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Gapur Akhriev | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of Terek Civil Executive Committee | |
| Assumed office March 1917 | |
| People's Commissar of National Affairs of Terek Soviet Republic | |
| Assumed office 7 March 1918 | |
| Chairman of the Ingush Revolutionary Committee | |
| Assumed office March 1920 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Missing required parameter 1=month! 1890 Furtoug, Vladikavkaz okrug, Russian Empire |
| Died | 3 May 1920 (aged 29–30) Baku, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Furtoug |
| Political party |
|
Gapur Saidovich Akhriev[a] (c. 1890 – 3 May 1920) was a prominent Soviet revolutionary and statesman of Ingush origin. Active participant in the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan.
Early Life
[edit]Background
[edit]Gapur was born in c. 1890 in the mountainous village of Furtoug to a poor Ingush[b] family.[1] He was the second son in his family; his father was Said Akhriev. Gapur spent most of his time in Furtoug, before moving into Vladikavkaz where he taken under care by his uncle Assadula Akhriev,[2] a former member of Land and Liberty.[1]
In Vladikavkaz, Assadula sent Gapur to the first grade of the Vladikavkaz Second Real School. Due to the insufficient knowledge of Russian language, Gapur had difficulties in his studies. Taking this into account, Assadula sent Gapur to a boarding school in Moscow, at the same time enrolling him in a real school. Gapur was persistent in his studies and successfully graduated from a real school, receiving a secondary education. After graduation, Gapur entered the Moscow University of Economics. From 1912, Gapur began to take participate in the events of student revolutionaries. In 1916,[3] thanks to the assistance of Assadula, Gapur managed to graduate from the university.[4]
After graduation, Gapur returned to Vladikavkaz, joined the Terek Union of Small Credit Institutions as an instructor. Soon, Gapur became friends with Sergei Kirov, who at that time lived in Vladikavkaz and worked as the editor of newspaper Terek. The friendship influenced Gapur's later revolutionary activities.[5]
Beginning of his revolutionary activies
[edit]Gapur took active part in the February Revolution, participating in the arrest of tsarist officials, gendarmes and policemen as well as in the defeat of officer and bourgeois groups - supporters of the Russian monarchy.[6]
On March 1917, Gapur Akhriev was elected as a member of the Terek Civil Executive Committee by public organizations of Vladikavkaz.[7] During this time, he was also a member of the Ingush National Council,[7][8] in which he took a firm Bolshevik position and led an active opposition against Vassan-Girey and Magomed Dzhabagievs whom he deemed "bourgeois-nationalist". Later Gapur left the council due to the alleged "bourgeois-nationalist elements" of council.[7]
I have nothing to do in the Ingush National Council, headed by the Dzhabagiev brothers, who are engaged in empty demagoguery and represent the interests of bourgeois-nationalist elements, the interests of the kulak stratum. The Ingush National Council does not enjoy the trust of the working Ingush masses. I ask that my words be entered into the minutes of the meeting and that I be considered removed from the meeting.
— Gapur Akhriev at the meeting of the council according to the memories of Soviet revolutionary Hussein Almurziev.[7]
After leaving the council, Gapur was soon elected a member of the Vladikavkaz Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, whose chairman since September 1917 was Mamia Orakhelashvili, and the executive committee included such figures as Sergei Kirov, Samuil Buachidze. During this time, Gapur propagated to the local peoples about the alleged "anti-national essence" of Russian Provisional Government and criticized Mensheviks, Esers and bourgeoisie for their "conciliatory policy". He participates in the clarification of the April Theses and decisions of the conference, as well as the Leninist tactics of the party. The Terek Bolsheviks, among whom was Gapur, following the decisions of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), started to prepare for the Russian Revolution by mobilizing revolutionary forces.[9]
Russian Civil War
[edit]After the Russian Provisional Government was overthrown in the October Revolution, Gapur together with Kirov participated in rallies where they propogated their candidates for Russian Constituent Assembly and criticized Mensheviks and Esers.[9] At the request of Kirov, Akhriev traveled around villages and propogated Soviet ideas.[10]
Second Congress of the Peoples of the Terek
[edit]In order to prevent Chechen and Ingush delegations from participating in the Second Congress of the Peoples of the Terek that was planned to be held in Pyatigorsk on 16 February 1918, the counter-revolutionaries organized clashes between Cossacks and Caucasians (which prevented the arrival of the Chechen delegation on the first day of the congress), and in Vladikavkaz they organized the murder of three Ingush who accompanied the delegation from Ingushetia that went to the congress. The delegation led by Gapur Akhriev, which was joined by the head of the Chechen delegation Aslanbek Sheripov, continued its journey under the protection of hundreds of Khakyash Dakhkilgov, who twice - near Prokhladny and Mineralnye Vody - repelled attacks by bandits who tried to prevent the delegates from going to Pyatigorsk. The Chechen and Ingush delegations managed to arrive on the eighth day of the congress and they were personally met by Sergei Kirov and Grigory Andzhievsky.[11]
At the congress, Gapur made a response speech to Kirov's welcome speech. His appearance on the podium was greeted with stormy, long-lasting applause. Afterwards, Aslanbek Sheripov made a speech on the podium where he proclaimed his support for Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and highlighted the problems of land shortage in the region. In the next speech, Gapur also proclaimed support for the council. He stated:[12]
All the governments that we have had so far have lost all credibility in the eyes of the Ingush people. Obviously, only recognition of the power of the Council of People's Commissars can get us out of this situation [Applause]. We have real power that will support everyone who goes to defend the gains of the revolution.
The Socialist Bloc, among which was Gapur, managed to achieve the recognition of the power of the People's Council Commissioners by the majority of the congress. A telegram was sent to Vladimir Lenin announcing the recognition by the peoples of the Terek of the authority of the Council of People's Commissars.[13]
Terek Civil Executive Committee
[edit]While the Congress was ongoing, interethnic clashes broke out in the Terek Oblast, provoked by counter-revolutionaries. These hostilities forced the congress to move to Vladikavkaz on 7 March, the center of the oblast, in order to be able to more quickly respond to them. The congress elected members of the Terek People's Council and the Council of People's Commissars. Gapur was elected People's Commissar for National Affairs. The Terek People's Council included representatives of all the peoples inhabiting the Terek Oblast. Thus, Soviet power was established in the oblast on March 1918.[14]
Not wanting to accept the Soviet rule, a noble regiment of Kabardian counter-revolutionaries led by Khamid Chezhokov was formed. In order to eliminate it, strengthen revolutionary activity and establish Soviet rule in Kabardino-Balkaria, at the suggestion of Sergei Kirov, a group of Bolsheviks led by Gapur and members of the Terek People's Council Shakro Palavandashvili and Betal Kalmykov were sent to Nalchik. They were also tasked with the organization of revolutionary detachments, the disarmament of counter-revolutionary gangs. On 18 March, Gapur together with Shakro and Betal, arrived at the district administration building of Nalchik where they forced Khamid to resign, arresting him and his associates, thus establishing Soviet rule in Kabardino-Balkaria.[15]
On the same day, the First Congress of Workers of Kabardino-Balkaria opened. Gapur was elected chairman of the congress.[16] The decisions of the Second Congress of the Peoples of the Terek was approved by the congress and they proclaimed Soviet rule in Kabardino-Balkaria and elected a District People's Council. After the congress, Gapur returned to Vladikavkaz.[17]
Third Congress of the Peoples of the Terek
[edit]Gapur participated in the Third Congress of the Peoples of the Terek, opened on 22 May, as the representative of the Ingush delegation. Main discussion of the congress was about the creation of the Red Army in Terek Oblast. At last, the congress adopted a resolution on the creation of the armed forces of the Terek Soviet Republic.[18] Gapur was elected a member of the Land Council of Terek Soviet Republic.[19]
During this time, Gapur organized Soviet congresses in national circles, propogated the Soviet ideas to the local peoples, gave them instructions from the People's Council and the Council of People's Commissars and held elections to local government bodies.[19]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Russian: Гапур Саидович Ахриев, Ingush: Оахаранаькъан СаӀида ГӀапур, romanized: Oakharanäqhan Sa'ida Ghapur
- ^ Gioev et al. 1983, p. 140;
References
[edit]- ^ a b Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1969.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, p. 8.
- ^ Ocherki istorii Checheno-Ingushskoy ASSR 1967, p. 297.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, p. 9.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b c d Akhriev 1967, p. 10.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 416.
- ^ a b Akhriev 1967, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, p. 13.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 418.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, p. 17.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, p. 19.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, p. 21.
- ^ Akhriev 1967, pp. 21–22.
- ^ a b Akhriev 1967, p. 23.
Sources
[edit]- Akhriev, I. G. (1967). Гапур Ахриев [Gapur Akhriev] (in Russian). Grozny: ChI kn. izd-vo. pp. 1–41.
- "Ахриев Гапур Саидович" [Akhriev Gapur Saidovich]. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 2: Angola - Barzas. Moscow: Izd-vo Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya. 1969.
- Aliroev, I. Yu. (1990). Iriskhanov, I. A. (ed.). Язык, история и культура вайнахов [Language, history and culture of the Vainakhs] (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. pp. 1–368. ISBN 5-766-0102-06.
- Chakhiev, B. (March 1990). Tsitskiev, M.-B. (ed.). "Революционер, патриот : К 100-летию со дня рождения Гапура Саитовича Ахриева" [Revolutionary, patriot: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Gapur Saitovich Akhriev]. Ingushskoe slovo (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. p. 1.
- Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). Kodzoev, N. D.; et al. (eds.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Rostov-Na-Donu: Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Gioev, M. I.; Goygova, Z. A.; Gugov, R. Kh.; Uligov, U. A. (1983). Победа Советов на Тереке — торжество ленинского интернационализма [The Soviet victory on the Terek is a triumph of Leninist internationalism] (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: Ir. pp. 1–209.
- Markovin, V. I. (1969). Kuratova, I. A. (ed.). В стране вайнахов [In the land of the Vainakhs] (in Russian). Moscow: Iskusstvo. pp. 1–120.
- Piotrovsky, M. B.; Prozorov, S. M., eds. (1988). Ислам: словарь атеиста [Islam: an atheist's dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. pp. 1–258. ISBN 5-250-00125-4.
- Smirnov, I. A.; Bokov, Kh. Kh.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Goygova, Z. A.-G.; Gritsenko, V. N.; Krupnov, E. I.; Salamov, A. A.; Samarzin, V. S.; Topakalyan, N. A.; Chentieva, M. L., eds. (1967). Очерки истории Чечено-Ингушской АССР [Essays on the history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Grozny: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo.