User:Kushanna/sandbox

Article critique: comparative anatomy

Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference?

- No, reference's 3 leads to a page not found, and there are only 3 references, which isn’t a lot. I cant tell if the other references are accurate.

Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?

-Everything in the article is relevant to the topic, but I wish there was more on the topic. The major concepts of homologous and analogous could have been their own section and elaborated on more.

Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?

- The article held a neutral position, kept it scientific.

Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?

-  I believe most of the information mostly referred from other wiki sources.

Check a few citations. Do the links work? Is there any close paraphrasing or plagiarism in the article?

- most of the links work, which are linked to other wiki sites. I did not see any close wording.

The references are out of date, they need to be updated.

•missing that could be added?

I feel there could be more sections added on anatomy, similarities on bones, and elaboration on the using molecular trees and learning about the different traits. phylogeny trees should be added to show the genetic and morphological differences in animal groups.

Dissections

1. Garter Snake:
   1. I am interested in the garter snake because of the way they move with all the muscles in there bodies and their skeletal body adjusted themselves with a big meal they eat. I am also intreseted to see the internal organs and how they can adjust themselves. All in all I'm just curious to see what the anatomy and functions of the snake
   2. URLs: Garter Snake, Snake, Brumation
2. Microbat:
   1. I am interested in the microbat because of the small features and delicate wings. I also don't know very much about bat anatomy and it would be a good challenge to learn more about.
   2. URLs: Microbat, Merkel cell, Insectivora
3. Iguana:
   1. Im interested in the Iguana because I've never seen one up close and I don't know much about the anatomy about it and would like to learn more about the iguana.
   2. URLs: Iguana, Parietal eye, scales

MicoBat: Game plan

1. First, learning the anatomy and structures of the bat: source: Outside and inside bats
2. Next, look at over all evolution, and focus on looking at the bat heart, wings, thermo regulation:
   1. Evolution:
      1. Altringham, J. D. (2011). Bats: From Evolution to Conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2. Circulatory system
   2. Circulatory system
      1. Heart Rate: the Metabolic Rate in Heterothermic bats
         1. . "Heart rate as a predictor of metabolic rate in heterothermic bats." Journal of Experimental Biology  (2014)
            1. Veins of bat wings/ Blood flow
               1. . “Discovery That the Veins of the Bat's Wing (Which Are Furnished with Valves) Are Endowed with Rythmical Contractility, and That the Onward Flow of Blood Is Accelerated by Each Contraction.” 
               2.  "Blood flow augmentation by intrinsic venular contraction in vivo". 
               3. “The Origin of Flight in Bats.” 
            2. Thermoregulation
               1. How it works/ article studies
                  1.  Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats.Vascular structure of the bat skin

Draft outline 1:

- The wings are adapted for the use of gas exchange and thermoregulation. The bones in the wing of the bat are design to be lighter in weight in order to achieved flight. The structure of lungs in bats are similar to that of mammals for blood flow exchange. The wings use up a high demand of energy for flight, for the body to meet those demands it is done my gas exchange through the thin layers of the skin in the wing. When the bat has its wing in an open spread out position it allows for an increase in surface area to volume ratio. The increase in surface area in the wings allows for about 85% gas exchange of the total body surface area. Underneath the skin of the wings are subcutaneous vessels that allow for a greater surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. There is also a serious of bundles of collagen fibrils, elastic fibers and fibroblasts are organized into a network that lies in the wing of the bat. The bat wings are important in thermoregulation during flight. More than 80% of the energy consumed during flight generates heat as a by- product , and thus it is expected that bat wings should dissipate large amounts of heat to prevent hyperthermia.

Due to having a larger surface area an increase in water loss by evaporation.

The wings are adapted for gas exchange and thermoregulation.

- Bats have mammalian lungs

- Due to the high energy demands for flight the body meets those demands by the gas exchange in the wing due to the increase in surface ares

- Bat wing surface area for gas exchange is about 85% of the total body surface area.

- Bat wings exchange gas between the skin and the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin and subcutaneous vessels. Bats have 2 surfaces for increased gas diffusion

- the large surface area of the wing it allows for an increase in water loss by evaporation.

