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User:Thinker78/Draft MOS:LEADLENGTH table modification

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This page is an analysis of various information and values to maybe develop a new table for MOS:LEADLENGTH, it doesn't necessarily indicates that everything is intended for integration in the guideline. Is a work in progress and your questions and comments in the talk page are appreciated.

Thread consensus analysis for table modification

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Derived from discussion at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Lead section#Seeking consensus for table modification.

  1. Hawkeye7 doesn't want kb column.
  2. NewsAndEventsGuy wants kb column (although agrees with the rationale of WhatamIdoing) and supports keeping or adding the character and words columns if consensus is gained first in WP:SIZERULE.
  3. WhatamIdoing doesn't want kb column. Wants lead length limit suggestion in words, no more than 1,000 and no more than a 2-minute read.
  4. SandyGeorgia wants lead length limit suggestion in words and mostly percentage of article, but doesn't want kb nor characters nor cutting good leads to follow the guideline.
  5. Ovinus likes the four-paragraph rule and more than the word and character count.
  6. XOR'easter doesn't want a table nor numerical limits on the lead.
  7. GreenC doesn't want a formulaic guideline.

Paragraph length in writing

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A paragraph in the context of general writing not limited to Wikipedia, can consist of a single letter, a word, or as long as needs to be or the writer wants—even pages long. The average paragraph is 200 words and is recommended to be from 3 to 8 sentences, although in academic writing it ranges from 6 to 8. For younger audiences it is recommended shorter paragraphs and in general for all audiences for easier reading.[1][2] Wikipedia's audience is mostly young and guidance states that "Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs". In addition, it is recommended that for a wider audience in the general public, the readability of a text be aimed for students in the eighth grade,[3] who may have a reading speed of 150 words per minute.[4] Therefore, shorter paragraphs should be used.

Paragraph length based on Masterclass,[1] interpretation 1 (MC1 standard)
Number of Very short Short Average Long Very long
r Regular sentences 1~2 2~4 4~6 6~8 8~10+
r Regular words 1~80 80~160 160~240 240~320 320~400+
a Academic sentences 5 6 7 8 9
a Academic words 200~240 240~280 280~320 320~460 460~600+
Paragraph length based on Masterclass,[1] interpretation 2 (MC2 standard)
Number of Very short Short Average Long Very long
r Regular sentences 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9+
r Regular words 1-50 50-150 150-250 250-350 350+
Proportion r.w./r. sent 1-15 15-30 30-35 35-40 40+
a Academic sentences 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9+
a Academic words 5-90 90-210 210-280 280-360 360+
Paragraph length based on professional blog of writing[2] (PBW standard)
Std. Number of Very short Short Average Long Very long
LP Lines letter-page[a] 1-3 3-6 6-10 11 12+
O Lines online[b] 1-2 2-3 3-5[c] 6 7+
LP Words letter page 1~50 50~100 100~170 170-200 200+
O Words online 1~40 40~60 60~100 100~140 140+
Paragraph length based on professional editing service[5] (PES standard)
Number of Very short Short Average Long Very long
Sentences 2 3 4 5 6+
Words 80~100 100~130 130~160 160~200 200+
Paragraph length based on Harvard Library guide[6] (HLG standard)
Number of Very short Short Average Long Very long
Sentences 1-3 3-4 4-7 7-8 8+
Words per sentence 10-15- 15-20 20-25 25-30 30
Words 30-45 45~80 80~175 175~240 240+
Paragraph length based on the Australian government guide[7] (AGG standard)
Number of Very short Short Average Long Very long
Sentences 1-2 2-3 3-5 5-6 6+
Words per sentence 1-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30+
Words 1-30 30-60 60-125 125-180 180+

Mobile

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In progress.

Articles statistics

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Average of around 600 words per article in all Wikipedia, per Wikipedia:Size of Wikipedia.

Articles by type[8]
Type Quantity %
1 FA 7,799 0.11
2 FL 2,210 0.03
3 A 2,325 0.03
4 GA 41,098 0.59
5 B 161,290 2.31
6 C 484,743 6.95
7 Start 2,233,820 32.04
8 Stub 3,732,746 53.55
9 List 304,937 4.37
10 Total Assessed 6,970,968 100.00

FA stats

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Overall articles at time of viewing

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# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Priyanka Chopra 9615 529 4 yes
2 Battle of Blenheim 6712 449 4 yes
3 HMS Formidable (67) 5913 256 3 yes
4 Volubilis 5054 385 3 yes
5 Jonathan Agnew 4529 306 4 no
6 Ediacaran biota 4091 563 5 no
7 Jerry Voorhis 3688 278 4 no
8 Augustinian theodicy 3536 448 3 yes
9 Caspian expeditions of the Rus' 2223 254 2 yes
10 London Beer Flood 1418 194 2 yes
Average 4,678 366 (8%) 3 (~1 / 1.5k words) 70%
# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Baháʼí Faith 6844 390 4 yes
2 Georges Bizet 6672 393 4 yes
3 Edward VII 6369 293 3 yes
4 Baltimore railroad strike of 1877 4336 203 3 yes
5 Bengali language movement 3563 353 3 yes
6 Capon Chapel 2772 384 4 no
7 Hurricane Humberto (2019) 2634 341 2 yes
8 California Pacific International Exposition half dollar 1959 199 2 yes
9 1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) 1684 244 2 yes
10 Banksia aculeata 1502 149 2 yes
Average 3,834 295 (8%) 3 (1 / 1.3k words) 90%
# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Canberra 9406 639 5 no
2 Martin Bucer 7270 338 4 yes
3 Ann Bannon 6386 292 2 no
4 Angkor Wat 5134 306 3 yes
5 California State Route 52 3593 332 3 yes
6 Charles Atangana 3568 259 2 yes
7 1991 Perfect Storm 3354 522 2 yes
8 2009 New York's 20th congressional district special election 2244 363 4 no
9 Hurricane Fred (2015) 2048 337 2 yes
10 A Canterlot Wedding 1698 259 2 yes
Average 4,470 365 (8%) 3 (1 / 1.5k) 70%
# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
9615 529 4 yes
Battle of Blenheim 6712 449 4 yes
HMS Formidable (67) 5913 256 3 yes
Volubilis 5054 385 3 yes
Jonathan Agnew 4529 306 4 no
Ediacaran biota 4091 563 5 no
Jerry Voorhis 3688 278 4 no
Augustinian theodicy 3536 448 3 yes
Caspian expeditions of the Rus' 2223 254 2 yes
London Beer Flood 1418 194 2 yes
Average 4,678 366 (8%) 3 (~1 / 1.5k words) 70%

Overall articles at time of FA rating

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# Article Article words Lead words % Lead paragraphs 1/x Complies w current guideline
Battle of Blenheim 6694 419 6.5 4 1700 yes
Priyanka Chopra 6559 432 6.5 4 1600 yes
HMS Formidable (67) 5663 253 4.5 3 1900 yes
Volubilis 4476 336 7.5 3 1500 yes
Jonathan Agnew 4388 298 7.0 3 1500 yes
Jerry Voorhis 3660 258 7.0 4 900 no
Augustinian theodicy 3181 405 12.5 3 1000 yes
Ediacaran biota 3180 347 11.0 3 1100 yes
Caspian expeditions of the Rus' 2146 230 10.5 2 1000 yes
London Beer Flood 1390 180 13.0 2 700 yes
Average 4134 316 8.5 3 1290 90%

Health articles

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# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Golding Bird 8169 353 4 yes
2 Bacteria 7399 405 3 no
3 Amphetamine 7065 394 4 yes
4 Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany 4888 406 5 no
5 Chagas disease 4777 446 5 no
6 Acute myeloid leukemia 3882 288 4 yes
7 Bupropion 3726 286 4 yes
8 Buruli ulcer 3307 314 4 yes
9 Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act 3269 243 3 yes
10 Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid 3099 291 3 yes
Average 4958 343 (7%) 4 (~1 / 1.3k words) 70%

A stats

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# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Ontario Highway 55 782 353 4 yes
2 19th Mechanized Division (Greece) 2892 405 3 no
3 32nd Infantry Division Triglavski 2225 394 4 yes
4 Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany 4888 406 5 no
5 Chagas disease 4777 446 5 no
6 Acute myeloid leukemia 3882 288 4 yes
7 Bupropion 3726 286 4 yes
8 Buruli ulcer 3307 314 4 yes
9 Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act 3269 243 3 yes
10 Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid 3099 291 3 yes
Average 4958 343 (7%) 4 (~1 / 1.3k words) 70%

GA stats

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GA stats at time of viewing
# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Aristotle 9285 506 4 yes
2 Alcoholism 6355 621 6 no
3 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days 4712 238 3 yes
4 Louvre Abu Dhabi 3156 136 2 yes
5 Stanford Fleet Street Singers 1786 269 3 no
6 2019 AFL Women's Grand Final 1778 105 1 yes
7 1989 Sukhumi riots 1625 143 2 yes
8 Russell Aitken (RAF officer) 1422 241 2 yes
9 Floating Clouds (artwork) 1032 137 2 yes
10 The Accounting Review 761 136 2 yes
Average 3191 253 (8%) 3 (~1 / 1k words) 80%
GA stats at the time of rating
# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Aristotle 9285 506 4 yes
2 Alcoholism 6355 621 6 no
3 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days 4712 238 3 yes
4 Louvre Abu Dhabi 3156 136 2 yes
5 Stanford Fleet Street Singers 1786 269 3 no
6 2019 AFL Women's Grand Final 1778 105 1 yes
7 1989 Sukhumi riots 1625 143 2 yes
8 Russell Aitken (RAF officer) 1422 241 2 yes
9 Floating Clouds (artwork) 1032 137 2 yes
10 The Accounting Review 761 136 2 yes
Average 3191 253 (8%) 3 (~1 / 1k words) 80%

B stats

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# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 Alien (film) 12076 406 3 yes
2 Ariana Grande 9931 655 4 yes
3 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier 4418 405 4 no
4 3:10 to Yuma (2007 film) 2649 130 1 no
5 Ellen Atkinson 1913 139 2 yes
6 1954 Bjørnøya Consolidated PBY Catalina crash 1745 181 2 yes
7 À rebours 1501 208 2 yes
8 Katee Sackhoff 1411 238 3 no
9 1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment 996 49 1 yes
10 Arizona State Route 51 871 143 2 yes
Average 3751 255 (7%) 2 (~1 / 1.9k words) 70%

C stats

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# Article Article words Lead words ~Lead % Lead paragraphs Proportion [d] Complies w current guideline
1 Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney 7364 146 2 1 7364 no
2 1947–1949 Palestine war 4868 766 16 4 1217 no
3 'En Esur 2238 221 10 3 746 no
4 Abstand and ausbau languages 1348 144 11 2 674 yes
5 Adam Bede 1040 71 7 1 1040 yes
6 1 Second Everyday 841 87 10 2 420 yes
7 Nabia Abbott 649 80 12 1 649 yes
8 0 A.D. (video game) 505 96 19 1 505 yes
9 African brown knifefish 452 45 10 1 452 yes
10 1 Bridge Street, Chester 336 80 24 1 336 yes
Average 1,964 174 (9%) 12 2 (1 / 1k words) 70%

Start stats

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# Article Article words Lead words Lead paragraphs Complies w current guideline
1 20th Century Animation 2270 191 2 yes
2 24 Minutes 1081 155 3 no
3 1601 (Mark Twain) 687 166 4 no
4 3rd convocation of the People's Assembly of Abkhazia 825 16 1 yes
5 2009 Yas Marina GP2 Asia Series round 723 98 1 yes
6 3Below: Tales of Arcadia 479 119 3 no
7 a capella (Ylvis song) 436 45 1 yes
8 Hilda May Abba 377 36 1 yes
9 1998 Portuguese abortion referendum 335 262 4 no
10 2D Materials (journal) 97 44 1 yes
Average 731 113 (16%) 2 (1 / 350 words) 60%

Size of articles

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According to the previous article statistics.

