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This page is about the Catalan state proclaimed in 2017. For other short-lived states, within or without Spain or Catalonia, see Catalan Republic.
Catalan Republic
República Catalana (Catalan)
República Catalana (Spanish)
Republica Catalana (Occitan)
2017–2017
Anthem: Els Segadors (Catalan)
"The Reapers"
Location of the Catalan Republic within Europe
Location of the Catalan Republic within Europe
StatusUnrecognized state
CapitalBarcelona
Common languages
Demonym(s)Catalan
GovernmentRepublic
History 
1 October 2017
• Declared
27 October 2017
30 October 2017
• Declaration annulled
8 November 2017
  1. Used unilaterally; the Catalan Republic was not a formal member of the eurozone.
  2. Under the Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic, local, autonomic and state regulations in force in Catalonia at the time of entry into force of this Law continued to apply unless in contravention with it. This included Catalonia's official simbology as provided under the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia and other laws.
  3. On 31 October 2017, the independence declaration was suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.

The Catalan Republic (Catalan: República Catalana, Spanish: República Catalana, Occitan: Republica Catalana) was a proposed secessionist unrecognized state that was declared in Catalonia on 27 October 2017.[1][2][3] The Parliament of Catalonia unilaterally declared independence from Spain amid a constitutional crisis over the 2017 Catalan independence referendum.[4] Shortly thereafter, the Spanish Senate triggered Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution.[5] Under Spanish law this granted the prime minister, Mariano Rajoy, authority to dismiss the Executive Council of Catalonia, dissolve the Parliament of Catalonia and call a snap regional election for 21 December 2017.[6] In response, Carles Puigdemont, President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, stated that only parliaments could elect or remove governments in a democratic society and asked Catalans to "democratically oppose" the enforcement of Article 155, without clarifying what his response would be to the Spanish government's orders.[7][8]

By 30 October, work had resumed as normal throughout Catalonia as the Spanish government's takeover met with little resistance from Catalan authorities.[9] Puigdemont and part of his cabinet fled to Belgium to escape action from the Spanish judiciary,[10][11][12] having been formally accused of rebellion, sedition and embezzlement by the Spanish Attorney General.[13][14] The independence declaration was suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain on the next day.[15] Eight members of the deposed Catalan government—including Puigdemont's deputy and ERC leader, Oriol Junqueras—were ordered to be remanded to custody without bail on 2 November for posing a flight risk, with a ninth being granted a bail, with Spanish prosecutors seeking a European Arrest Warrant for Puigdemont and four other members refusing to attend the hearing.[16][17]

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]
Main articles: 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis and Catalan independence referendum, 2017
Carles Puigdemont, President of the Generalitat of Catalonia at the time of the independence declaration

An independence referendum, which was deemed unconstitutional by the Spanish government and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain,[18][19][20] was held in Catalonia on 1 October 2017. The referendum question, to which voters answered with a "Yes" or "No", was: "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?". The "Yes" side won, with 2,044,038 (92.01%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.99%) voting against, albeit on a registered turnout of 43.03% and amid questions about compliance with basic voting regulations.[21][22][23][24]

In an ambiguous speech during a parliamentary session in the Parliament of Catalonia on 10 October, Puigdemont declared that "Catalonia had earned the right to be an independent state" and that he defended "the mandate of the people of Catalonia to become an independent republic". However, he immediately announced that parliament should suspend a formal declaration of independence in order to pursue dialogue with the Spanish government. Puigdemont and other pro-independence deputies then signed a symbolic declaration of independence with no legal effect.[25] On 11 October, after an extraordinary cabinet meeting intended to address the events on the previous day, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced he was formally requiring the Catalan government to confirm whether it had declared independence before 16 October at 10 am, with a further three-day deadline until 19 October to revoke all deemed illegal acts if an affirmative answer—or no answer at all—was obtained.[26] This requirement was a formal requisite needed to trigger article 155 of the Spanish Constitution, a so-called "nuclear option" that would allow the Spanish government to suspend Catalonia's political autonomy and impose direct rule from Madrid.[27][28][29] Pressure mounted within the pro-independence coalition as the CUP demanded an unambiguous affirmation of Catalan independence, threatening to withdraw its parliamentary support from Puigdemont's government if he rescinded his independence claim.[30] In his formal response to Rajoy's requirement hurrying the initial five-day deadline, Puigdemont failed to clarify whether independence had been declared and instead called for negotiations over the following two months.[31][32] The Spanish government replied that this was not a valid response to its requirement and doubted that Puigdemont's offer for dialogue was sincere due to his lack of "clarity".[33][34] The refusal from the Catalan government to either confirm or deny independence triggered a second deadline for them to backtrack before direct rule was imposed.[35][36]

On 19 October, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy confirmed that the Spanish government would trigger Article 155 and move to suspend Catalonia's autonomy after a cabinet meeting scheduled for 21 October, following a letter from Puigdemont in which he said that the independence declaration remained suspended but that the Catalan parliament could choose to vote on it if Spain continued its "repression".[37] Subsequently, Rajoy announced the Spanish government would take direct control over the Generalitat of Catalonia, proceeding to remove Puigdemont and the entire Catalan government from their offices and call a regional election within six months, pending Senate approval.[38][39][40]

Special Senate Commission on the Invocation of Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution (presidency)

Declaration

[edit]
Main article: Catalan declaration of independence

On 26–27 October 2017, a debate over a possible declaration of independence was held in the Parliament of Catalonia,[41] simultaneous to the Spanish Senate debating the enforcement of direct rule in Catalonia through the invoking of Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978.[42] At the end of the debate, the Catalan parliament voted in a secret ballot a unilateral declaration of independence that was backed 70–10, two MPs casting a blank ballot, with all MPs from Citizens, the Socialists' Party of Catalonia and the People's Party boycotting a vote considered illegal by the lawyers of the Parliament of Catalonia.[43][44]

Whilst crowds outside the parliament building celebrated the declaration, the Spanish flag remained flying over the Catalan government palace.[45] Other government offices also continued to fly the Spanish flag.[46] However, the Spanish flag was removed from the town-hall in Girona and Sabadell.[47][48]

Institutional reactions

[edit]

In response, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dismissed the Executive Council of Catalonia, dissolved the Parliament of Catalonia and called a snap regional election for 21 December 2017, after obtaining the Spanish Senate endorsement to the invoking of Article 155.[6]

Soon after Rajoy's announcement, Director Pere Soler i Campins of the Mossos d'Esquadra, Catalonia's autonomous police force, sent a farewell letter in which he acknowledged his removal by the Spanish government.[49] Major Josep Lluís Trapero also acknowledged his dismissal and asked Catalan police officers to remain "loyal" to his successor.[50]

Members of the deposed Catalan government before testifying at the Spanish National Court in Madrid.

While some media outlets hinted that the Puigdemont-led Catalan government was not going to resist the Spanish takeover of the government of Catalonia,[51] Puigdemont did not consider himself dismissed, asserting that it is parliaments "who elect or remove governments", and asked Catalans to "democratically oppose" the enforcement of Article 155. He, however, did not clarify whether he would acknowledge or refuse the Spanish government's orders.[7][8]

On Monday, 30 October, Parliament Speaker Carme Forcadell called off a parliamentary meeting scheduled for the next day because the chamber "had been dissolved", thus acknowledging Mariano Rajoy's order.[52] Later that day, it transpired that Puigdemont and part of his dismissed cabinet had fled to Belgium in a move to avoid action from the Spanish judiciary,[10][11] as the Spanish Attorney General José Manuel Maza announced a criminal complaint against them for rebellion, sedition and embezzlement.[13][14] Concurrently, lack of civil unrest and work resuming as normal throughout Catalonia showed signs that direct rule from Madrid had taken hold, with Spanish authorities reasserting administrative control over Catalan territory with little resistance.[9][12] On 31 October, the independence declaration was suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.[15]

On 2 November, the Spanish National Court ordered that eight members of the deposed Catalan government—including former Vice President and ERC leader Oriol Junqueras—be remanded in custody without bail after being summoned to appear to respond to the criminal charges pressed against them, with a ninth—Santi Vila—being granted a €50,000 bail. European Arrest Warrants were issued for Puigdemont and his four other cabinet members who fled to Brussels and refused to attend.[16][17]

International reactions

[edit]

Reactions from UN member states

[edit]

No sovereign nation has given the Catalan Republic full, formal recognition.[53] The following countries have issued statements in support of Spain's territorial integrity and constitutional order:[54][55]

Belgium[141] stated that they view the declaration of independence of Catalonia is part of an internal conflict that must be resolved through dialogue, and that "We want the dialogue to take place and there is an ability to consult within Spain – it is first and foremost a Spanish problem".

