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Brazil–Italy relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Brazil and Italy. Both nations enjoy friendly relations, the importance of which centres on the history of Italian migration to Brazil. Approximately 31 million Brazilians claimed to have Italian ancestry (approximately 15% of the population) making it the largest number of people with full or partial Italian ancestry outside Italy, with the Brazilian city of São Paulo being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world.^[1] Both nations are mutual members of the G20 major economies, United Nations and the World Trade Organization.

History

In September 1822, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. In 1826, the Duchy of Parma recognized the independence of Brazil and in 1827, and ambassador from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies arrived to Brazil.^[2] In 1836, future Italian unifier Giuseppe Garibaldi went into exile in Brazil and assisted in the separatist movement for the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul.^[3] In 1861, Brazilian Emperor Pedro II recognized the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II.^[4] In November 1861, Italy opened a diplomatic mission in Rio de Janeiro.^[2] In October 1871, Emperor Pedro II traveled to Italy as part of his European tour.^[5]

Italian migration to Brazil began in 1875 when Brazil began to promote migration to the country in order to increase its population and therefore created 'colonies' mostly in rural areas for Italians and other Europeans to migrate to.^[6] Between 1880 and 1920, more than one million Italians immigrated to Brazil.^[6] In 1924, Italian Prince of Piedmont (future King Umberto II) visited the city of Salvador, Bahia as Rio de Janeiro (the Brazilian capital at the time) was considered unsafe for the Prince and São Paulo was temporary taken over by rebels.^[7] The Prince's main visit to Brazil (and other South American nations) was part of a political plan of fascism to link the Italian people living outside Italy with their mother country.^[7]

Brazilian soldiers in the town of Massarosa; September 1944.

During World War I, Brazil declared war on the Central Powers after the sinking and capturing of several Brazilian merchant ships and was the only Latin American nation to actively be involved in the war by sending eight war ships to Europe and 100 paramedics to France.^[8] At the end of the war, both Brazil and Italy partook in the Treaty of Versailles.

At the start of World War II in September 1939; Brazil remained neutral, however, German submarines (U-boats) sank six Brazilian ships in the Atlantic and Brazil declared war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942.^[9] During the war, Brazil sent an Expeditionary Force consisting of 23,000 soldiers which partook in the Italian Campaign.^[10] The Brazilian forces mainly fought within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. In 1944, Brazil restored full diplomatic relations with Italy.^[4]

Since the end of the world wars, both Brazil and Italy have strengthen their relations by agreeing to several bilateral accords such as an Agreement on Migration (1977);^[11] Agreement to avoid Double Taxation (1979);^[12] Extradition Treaty (1989);^[13] Treaty on Legal Cooperation in Criminal Matters (1993);^[14] Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation (1997), among others.^[4] Both nations are active players in international organizations and leaders of both nations have paid official visits to each other nations, respectively, on numerous occasions.

High-level visits

High-level visits from Brazil to Italy^[4]

President Fernando Collor de Mello (1990)
President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1997)
President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2005, 2009)
President Dilma Rousseff (2013, 2015)

High-level visits from Italy to Brazil^[4]^[15]^[16]^[17]

President Giuseppe Saragat (1965)
President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1995)
President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (2000)
Prime Minister Romano Prodi (2007, 2009)
Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi (2010)
Prime Minister Matteo Renzi (2016)

Trade

In 2015, total trade between Brazil and Italy totaled US$7.4 billion.^[4] Italy is one of Brazil's top ten biggest trading partners globally. In 2013, Italian investments in Brazil totaled US$17.9 billion.^[4] Italian car makers such as Ferrari, Fiat and Lamborghini have a presence in Brazil, as well as Italian fashion and food products. Brazilian companies such as Embraer and agricultural companies operate in Italy. In 2000, member nations of Mercosur (which includes Brazil) and the European Union (which includes Italy) began negotiations on a free trade agreement.^[18]

Transportation

There are direct flights between Brazil and Italy with the following airlines: Alitalia and LATAM Brasil .

Bilateral agreements

At institutional level, bilateral relations follow the lines of the "Strategic Partnership" action plan signed in 2010 and the guidelines established by the Italian-Brazilian Cooperation Council, which has been hold to examine the progress and challenges of bilateral collaboration in different fields of activities (political, economic and commercial relations, scientific and cultural projects, academic exchanges, industrial cooperation and defence).^[19]

Culture relationships

Brazil ranked 11th out of 119 countries by number of Italian students.The total amount is of 40.455 students of Italian in Brazil (of which 60%, precisely 25,276, supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation through the contributions paid for lectorship, and courses).The number of Brazilian students involved in language learning is increasing, so much that teachers themselves have confirmed the existence of a large number of students on the waiting list who cannot access the courses they hold. From 2013 to 2015 about 4,000 Brazilian students went to Italy. In Brazil there is a large and qualified presence of Italian researchers and teachers active in the Brazilian academic system. Over 800 bilateral agreements signed in recent years by Italian and Brazilian universities and research institutions have consolidated bi-directional academic mobility.^[20]

Economic relations

Italy is now among the first investors in Brazil and is one of the major trading partners of the South American countries. Italian exports to Brazil are mainly concentrated in the sectors of industrial machinery and electrical equipment, chemicals, vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers and pharmaceuticals. In the Italian demand for Brazilian products, the raw materials and products as paper and cellulose, metals, coffee and soya are prevalent.

Many Italian companies invest in Brazil with a medium-long term vision looking for the opportunities of this large market. The consequence was the development of an Italian entrepreneurial fabric in Brazil numerically and qualitatively important. According to data published by the Brazilian Ministry of Economy, since 2018 Italy has been the main investor among the signatory countries of the Memorandum of Understanding on Investment facilitation. About 1,000 Italian companies currently operate in Brazil and some of them play a leading role in strategic sectors of the economy, such as energy, telecommunications, infrastructure, steel and automotive.^[21]

Resident diplomatic missions

Brazil has an embassy in Rome^[22] and a consulate-general in Milan.^[23]
Italy has an embassy in Brasília,^[24] consulates-general in Curitiba,^[25] Porto Alegre,^[26] Rio de Janeiro,^[27] São Paulo,^[28] and consulates in Belo Horizonte^[29] and in Recife.^[30]

Embassy of Brazil in Rome
Embassy of Italy in Brasília
Consulate-General of Italy in Porto Alegre
Consulate-General of Italy in São Paulo

References

^ Encontro analisa imigração italiana em MG (in Portuguese)
^ ^a ^b "Itália". www.funag.gov.br. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
^ Giuseppe Garibaldi: Exile in South America
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Italy". Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
^ Dom Pedro the Magnanimous, Second Emperor of Brazil (pg. 159-161)
^ ^a ^b The Italian Culture in Sao Paulo
^ ^a ^b Umberto II, re d'Italia (King of Italy)
^ Brazil in the First World War
^ A History of Brazil
^ Brazil in World War Two - The Campaign in Italy
^ "Agreement between Brazil and Italy on Migration (in Portuguese)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
^ Brazil and Italy sign and Agreement on avoiding Double Taxation (in Portuguese)
^ "Extradition Treaty between Brazil and Italy (in Portuguese)". Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
^ Tratado sobre Cooperação Judiciária em Matéria Penal (in Portuguese)
^ President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro visits Brazil (in Portuguese)
^ Silvio Berlusconi in Brazil (in Portuguese)
^ Matteo Renzi se diz emocionado em visitar Salvador (in Portuguese)
^ European Commission: Mercosur
^ "Rapporti bilaterali". ambbrasilia.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
^ "Studi, lingua e cultura italiana". ambbrasilia.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-21.
^ "Cooperazione Economica". ambbrasilia.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-27.
^ Embassy of Brazil in Rome
^ Consulate-General of Brazil in Milan
^ Embassy of Italy in Brasilia
^ Consulate-General of Italy in Curitiba
^ Consulate-General of Italy in Porto Alegre
^ Consulate-General of Italy in Rio de Janeiro
^ Consulate-General of Italy in São Paulo
^ "Consolato - Belo Horizonte". consbelohorizonte.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-10.
^ Consulate of Italy in Recife

Italy Category:Bilateral relations of Italy

[1] Encontro analisa imigração italiana em MG (in Portuguese)

[Italy-2] "Itália". www.funag.gov.br. Retrieved 2021-06-10.

[3] Giuseppe Garibaldi: Exile in South America

[Relations-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Italy". Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2017-01-15.

[5] Dom Pedro the Magnanimous, Second Emperor of Brazil (pg. 159-161)

[Migration-6] The Italian Culture in Sao Paulo

[Umberto-7] Umberto II, re d'Italia (King of Italy)

[8] Brazil in the First World War

[9] A History of Brazil

[10] Brazil in World War Two - The Campaign in Italy

[11] "Agreement between Brazil and Italy on Migration (in Portuguese)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2017-01-15.

[12] Brazil and Italy sign and Agreement on avoiding Double Taxation (in Portuguese)

[13] "Extradition Treaty between Brazil and Italy (in Portuguese)". Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-15.

[14] Tratado sobre Cooperação Judiciária em Matéria Penal (in Portuguese)

[15] President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro visits Brazil (in Portuguese)

[16] Silvio Berlusconi in Brazil (in Portuguese)

[17] Matteo Renzi se diz emocionado em visitar Salvador (in Portuguese)

[18] European Commission: Mercosur

[19] "Rapporti bilaterali". ambbrasilia.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-20.

[20] "Studi, lingua e cultura italiana". ambbrasilia.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-21.

[21] "Cooperazione Economica". ambbrasilia.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-27.

[22] Embassy of Brazil in Rome

[23] Consulate-General of Brazil in Milan

[24] Embassy of Italy in Brasilia

[25] Consulate-General of Italy in Curitiba

[26] Consulate-General of Italy in Porto Alegre

[27] Consulate-General of Italy in Rio de Janeiro

[28] Consulate-General of Italy in São Paulo

[29] "Consolato - Belo Horizonte". consbelohorizonte.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-10.

[30] Consulate of Italy in Recife

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