FA at viewing

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Option 1
From Med To[e] Proportional size
0 2,000 Very small
2,000 4,000 Small
4,000 5,000 6,000 Medium
6,000 8,000 Large
8,000 + Very large
Option 2
Level From To Proportional size
1 0 4,000 Small
2 4,000 6,000 Medium
3 6,000 + Large
Option 3
Level From To Proportional size
1 0 3,000 Small
2 3,000 5500 Medium
3 5,500 + Large

Overall

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Option 1
From To[f] Statistical Size Proportional size
0 1,500 Average Very small
1,500 4,000 C Small
4,000 6,500 GA Medium
6,500 10,000 FA[g], B Large
10,000 + Topper Very large
Option 2 [h]
Level From To Proportional size
1 0 1,400 Very small
2 1,400 3,600 Small
3 3,600 5,700 Medium
4 5,700 7,000 Large
5 7,000+ Very large
Option 3[i]
Level From To Proportional size
1 0 3,500 Small
2 3,500 6,000 Medium
3 6,000 + Large

Complex math

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Statistical calculations derived from the articles' data.

Number of FA articles in Wikipedia (N) = 7,799

N=7,799

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According to the articles' statistics. Notice that per MOS:LEAD, "The lead of a Wikipedia article [...] is the section before the table of contents and the first heading." Therefore, some articles can't have a lead due to its minimal size; for example, stubs or start articles devoid of a heading in the body. For practicality, guidance in the tables start in 0 size in words.

Option 1

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Max. chars. Article size in words Statistical Size Proportional size Lead %

max.

Lead words[j] Lead paragraphs
From To[k] Lead proportion[l]
9,000 0 1,500 Average Very small 15 5 - 250 1 - 4 1 / 350
24,000 1,500 4,000 C Small 9 200-350 2 - 5 1 / 1,000
39,000 4,000 6,500 GA Medium 8 300-500 4 - 7 1 / 1,000
60,000 6,500 10,000 FA, B Large 7 400-700 5 - 8 1 / 1,300
60,000+ 10,000 + Topper Very large 5 600-850 6 - 12 1 / 1,500

Option 1.1

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Max. chars. Article size in words Statistical Size Proportional size Lead %

max.

Lead words[m] Lead paragraphs[n]
From To[o]
9,000 0 1,500 Average Very small 15 5 - 250 1 - 7
24,000 1,500 4,000 C Small 9 200-350 2 - 9
39,000 4,000 6,500 GA Medium 8 300-500 3 - 13
60,000 6,500 10,000 FA, B Large 7 400-700 5 - 18
60,000+ 10,000 + Topper Very large 5 600-850 7 - 22

Option 2

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Max. chars. Article size in words Statistical Size Proportional size Lead %

max[p]

Lead words Lead paragraphs
From To[q] Lead proportion[r]
9,000 0 1,500 Average Very small 30 5 - 500 1 - 8 1 / 175
24,000 1,500 4,000 C Small 18 200-700 3 - 10 1 / 500
39,000 4,000 6,500 GA Medium 16 600-1000 8 - 13 1 / 500
60,000 6,500 10,000 FA, B Large 14 850-1400 10 - 16 1 / 650
60,000+ 10,000 + Topper Very large 10 1250-1700 13 - 20 1 / 750

Option 3

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The following is based on a goal of no more than 3 minutes reading, at a reading speed of 150 words per minute, roughly 80 words per paragraph.

Max. chars. Article size in words Statistical Size Proportional size Lead words Lead paragraphs
From To[s]
9,000 0 1,500 Start, Average Small 5 - 150 1-2
39,000 1,500 6,500 C, GA Medium 100-250 2-4
60,000 6,500 10,000 FA, B Large 200-350 3-5
60,000+ 10,000 + Topper Very large 300-450 4-6

Option 4

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Max. chars. Article size in words Statistical Size Proportional size Lead words Lead paragraphs[t]
From To[u]
9,000 0 1,500 Start, Average Small 5 - 150 1-4
39,000 1,500 6,500 C, GA Medium 100-250 2-7
60,000 6,500 10,000 FA, B Large 200-350 3-9
60,000+ 10,000 + Topper Very large 300-450 4-12

Several paragraphs

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An example of a current article with many paragraphs in the lead is History of India. The article has 16,600 words and the lead more than 900 words and 9 paragraphs.