Pakistan has expressed hopes that "the issue will be amicably settled in compliance with the Spanish constitution and law through dialogue and negotiations".[142].

Slovenia has stated that "it advocated the right of nations for self-determination, which must be expressed and executed democratically".[143]

Hungary issued a statement saying that "the declaration of Catalonian independence is a matter of Spanish internal affairs".[144]

Israel initially was silent regarding the referendum, although one government minister retorted on Twitter about the "hypocrisy" of Spanish demands that Israel give national rights to Palestinians given the refusal to allow a referendum in Catalonia[145] and Hamodia reported that there was sympathy for the Catalan separatists among the Israeli public.[146] When the Spanish government requested an "expression of disapproval of Catalan secession",[146] Israel issued a statement saying "Israel hopes that the internal crisis in Spain will be resolved quickly and peacefully and through broad national consensus",[146] which was seen as avoiding taking either the Spanish government or Catalan separatist side.[145][147]. Later on, Israel's president, Reuven Rivlin, claimed during his visit state visit to Spain that "Spain for us is one country, and His Majesty the King is the symbol of that unity" [148]

Venezuela's Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza expressed solidarity with the Catalan people and called for the release of "political prisoners".[149][150]

Reactions from international organizations

[edit]

As a region of Spain, the autonomous community of Catalonia is also part of the European Union (EU), eurozone, and Schengen Area. Prior to the declaration, there was debate as to whether an independent Catalonia would retain membership in the EU and associated international arrangements, or would, upon independence, find itself outside of these arrangements. The secession of part of a member nation is not specifically addressed in the EU's treaties, though legal opinions have been offered both in the case of Catalonia and during the debate around the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.[151][152] The "Prodi doctrine" followed by the European Commission states that a seceding state would exit the EU and would have to apply for membership as an external nation.[153]

President of the European Council Donald Tusk stated that the independence declaration "changed nothing" and that the European Union would only deal with the Spanish government, while also urging Spain to use "force of argument, not argument of force."[154]

A spokesperson for United Nations Secretary General António Guterres told reporters "We are trying to follow up on the developments. For now the Secretary General encourages all concerned to seek solutions within the framework of the Spanish constitution and through established political and legal channels."[155]

NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg commented on the issue that the "Catalonia issue must be resolved within Spain's constitutional order. Spain is a committed ally, with important contributions to our security".[156][157]

On November 1, Mahmud Afifi, the spokesman for the Arab League, rejected Catalonia's independence saying that future of states must be decided within constitutions, not by rejecting it. He added "We trust in the capacity of the Spanish Government and its democratic institutions to preserve the constitutional system in the country and to guarantee the rights and freedoms of all citizens within the framework of sovereignty, law and democratic principles".[158][159]

Reactions from regional governments

[edit]

The Minister-President of Flanders, Geert Bourgeois, showed support for the Catalan Republic, but acknowledged that any form of recognition is the purview only of the Federal Government of Belgium. After the arrests of several cabinet members of the Catalan Republic, he called it "a bridge too far" and urged the EU to intervene.[160][161] The President of the Corsican Assembly, Jean-Guy Talamoni, expressed his support for Catalan independence.[162] The Scottish Government voiced its support for the self-determination of the Catalan people, stating that they "understand and respect the position of the Catalan Government", further addidng that "While Spain has the right to oppose independence, the people of Catalonia must have the ability to determine their own future. Today’s Declaration of Independence came about only after repeated calls for dialogue were refused.".[163]

One of the MPs for Lapland, from the ruling Centre Party in Finland, intends to submit a motion to the Parliament of Finland recognising the new country.[164][165]

