	Richard P. Ernst
Succeeded by	Garrett L. Withers
Senatorial positions Senate Minority Leader In office January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 Deputy Scott W. Lucas Preceded by Wallace H. White Succeeded by Kenneth S. Wherry Senate Majority Leader In office July 14, 1937 – January 3, 1947 Deputy J. Lister Hill Sherman Minton J. Hamilton Lewis Preceded by Joseph Taylor Robinson Succeeded by Wallace H. White Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus In office July 14, 1937 – January 3, 1949 Preceded by Joseph Taylor Robinson Succeeded by Scott W. Lucas
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 1st district
In office March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1927
Preceded by	Ollie M. James
Succeeded by	William Voris Gregory
Personal details
Born	Willie Alben Barkley (1877-11-24)November 24, 1877 Lowes, Kentucky, U.S.
Died	April 30, 1956(1956-04-30) (aged 78) Lexington, Virginia, U.S.
Resting place	Mount Kenton Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	Dorothy Brower ​ ​ (m. 1903; died 1947)​ Jane Rucker Hadley ​ (m. 1949)​
Children	3
Relatives	Stephen M. Truitt (grandson) Alben W. Barkley II (grandson)
Education	Marvin College (BA)
Signature

Endorsing Prohibition and denouncing parimutuel betting, Barkley narrowly lost the Kentucky Democratic gubernatorial primary in 1923 to fellow representative J. Campbell Cantrill. In 1926, he unseated Republican senator Richard P. Ernst. In the Senate, he supported the New Deal approach to handling the Great Depression in the United States. Democrats chose him to succeed Senate Majority Leader Joseph Taylor Robinson upon Robinson's death in 1937. His 1938 re-election bid was an intense, bitter victory against Governor A. B. "Happy" Chandler. When World War II focused President Franklin D. Roosevelt's attention on foreign affairs, Barkley gained influence over the administration's domestic agenda. He resigned as floor leader after Roosevelt ignored his advice and vetoed the Revenue Act of 1943. The veto was overridden by both houses and the Democratic senators unanimously re-elected Barkley to the position of Majority Leader.

Barkley had a good working relationship with Senator Harry S. Truman, who became vice-president and then president in 1945. With Truman's popularity waning entering the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Barkley gave a keynote address that energized the delegates. Truman selected him as his running mate for the upcoming election, and the Democratic ticket scored an upset victory against Thomas Dewey and Earl Warren of the Republican Party. Barkley took an active role in the Truman administration, acting as its primary spokesman, especially after the Korean War required the majority of Truman's attention. When Truman announced that he would not seek re-election in 1952, Barkley began organizing a presidential campaign, but labor leaders refused to endorse his candidacy because of his age, and he withdrew from the race. He is the most recent Democratic vice president to never receive the party's presidential nomination. He retired but was coaxed back into public life, defeating incumbent Republican senator John Sherman Cooper in 1954. Barkley died of a heart attack on April 30, 1956.

Roosevelt Jr. (1956-1957)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (August 17, 1914 – August 17, 1988) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman. He served as a United States congressman from New York from 1949 to 1955 and in 1963 was appointed United States Under Secretary of Commerce by President John F. Kennedy. He was appointed as the first chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1965 to 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Roosevelt also ran for governor of New York twice. He was a son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War II.

Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.
Roosevelt Jr. in 1945
35th President of the United States
In office April 30, 1956 – January 20, 1957
Vice President	None
Preceded by	Alben W. Barkley
Succeeded by	William Knowland
36th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1953 – April 30, 1956
President	Alben W. Barkley
Preceded by	Alben W. Barkley
Succeeded by	Walter Judd
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 20th district
In office May 17, 1949 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	Sol Bloom
Succeeded by	Irwin D. Davidson
Personal details
Born	Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (1914-08-17)August 17, 1914 Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada
Died	August 17, 1988(1988-08-17) (aged 74) Poughkeepsie, New York, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Other political affiliations	Liberal
Spouses	Ethel du Pont ​ ​ (m. 1937; div. 1949)​ Suzanne Perrin ​ ​ (m. 1949; div. 1970)​ Felicia Schiff Warburg Sarnoff ​ ​ (m. 1970; div. 1976)​ Patricia Luisa Oakes ​ ​ (m. 1977; div. 1981)​ Linda McKay Stevenson Weicker ​ ​ (m. 1984)​
Children	Franklin III Christopher Nancy Laura John
Parents	Franklin D. Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt
Relatives	Roosevelt family
Alma mater	Harvard University (AB) University of Virginia (LLB)
Profession	Lawyer politician businessman
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1938–1946
Rank	Lieutenant commander
Commands	USS Ulvert M. Moore (DE-442)
Battles/wars	World War II
Awards	Silver Star Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart

Knowland (1957-1965)

William Fife Knowland (June 26, 1908 – February 23, 1974) was an American politician and newspaper publisher. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a United States Senator from California from 1945 to 1959. He was Senate Majority Leader from August 1953 to January 1955 after the death of Robert A. Taft, and would be the last Republican Senate Majority Leader until Howard Baker in 1981.