-

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375846/

Feedback Response

I really appreciate all the great feed back!!

- work on sentence structure, grammar and organization

- elaborate of the more for the function of the fibers present in the bat wing

- adding a bit more background to supplement the background

- collaborate more with juli

- mechanism for thermoregulation within the bat wing, and comparative features with humans.

- how is termoregulation important with flight

things to add

Editing :

Bat anatomy page: game plan

- rearrange the anatomy section into subsections.

- Me and Juli are going to combine our two sections and interweave them in the bat page.

skin physiology, gas exchange, ( work more on) thermoregulation, aerodynamics ( maybe).

(mine) The wings are adapted for the use of gas exchange and thermoregulation. The bones in the wing of the bat are design to be lighter in weight in order to achieved flight. The structure of lungs in bats are similar to that of other mammals for blood flow exchange. The wings use up a high demand of energy for flight, for the body to meet those demands it is done my gas exchange through the thin layers of the skin in the wing. When the bat has its wing in an open spread out position it allows for an increase in surface area to volume ratio. The increase in surface area in the wings allows for about 85% gas exchange of the total body surface area. Underneath the skin of the wings are subcutaneous vessels that allow for a greater surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. There is also a serious of bundles of collagen fibrils, elastic fibers and fibroblasts are organized into a network that lies in the wing of the bat. The bat wings are important in thermoregulation during flight. More than 80% of the energy consumed during flight generates heat as a by- product , and thus it is expected that bat wings should dissipate large amounts of heat to prevent hyperthermia.

(Juli) The bat patagium is the skin membrane of the bat wing. It covers and is strengthened by the bat's four long, thin hand bones, though the thumb is free-moving. The patagium is stretched between the arm and hand bones, down the lateral side of the body and down to the hind limbs. This skin membrane consists of connective tissue, elastic filaments, nerves, muscles and vessels. The muscles keep the membrane taut during flight. The skin on the body of the bat, which has one layer of each the epidermis and dermis, as well as the presence of hair follicles and sweat glands and a fatty subcutaneous layer, is very different from the skin of the wing membrane. The patagium skin has is comprised of an extremely thin double layer of epidermis, these layers separated by a connective tissue center rich with collagen and elastic fibers.

The membrane skin also does not have any hair follicles of sweat glands. Due to this estremely thin membranous tissue, and that a bat's wing is about 85% of its total skin surface are, a bat's wing can significantly provide to its total gas exchange.

(Combined )

The bat patagium is the skin membrane of the bat wing. It covers and is strengthened by the bat's four long, thin hand bones, though the thumb is free-moving. The patagium is stretched between the arm and hand bones, down the lateral side of the body and down to the hind limbs.^[10] This skin membrane consists of connective tissue, elastic filaments, nerves, muscles and vessels. The muscles keep the membrane taut during flight. The skin on the body of the bat, which has one layer of each the epidermis and dermis, as well as the presence of hair follicles and sweat glands and a fatty subcutaneous layer, is very different from the skin of the wing membrane. The patagium skin is comprised of an extremely thin double layer of epidermis, these layers are separated by a connective tissue center, rich with collagen and elastic fibers. The membrane skin also does not have any hair follicles of sweat glands.^[11] 

Due to this extremely thin membranous tissue, a bat's wing can significantly contribute to the organism's total gas exchange efficiency.^[11] Because of the high energy demand of flight, the bat body meets those demands by gas exchange through the skin in the wing. When the bat has its wing in an open spread out position it allows for an increase in surface area to volume ratio. The increase in surface area in the wings allows for about 85% gas exchange of the total body surface area^[18]. The subcutaneous vessels in the skin membrane allow for a greater surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. There is also a series of bundles of collagen fibrils, elastic fibers and fibroblasts organized into a network that lies in the wing of the bat^[19].

(work more on ) The structure of lungs in bats are similar to that of mammals for blood flow exchange.The bat wings are important in thermoregulation during flight. More than 80% of the energy consumed during flight generates heat as a by- product , and thus it is expected that bat wings should dissipate large amounts of heat to prevent hyperthermia^[20].

(PICTURE TO COME)