Reactions from non-UN states and other entities

[edit]

Abkhazia and South Ossetia have shown willingness in considering a formal recognition should they receive such a request from the Catalan government.[166][167] The Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Artsakh issued a statement of support, saying "We consider it important that the resolution of the political crisis between Barcelona and Madrid is achieved by exclusively peaceful means, through dialogue."[168]

Taiwan stated that it "hopes for peaceful dialogue between central and regional governments of Spain to resolve the Catalonia issue."[169]

The State of Palestine stated that it supports a strong and united Spain.[170]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "Catalans race to create a new currency and economic fortress as independence counter-attack builds". The Telegraph. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
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  8. ^ a b "Són els parlaments els que escullen o cessen els presidents". El Món (in cat). 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  106. ^ "Malaysia does not recognise Catalan independence". The Star. MSN. 1 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  107. ^ "Le Gouvernement du Mali ne reconnaît pas l'indépendance de la Catalogne" (in French). 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  108. ^ "Malta does not recognise d Declaration of Independence of #Catalonia.Support for Spanish govt. crisis to be dealt in respect of constitution". Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  109. ^ "Nouakchott backs Madrid over Catalan secessionists". Journal du Cameroun. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  110. ^ El Universal (27 October 2017). "México no reconoce independencia de Cataluña". Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  111. ^ "Moldova reiterates strong support for unity and constitutional order in #Spain". Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  112. ^ "Morocco "الخارجية المغربية: لا نعترف ولن نعترف باستقلال كتالونيا"". Tanja7 (in Arabic). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  113. ^ "FM Zijlstra: 'Let it be clear, also after recent events in #Catalonia: the Netherlands only considers Spain to be its interlocutor.'". Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  114. ^ "Nicaragua bets on Spain's unity facing the pro-independence defiance". 1 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  115. ^ "Nigeria Government urges Spain to embrace dialogue with Catalonia". 4 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  116. ^ "FM #Eriksen Søreide:Norway will not recognize unilateral declaration of Independence #Catalonia. Re-establish legality as basis for dialogue". @NorwayMFA. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  117. ^ "Panamá "no reconoce ni reconocerá decisión unilateral de Cataluña"". Telémetro (in Spanish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  118. ^ "Paraguay respalda medidas adoptadas por España ante independencia de Cataluña". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  119. ^ "Perú rechaza declaración unilateral de independencia de Cataluña". El Comercio (in Spanish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  120. ^ "MFA statement on developments in Catalonia". MFA Poland. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  121. ^ "Comunicado do Governo português sobre a «Declaração Unilateral de Independência» no Parlamento da Catalunha". portugal.gov.pt (in Portuguese). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  122. ^ "Qatar Supports Spanish Government's Measures to Maintain Unity of Country". 27 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  123. ^ "Romania reaffirms its strong support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Spain". Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  124. ^ "Russian Foreign Minister: Moscow's position on the situation in Cataonia unchanged". rusreality.com. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  125. ^ "Senegal: Government supports Spanish Unity". Anadolu Agency. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  126. ^ "Dačić: Isti je put Kosova i Katalonije". Blic (in Serbian). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  127. ^ "Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs: Slovakia's partner is solely the Spanish government". TASR (in Slovak). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  128. ^ "카탈루냐 분리독립 문제 관련 대변인 논평" (in Korean). Retrieved 28 October 2017. 정부는 통합된 스페인을 지지하며, 카탈루냐 문제가 스페인의 헌법질서내에서 평화적으로 조속히 해결되기를 기대한다.