William Knowland
36th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1957 – January 20, 1965
Vice President	Walter Judd
Preceded by	Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.
Succeeded by	Henry M. Jackson
United States Senator from California
In office August 26, 1945 – November 17, 1956
Preceded by	Hiram Johnson
Succeeded by	Clair Engle
Senatorial positions Senate Minority Leader In office January 3, 1955 – November 17, 1956 Deputy Leverett Saltonstall Everett Dirksen Preceded by Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by Everett Dirksen Senate Majority Leader In office August 4, 1953 – January 3, 1955 Deputy Leverett Saltonstall Preceded by Robert A. Taft Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson Leader of the Senate Republican Conference In office August 4, 1953 – November 17, 1956 Deputy Leverett Saltonstall Everett Dirksen Preceded by Robert A. Taft Succeeded by Everett Dirksen Chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee In office January 3, 1953 – August 4, 1953 Leader Robert A. Taft Preceded by Robert A. Taft Succeeded by Homer S. Ferguson
Member of the California State Senate from the 16th district
In office January 7, 1935 – January 2, 1939
Preceded by	Arthur Breed Sr.
Succeeded by	Arthur Breed Jr.
Member of the California State Assembly from the 14th district
In office January 2, 1933 – January 7, 1935
Preceded by	Frank Israel
Succeeded by	Charles Wagner
Personal details
Born	William Fife Knowland (1908-06-26)June 26, 1908 Alameda, California, U.S.
Died	February 23, 1974(1974-02-23) (aged 65) Guerneville, California, U.S.
Cause of death	Suicide by gunshot
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Helen Davis Herrick ​ (m. 1926)​
Children	3, including Joe, and 2 stepchildren
Relatives	Joseph R. Knowland (Father)
Education	University of California, Berkeley (BA)
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1942–1945
Rank	Major
Unit	Forward Echelon Communications Zone Fifteenth United States Army
Battles/wars	World War II Invasion of France Occupation of Germany

As one of the most powerful members of the Senate and with his strong interest in foreign policy, Knowland helped set national foreign policy priorities and funding for the Cold War, the policy regarding Vietnam, Formosa, China, Korea and NATO, as well as other foreign policy objectives. He opposed sending American forces to French Indochina and was a sharp critic of Communist China under Mao Zedong. Knowland represented the right wing of the party and considered some of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's policies too liberal.

After the Republicans lost their majority in the 1954 election, he served as Minority Leader from January 1955 to January 1959. Knowland voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. He was defeated in his 1958 run for Governor of California. He succeeded his father, Joseph R. Knowland, as the editor-in-chief and publisher of the Oakland Tribune.

Jackson (1965-1969)

Henry Martin "Scoop" Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. representative (1941–1953) and U.S. senator (1953–1983) from the state of Washington. A Cold War liberal and anti-Communist member of the Democratic Party, Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while also supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions.

Henry M. Jackson
Official portrait, 1966
37th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
Vice President	Stuart Symington
Preceded by	William Knowland
Succeeded by	Ronald Reagan
United States Senator from Washington
In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1965
Preceded by	Harry P. Cain
Succeeded by	Daniel J. Evans
28th Chair of the Democratic National Committee
In office July 17, 1960 – January 21, 1961
Preceded by	Paul Butler
Succeeded by	John Moran Bailey
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Washington's 2nd district
In office January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	Monrad Wallgren
Succeeded by	Jack Westland
Personal details
Born	Henry Martin Jackson (1912-05-31)May 31, 1912 Everett, Washington, U.S.
Died	September 1, 1983(1983-09-01) (aged 71) Everett, Washington, U.S.
Resting place	Evergreen Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Helen Hardin ​ (m. 1961)​
Education	Stanford University (BA) University of Washington (JD)
Nickname	"Scoop"
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Battles/wars	World War II

Born in Everett, Washington, to Norwegian immigrants, Jackson practiced law in Everett, after graduating from the University of Washington School of Law. He won election to Congress in 1940, and joined the Senate in 1953 after defeating incumbent Republican Party senator Harry P. Cain. Jackson supported the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and authored the National Environmental Policy Act, which helped establish the principle of publicly analyzing environmental impacts. He co-sponsored the Jackson–Vanik amendment, which denied normal trade relations to non-capitalist countries with restrictive emigration policies. Jackson served as chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources from 1963 to 1981. He was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1972 and 1976 presidential elections. While still serving in the Senate, Jackson died in 1983.

His political beliefs were characterized by support of civil rights, human rights, and safeguarding the environment, but with an equally strong commitment to oppose totalitarianism in general and — with the start of the Cold War — communist rule in particular. Jackson's political philosophies and positions have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with neoconservatism, including Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle, both of whom previously served as aides to Jackson.

Reagan (1969-1977)

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party, he became an important figure in the American conservative movement, and his presidency is known as the Reagan era.

Ronald Reagan
Official portrait, 1981
38th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1969 – January 20, 1977
Vice President	John Lindsay
Preceded by	Henry M. Jackson
Succeeded by	Birch Bayh
33rd Governor of California
In office January 2, 1967 – January 7, 1969
Lieutenant	Robert Finch
Preceded by	Pat Brown
Succeeded by	Robert Finch
President of the Screen Actors Guild
In office November 16, 1959 – June 7, 1960
Preceded by	Howard Keel
Succeeded by	George Chandler
In office March 10, 1947 – November 10, 1952
Preceded by	Robert Montgomery
Succeeded by	Walter Pidgeon
Personal details
Born	Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911-02-06)February 6, 1911 Tampico, Illinois, U.S.
Died	June 5, 2004(2004-06-05) (aged 93) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting place	Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Political party	Republican (from 1962)
Other political affiliations	Democratic (until 1962)
Spouses	Jane Wyman ​ ​ (m. 1940; div. 1949)​ Nancy Davis ​ (m. 1952)​
Children	5, including Maureen, Michael, Patti, and Ron
Parents	Jack Reagan Nelle Wilson
Relatives	Neil Reagan (brother)
Alma mater	Eureka College (BA)
Occupation	Actor politician sports broadcaster union leader
Awards	Full list
Signature
Military service
Service	United States Army United States Army Reserve United States Army Air Forces
Years of service	1937–1942 (reserve) 1942–1945 (regular)
Rank	Captain
Unit	322nd Cavalry Regiment 323rd Cavalry Regiment 18th AAF Base Unit
Wars	World War II
Other offices 1968–1969: Chair of the Republican Governors Association

Born and raised in northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports broadcaster for several regional radio stations. In 1937, he moved to California and became a well-known film actor. During his acting career, Reagan twice served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952 and from 1959 to 1960. In the 1950s, he began working on television and became a spokesman for General Electric. Reagan's "A Time for Choosing" speech during the 1964 presidential campaign launched his rise as a prominent conservative figure. After being elected governor of California in 1966, he raised taxes, turned the state budget deficit into a surplus, and implemented harsh crackdowns on university protests. Following his loss to Gerald Ford in the 1976 Republican Party presidential primaries, Reagan won the 1980 Republican nomination and then proceeded to a landslide victory over President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 U.S. presidential election.

During his presidency, Reagan implemented "Reaganomics", which involved economic deregulation and cuts in both taxes and government spending during a period of stagflation. On the world stage, he escalated the arms race and transitioned Cold War policy away from the policies of détente with the Soviet Union. In 1983, Reagan ordered the U.S. invasion of Grenada which led to the overthrow of the communist regime that had recently taken power. Reagan's first term was also marked by an attempted assassination, confrontations with public-sector labor unions, a significant expansion of the war on drugs, and a slow government response to the growing U.S. AIDS epidemic. In the 1984 presidential election, he defeated Carter's former vice president Walter Mondale in another landslide victory. Foreign affairs dominated Reagan's second term, including the 1986 bombing of Libya, the secret and illegal sale of arms to Iran to fund the Contras, and a more conciliatory approach in talks with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that culminated in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

Reagan left the presidency in 1989 with the American economy having seen a significant reduction of inflation, the unemployment rate having fallen, and the U.S. having entered its then-longest peacetime expansion. At the same time, the national debt had nearly tripled since 1981 as a result of his cuts in taxes and increased military spending, despite cuts to domestic discretionary spending. Reagan's policies also contributed to the end of the Cold War and the end of Soviet communism. Alzheimer's disease hindered Reagan post-presidency, and his physical and mental capacities gradually deteriorated, ultimately leading to his death in 2004. Historians and scholars have typically ranked him among the upper tier among American presidents, and his post-presidential approval ratings by the general public are usually high.