Extended content

Number of paragraphs in lead

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Considering an upper limite of page size of 100k characters (per WP:SIZESPLIT) or 17k words and a 10% lead of 1.7k words, we could calculate in a provisional basis—according to similar guidance by most of the tables about short paragraphs—80 words per paragraph[v] and an upper limit of 20 paragraphs in the lead.

With article length segmented based on current MOS:LEADLENGTH table

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MC-r standard
Very short Short Average Long Very long
Regular sentences 1~2 2~4 4~6 6~8 8~10+
Regular words 1~80 80~160 160~240 240~320 320~400+
Lead length based on short range of MC-r standard
# Article length in words[w] Max lead length, % of article Lead length, in words Lead length, in paragraphs
1 Fewer than 2,500 13 From 5 ~ 325 1 ~ 4
2 2,500–5,000 11 275 ~ 500 2 ~ 5
3 [5k-7.5k] 8 400 ~ 600 4 ~ 6
4 [7.5k-10k] 8 600 ~ 800 6 ~ 8
5 [10k–12.5k] 7 700 ~ 875 7 ~ 9
6 [12.5k–15k] 7 875 ~ 1050 8 ~ 11
7 [15k to 17k] 7 1050 ~ 1200 10 ~ 12
8 17k or more --- Max 1200 ~ 12
Lead length based on standards short range average
# Article length in words[w] Max lead length, % of article Lead length, in words Lead length, in paragraphs
1 Fewer than 2,500 13 From 5 ~ 325 1 ~ 4
2 2,500–5,000 11 275 ~ 500 2 ~ 5
3 [5k-7.5k] 8 400 ~ 600 4 ~ 6
4 [7.5k-10k] 8 600 ~ 800 6 ~ 8
5 [10k–12.5k] 7 700 ~ 875 7 ~ 9
6 [12.5k–15k] 7 875 ~ 1050 8 ~ 11
7 [15k to 17k] 7 1050 ~ 1200 10 ~ 12
8 17k or more --- Max 1200 ~ 12

More lead length tables

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Based on analysis of lead examples provided in the thread "Seeking consensus for table modification". A goal of the lead being 10% or less of the overall article length is followed in these tables, according to general advice for abstracts.

Lead guidance 400 words LG400
# Article length in words[w] Lead length Article length in characters or bytes[x]
In paragraphs In words[y]
1 Fewer than 2,500 One or two From 5 ~ 200 Fewer than 15,000
2 2,500–5,000 Two or three 120 ~ 300 15,000–30,000
3 More than 5,000 [5k-7.5k] Three or four 180 ~ 400 More than 30,000 [30k-45k]
4 [7.5k-10k] Four or five 240 ~ 500 [45k-60k]
5 [10k–12.5k] Five or six 300 ~ 600 [60k-75k]
6 [12.5k–15k] Six or seven 360 ~ 700 [75k–90k]
7 [15k or more] Seven or eight 420 ~ 800[9] [90k or more]
Lead guidance short regular writing LGSRW
# Article length in words[w] Lead length, in paragraphs Lead length, in words
1 Fewer than 2,500 1 ~ 3 From 3 ~ 240
2 2,500–5,000 2 ~ 4 240 ~ 360
3 [5k-7.5k] 3 ~ 5 360 ~ 480
4 [7.5k-10k] 4 ~ 6 480 ~ 600
5 [10k–12.5k] 5 ~ 7 600 ~ 720
6 [12.5k–15k] 6 ~ 8 720 ~ 840
7 [15k to 17k] 7 ~ 9 840 ~ 960
8 17k or more 8 ~ 10 ~7% of article length
Lead guidance short academic writing LGSAW
# Article length in words[w] Lead length, in paragraphs Lead length, in words
1 Fewer than 5k 1 ~ 3 From 3 ~ 500
2 5k to 7.5k 2 ~ 4 500 ~ 750
3 7.5k to 10k 3 ~ 5 750 ~ 1000
4 10k to 12.5k 4 ~ 6 1000 ~ 1250
5 12.5k to 15k 5 ~ 7 1250 ~ 1500
6 15k to 17k 6 ~ 8 1500 ~ 1700
7 17k or more 7 ~ 9 10% of article length[9]

Analysis of lead examples in MOS:LEAD talk thread

[edit]
Version Initial Words LG400 LGSRW LGSAW Initial Lede Paragraphs Initial Lede Words Lede Compliance Words Lede Compliance Paragraphs
L. D. Reynolds 1 2323 1 1 1 4 299 LGSAW 0
L. D. Reynolds 2 2323 1 1 1 3 198 LG400, LGSRW, LGSAW LGSRW, LGSAW

Note: The LG400, LGSRW, LGSAW columns indicate the applicable row number in the relevant table that the linked lead falls under (for example, the value of 1 in the LG400 column points to row 1 in the Lead guidance 400 words LG400 table).

See also

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MOS:LEADLENGTH

WP:SIZERULE

WP:SIZESPLIT

Notes

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  1. ^ Size of line 17 words per averaging random text in word editor.
  2. ^ According to the source's author writing, size of regular line is about 20 words.
  3. ^ Calculated by averaging lines in a text of the writer [1]
  4. ^ (1 paragraph per x words)
  5. ^ Calculated according to the average of the corresponding type of article, doubling it to set the limit.
  6. ^ Calculated according to the average of the corresponding type of article, doubling it to set the limit.
  7. ^ FA health articles, which seem to be longer than other FA
  8. ^ based on FA articles size
  9. ^ Simplified version of option 2
  10. ^ Based roughly in the lead %, with more flexible ranges and without outliers.
  11. ^ Calculated according to the average of the corresponding type of article, doubling it to set the limit.
  12. ^ 1 lead paragraph per x article words (1/x)
  13. ^ Based roughly in the lead %, with more flexible ranges and without outliers.
  14. ^ Calculated using the lower and upper short range of the PBW-O and HLG standards respectively. E.g.: for a medium lead of 100 words, 2 paragraphs because 100/80=1, plus one for being one rank above a small lead, and for 250 words, up to 7 paragraphs, because 250/40=>6.
  15. ^ Calculated according to the average of the corresponding type of article, doubling it to set the limit.
  16. ^ Calculated by doubling the lead % average of the articles' stats.
  17. ^ Calculated according to the average of the corresponding type of article, doubling it to set the limit.
  18. ^ 1 lead paragraph per x article words (1/x); calculated by doubling the proportion in the articles' stats average.
  19. ^ Calculated according to the average of the corresponding type of article, doubling it to set the limit.
  20. ^ Calculated using the lower and upper short range of the PBW-O and HLG standards respectively. E.g.: for a medium lead of 100 words, 2 paragraphs because 100/80=1, plus one for being one rank above a small lead, and for 250 words, up to 7 paragraphs, because 250/40=>6.
  21. ^ Calculated according to the average of the corresponding type of article, doubling it to set the limit.
  22. ^ About the average of the tables in the short range.
  23. ^ a b c d e Estimate based on June 2022 table and Prosesize numbers
  24. ^ Per WP:SIZERULE
  25. ^ Based on an editor comment they would like something like a 400 word limit

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "How Long Is a Paragraph? Tips for Varying Paragraph Length". Master Class. Feb 25, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Nichol, Mark. "How Long Should a Paragraph Be?". Daily Writing Tips. Retrieved 18 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Flesch Reading Ease and the Flesch Kincaid Grade Level". Readable. Retrieved 3 Aug 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Nowak, Paul (29 May 2018). "What Is the Average Reading Speed? (& How You Can Improve Your Own)". Iris Reading. Retrieved 3 Aug 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Ideal length of paragraph in academic writing". The Ultimate Proofreader. May 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "Writing Guide". Harvard Library. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  7. ^ "Style Manual. Paragraphs". Australian Government Style Manual. 6 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Wikipedia:Statistics#Images
  9. ^ a b https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BVQri3aLfg