  129. ^ "Sri Lanka rejects declaration of independence by Catalonia". APD. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  130. ^ "السودان: ندعم وحدة إسبانيا وتعزيز وحدتها". 2 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  131. ^ "Hela världen nobbar Katalonien". DN (in Swedish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  132. ^ "Suiza dice que el caso de Cataluña debe abordarse "dentro del orden constitucional"". EFE (in Spanish). 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  133. ^ "Spagna: Tunisia sostiene gli sforzi del governo spagnolo per risolvere la crisi catalana" (in French). Agenzia Nova. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  134. ^ "Dışişleri Bakanlığı: Parlamentonun bağımsızlık ilanı halkın iradesini yansıtmıyor". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  135. ^ Pavlo Klimkin (27 October 2017). "Ukraine supports the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Spain within its internationally recognized borders". @PavloKlimkin. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  136. ^ "Mohammad calls King Philip of Spain". Gulf News. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  137. ^ "UK won't recognise Catalan independence". BBC News. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  138. ^ "U.S. backs Spanish efforts to block break-away by Catalonia". Reuters. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  139. ^ "Uruguay reconoce la unidad de España y rechaza la independencia de Cataluña". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 30 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  140. ^ Giap, Trong (31 October 2017). "Việt Nam lên tiếng về khủng hoảng chính trị Tây Ban Nha". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  141. ^ "Crise en Catalogne: Charles Michel, Didier Reynders et... la N-VA réagissent". DH.be. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  142. ^ "Press Release". 3 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  143. ^ "Foreign Ministry reiterates its position on Catalonia". sta.si. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  144. ^ "The declaration of Catalonian independence is a matter of Spanish internal affairs". Website of the Hungarian Government. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  145. ^ a b "Israel refuses to support Spain against Catalan independence". Arutz Sheva. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  146. ^ a b c "Foreign Ministry Issues First Statement on Catalonia Crisis". hamodia.com. Hamodia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  147. ^ "Israel definitively refuses to give way to Spain's diplomatic pressure". Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  148. ^ Verter, Yossi (9 November 2017). "Analysis Israeli President's One-state Solution Averts Diplomatic Scandal With Spain". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  149. ^ "Venezuela se solidariza con Cataluña y pide libertad de los «presos políticos»". ABC. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  150. ^ "Venezuela exige al Estado la liberación de los "presos políticos"". ElNacional.Cat. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  151. ^ Martin, Garret (29 September 2017). "The Catalan Independence Referendum Leaves the E.U. With Few Options". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  152. ^ "Newton Emerson: Catalan crisis a double-edged sword for Sinn Féin". The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  153. ^ "Could an independent Catalonia stay in the EU?". SBS. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  154. ^ "Catalan independence declaration changes nothing for EU, says Tusk". Reuters. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  155. ^ "UN calls for resolving Catalonia crisis within framework of Spanish constitution". 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  156. ^ "Where Does Catalonia Go From Here? Whichever Way, It's Messy". Bloomberg. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  157. ^ "NATO Says Catalonia Issue Domestic Matter to Be Resolved by Spain". The New York Times. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  158. ^ https://www.elimparcial.es/noticia/183173/mundo/la-liga-arabe-espera-que-espana-se-defienda-ante-el-desafio-secesionista-catalan.html
  159. ^ "La Liga Árabe confía en que España preserve su sistema constitucional".
  160. ^ NWS, VRT (27 October 2017). "Liveblog: Catalonië onafhankelijk: uren van blijdschap, verwarring en spanning".
  161. ^ NWS, VRT (2 November 2017). "Bourgeois: "Aanhoudingsbevel Puigdemont meer dan een brug te ver"".
  162. ^ "Le président de l'Assemblée de Corse reconnaît l'indépendance de la Catalogne". 27 October 2017.
  163. ^ "Statement on Catalonia". ScotGov. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  164. ^ Rogers, Jon. "EU TURMOIL: Finland preparing to go against Spain and RECOGNISE Catalonia's independence | World". Daily Express. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  165. ^ "Catalonia Parliament Votes for Independence from Spain". Voice of America. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  166. ^ "Abkhazia is ready to consider recognizing the independence of Catalonia". rusreality.com. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  167. ^ "South Ossetia Ready to Consider Recognition of Catalonia's Independence – FM". Sputnik. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  168. ^ "Comment by the Information and Public Relations Department of the Artsakh Foreign Ministry on the Declaration of Independence of Catalonia – MFA NKR". nkr.am. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  169. ^ "Taiwan hopes for peaceful resolution of Catalonia issue: MOFA". ocac.gov.tw. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  170. ^ "Palestina apoya una "España fuerte y unida" y apuesta por el diálogo" (in Spanish). 30 October 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
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