Bayh (1977-1981)

Birch Evans Bayh Jr. (/baɪ/; January 22, 1928 – March 14, 2019) was an American Democratic Party politician who served as U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1963 to 1981. He was first elected to office in 1954, when he won election to the Indiana House of Representatives; in 1958, he was elected Speaker, the youngest person to hold that office in the state's history. In 1962, he ran for the U.S. Senate, narrowly defeating incumbent Republican Homer E. Capehart. Shortly after entering the Senate, he became Chairman of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments, and in that role authored two constitutional amendments: the Twenty-fifth—which establishes procedures for an orderly transition of power in the case of the death, disability, or resignation of the President of the United States—and the Twenty-sixth, which lowered the voting age to 18 throughout the United States. He is the first person since James Madison and only non–Founding Father to have authored more than one constitutional amendment. Bayh also led unsuccessful efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment and eliminate the Electoral College.

Birch Bayh
39th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
Vice President	Jimmy Carter
Preceded by	Ronald Reagan
Succeeded by	George H. W. Bush
United States Senator from Indiana
In office January 3, 1963 – January 20, 1977
Preceded by	Homer Capehart
Succeeded by	Dan Quayle
Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives
In office November 5, 1958 – November 9, 1960
Preceded by	George Diener
Succeeded by	Richard Guthrie
Member of the Indiana House of Representatives from the Vigo County district
In office November 3, 1954 – November 7, 1962
Preceded by	John Brentlinger
Succeeded by	Hubert Werneke
Personal details
Born	Birch Evans Bayh Jr. (1928-01-22)January 22, 1928 Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.
Died	March 14, 2019(2019-03-14) (aged 91) Easton, Maryland, U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	Marvella Hern ​ ​ (m. 1952; died 1979)​ Kitty Halpin ​ (m. 1981)​
Children	2, including Evan
Education	Purdue University (BS) Indiana State University Indiana University Bloomington (LLB)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1946–1948
Rank	Private (1st Class)

Bayh authored Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1965, which bans gender discrimination in higher education institutions that receive federal funding. He also authored the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, and co-authored the Bayh–Dole Act, which deals with intellectual property that arises from federal-government-funded research. Bayh voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968, as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court. He led the Senate opposition to the nominations of Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell, two of Richard Nixon's unsuccessful Supreme Court nominees. Bayh intended to seek the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972, but declined to run after his wife was diagnosed with cancer. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1976, but dropped out of the campaign after disappointing finishes in the first set of primaries and caucuses.

Bayh won re-election in 1968 and 1974, but lost his 1980 bid for a fourth term to Dan Quayle. After leaving the Senate, he remained active in the political and legal world. His son, Evan Bayh, served as the 46th Governor of Indiana and held his father's former U.S. Senate seat from 1999 to 2011.

H. W. Bush (1981-1989)

George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, he also served as the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 under Ronald Reagan and previously in various other federal positions.

George H. W. Bush
Official portrait, 1981
40th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
Vice President	Jack Kemp
Preceded by	Birch Bayh
Succeeded by	Jack Kemp
11th Director of Central Intelligence
In office January 30, 1976 – January 20, 1977
President	Ronald Reagan
Deputy	Vernon A. Walters E. Henry Knoche
Preceded by	William Colby
Succeeded by	Stansfield Turner
2nd Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China
In office September 26, 1974 – December 7, 1975
President	Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	David K. E. Bruce
Succeeded by	Thomas S. Gates Jr.
Chair of the Republican National Committee
In office January 19, 1973 – September 16, 1974
Preceded by	Bob Dole
Succeeded by	Mary Smith
10th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office March 1, 1971 – January 18, 1973
President	Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	Charles Yost
Succeeded by	John A. Scali
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 7th district
In office January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1971
Preceded by	John Dowdy
Succeeded by	Bill Archer
Personal details
Born	George Herbert Walker Bush (1924-06-12)June 12, 1924 Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	November 30, 2018(2018-11-30) (aged 94) Houston, Texas, U.S.
Resting place	George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Barbara Pierce ​ ​ (m. 1945; died 2018)​
Children	George Robin Jeb Neil Marvin Dorothy
Parent	Prescott Bush (father)
Relatives	Bush family
Education	Yale University (BA)
Occupation	Businessman diplomat politician
Civilian awards	Full list
Signature
Website	Presidential Library
Nickname	"Skin"
Military service
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1942–1955 (reserve, active service 1942‍–‍1945)
Rank	Lieutenant
Unit	Fast Carrier Task Force
Battles/wars	World War II Pacific War
Military awards	Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) Air Medal (3) Presidential Unit Citation

Born into a wealthy, established family in Milton, Massachusetts, Bush was raised in Greenwich, Connecticut. He attended Phillips Academy and served as a pilot in the United States Navy Reserve during World War II before graduating from Yale and moving to West Texas, where he established a successful oil company. Following an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate in 1964, he was elected to represent Texas's 7th congressional district in 1966. President Richard Nixon appointed Bush as the ambassador to the United Nations in 1971 and as chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973. President Gerald Ford appointed him as the chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China in 1974 and as the director of Central Intelligence in 1976. Bush ran for president in 1980 but was defeated in the Republican presidential primaries by Reagan, who then selected Bush as his vice presidential running mate. In the 1988 presidential election, Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis.

Foreign policy drove Bush's presidency as he navigated the final years of the Cold War and played a key role in the reunification of Germany. He presided over the invasion of Panama and the Gulf War, ending the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in the latter conflict. Though the agreement was not ratified until after he left office, Bush negotiated and signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, which created a trade bloc consisting of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise by enacting legislation to raise taxes to justify reducing the budget deficit. He championed and signed three pieces of bipartisan legislation in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Immigration Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments. He also appointed David Souter and Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. Bush lost the 1992 presidential election to Democrat Bill Clinton following an economic recession, his turnaround on his tax promise, and the decreased emphasis of foreign policy in a post–Cold War political climate.

After leaving office in 1993, Bush was active in humanitarian activities, often working alongside Clinton. With the victory of his son, George W. Bush, in the 2000 presidential election, the two became the second father–son pair to serve as the nation's president, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Another son, Jeb Bush, unsuccessfully sought the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 primaries. Historians generally rank Bush as an above-average president.

Kemp (1989-1997)

Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a professional football player. A member of the Republican Party from New York, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1996 election, as the running mate of Bob Dole; they lost to incumbent president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.

Jack Kemp
Official portrait, 1989
41st President of the United States
In office January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1997
Vice President	Newt Gingrich
Preceded by	George H. W. Bush
Succeeded by	Evan Bayh
41st Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
President	George H. W. Bush
Preceded by	Jimmy Carter
Succeeded by	Don Nickles
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York
In office January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1981
Preceded by	Richard D. McCarthy
Succeeded by	Bill Paxon
Constituency	39th district (1971–1973) 38th district (1973–1983) 31st district (1983–1989)
Personal details
Born	Jack French Kemp (1935-07-13)July 13, 1935 Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died	May 2, 2009(2009-05-02) (aged 73) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Joanne Main ​ (m. 1958)​
Children	4, including Jeff and Jimmy
Education	Occidental College (BA)
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1958–1962
Rank	Private
Unit	U.S. Army Reserve
American football career
No. 18, 15
Position:	Quarterback
Career information
High school:	Fairfax (Los Angeles, California)
College:	Occidental
NFL draft:	1957 / round: 17 / pick: 203
Career history
Detroit Lions (1957)* Pittsburgh Steelers (1957) San Francisco 49ers (1958)* New York Giants (1958)* Calgary Stampeders (1959) Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers (1960–1962) Buffalo Bills (1962–1969)
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards
2× AFL champion (1964, 1965) 2× AFL championship MVP (1964, 1965) AFL Most Valuable Player (1965) 5× First-team All-AFL (1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966) 7× AFL All-Star (1961–1966, 1969) NFF Distinguished American Award (1982) Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame Buffalo Bills Silver Anniversary Team
Career AFL/NFL statistics
Passing attempts: 3,073 Passing completions: 1,436 Completion percentage: 46.7% TD–INT: 114–183 Passing yards: 21,218 Passer rating: 57.3
Player stats at PFR

Before entering politics, Kemp played as a quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as a captain of both the San Diego Chargers and the Buffalo Bills, earning the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in the United States Army Reserve.

As an economic conservative, Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career. His positions spanned the social spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform. As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics, he is notable as an influence upon the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which is known as the Kemp–Roth tax cut.

After his days in political office, Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator; he served on corporate and nonprofit organization boards. He also authored, co-authored, and edited several books. He promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players. Kemp was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama.