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Early History

Ancient Ingush vessel with three handles

Materials of archaeological monuments of the Stone Age of the Mousterian era (40 thousand years BC) in Ingushetia

The most ancient archaeological monuments in Ingushetia are located in the villages of Plievo and Gamurzievo and belong to the Mousterian archaeological industry of the Middle Paleolithic Age; monuments dating to the Mesolithic and Neolithic are not found. In the Early Bronze Age, communities of the Maykop culture, the Kura–Araxes culture and the Catacomb culture were present here as attested by the Lugovoye monument near the village of Muzhichi. By 3rd millennium BCE, the North Caucasian culture monuments emerged in Ingushetia which were later replaced by monuments close to the Ginchin culture. There are found cyclopic buildings in mountainous Ingushetia whose dating has not been established. At the turn of the 2nd–1st millennium BCE the East Koban group of the Koban culture emerged here as attested by the Psedakh burial ground and the Keskem treasure. This culture in Ingushetia was enforced with the features of the Scythian-Sarmatian cultures as attested by the Lugovoye and Nesterovskaya burial grounds in the 6th–5th centuries BCE, and later with the features of only the Sarmatian culture; during this time, in Ingushetia an unique artistic style that combined both the features of Koban and Scythian-Sarmatian cultures formed.

The local culture of Ingushetia in the 1st to early 2nd millennium AD was closely related to the Sarmatians, including the Alans. By 4th century Ingushetia, along with other areas of the North Caucasus, probably fell into the sphere of influence of the Huns. From the end of 6th century Ingushetia was controlled by the First Turkic Khaganate, later by the Khazar Khaganate, from the 10th century by Alania—under its rule, the spread of Christianity to Ingushetia, mainly via Georgia, was supported. A number of hillforts have been found in the Sunzha River in Ingushetia, the early layers of which date back to the Koban culture while the upper layers to the Sarmatian-Alan culture. According to one of the 6 major versions, the medieval city of Maghas, which served as the capital of Alania, was located here.

Late medieval and Early modern period

Armament of a medieval Ingush warrior found in the crypt of the village of Ozdig. Photo taken in 1921.

In the 13th century North Caucasus, including Ingushetia, came under Golden Horde's rule after it was conquered by the Mongols. During this period, monuments like Keliya burial ground dating back to the 13–14th centuries emerged in Ingushetia. In autumn of 1935, Ingushetia was conquered and ruined by Timurid Empire led by Timur. In the 14–16th centuries Kabardian kurgans emerged in steppe regions of Ingushetia. In the 16th century Nogais conducted raids on Ingushetia. During the Late Middle Ages, complexes of Ingush residential and military towers like Targim, Erzi, Egikal, stone crypt-shaped and pillar-shaped sanctuaries, underground, semi-underground and above-ground crypts emerged.

In the second half of the 16th to 17th centuries, following Ingush societies emerged in Mountainous Ingushetia: Khamkhins, Tsorins, Chulkhoians, Fyappins, Dzherakh. In different periods, the number of societies and their boundaries changed. In the 17th century some of the lowland Ingush societies found themselves in tributary dependence on Kabardia.

Since the 1740s the contacts between Ingush and the Russian administration of Kizlyar and Mozdok fortresses increased with some Ingush clans (teips) signing an oath of allegiance to Russian Empire in order to be taken under Russian citizenship. On 4–6 March 1770, in a slope with a symbolic name Barta-Bos (Ingush: Барта-Бос, lit. 'Slope of Agreement') and a large gathering of people near the foothill village of Angusht, 24 Ingush elders of the Angusht Society swore an oath of allegiance to the Russian Empire. Russia was obligated to ensure the external security of Angushtins and not interfere with their migration to the lowland Ingushetia. As a guarantee, a detachment of Greben Cossacks was sent to Ingushetia. The oath contributed to the establishment of friendly allied relations between Russia and Ingush. However, it is unlikely that such oaths should be considered as acts of incorporation of a people into Russia. In fact, both sides took this oath as the conclusion of an alliance treaty. In the same year, the Ingush from the Tagaur Society also signed an oath of acceptance of Russian citizenship. In March 1783, the Angushtins retook oath after Russian army under Major Rick defeated them in a punitive expedition. In June 1783, the Ingush of the Angusht Society and Chechens, provoked by the Russian administration, fought in Tarskoye Valley.

The Russian administration felt the need to establish reliable communication routes with Georgia. Hence why, on May of 1784, 4 versts away from the village of Zaur, the Vladikavkaz Fortress was founded. Founded in the geographic center of Ingushetia, Vladikavkaz became the economic, political and cultural center of the Ingush as well as one of the most important cities in the North Caucasus.

On 3 September [O.S. 22 August] 1810 a deed of surety was signed between 6 Ingush clans living in the Tarskoye Valley and Russian Empire. According to the act, the Ingush clans were taken under Russian citizenship and obligated to protect the Georgian Military Road and provide military assistance. In return, they were given the right to use lands along the right bank of the Terek. In 1810, Nazran Fortress was established near the village of Nazran.

Caucasian war

Inqush on a map of 1808—The Russian Dominions in Europe.

Although part of the Ingush—Angushtins signed treaties between Russia and were considered under Russian rule—the mountain Ingush remained quite long unconquered by Russia. In July 1830, two Russian columns under the command of Major General Abkhazov made a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian troops went through the Darial and Assa gorges. Especially the inhabitants of Eban put up a courageous resistance against the Russian troops. As a result of the expedition, Ingush societies—Dzherakh, Fyappins and Khamkhins were temporarily conquered, district courts were established and a civil system was introduced to mountainous Ingushetia. In July 1832, Russian troops consisting also of Ossetian and Georgian detachments made another punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia, this time under the command of Baron Rosen, who at the time was commander-in-chief of the troops in the North Caucasus. The reason of this expedition was the murder of bailiff Konstantinov by the inhabitants of the village of Khuli. As a result of the expedition, many Ingush villages were exterminated with the arable lands being spoiled and a large number of livestock being stolen.

In the spring of 1840, when the general uprising of Chechnya broke out, Imam Shamil appointed his faithful associate Akhberdil Muhammed as the naib of Lesser Chechnya. During the uprising, Akhberdil annexed part of Ingushetia—Galashian and Karabulak societies to the Caucasian Imamate. The 1840–1850s are considered the peak of Caucasian Imamate, during which, number of Ingush societies (e.g. Vilayet Kalay) and some Tsorin and Khamkhin villages were part of it.

During the end of Caucasian War, flat Ingushetia for the first time was under Imperial Russian pressure as its lands were given up by Russia to the Cossacks to build their stanitsas as part of the completion of the construction of the Sunzhenskaya line. Numerous Ingush villages, in the Tarskoye Valley, the vicinity of Vladikavkaz, along the Kambileyevka, Sunzha and Assa rivers were forcibly evicted, and a chain of Cossack stanitsas was built on their territories which essentially divided Ingushetia into two parts—mountainous and flat and extremely aggravated land hunger among the Ingush.

According to reports of Russian officials, the forcible consolidation of villages, and the organized census were the reasons of the Nazran uprising of the Ingush in 1858. The uprising ended with a defeat for the rebels, which marked the conquest of Ingushetia by the Russian Empire. The leaders of the uprising; Chandyr Archakov, Magomed Mazurov, Dzhogast Bekhoev, mullahs Bashir Ashiev and Urusbi Mugaev were sentenced to death by hanging. Bekhoev escaped but the others were hanged on 25 June 1858. Thirty-two people were each sentenced to 1,000 blows with gauntlets, thirty to hard labor, five to indefinite work in mines, and twenty-five to work in factories for eight years.

In 1858, the territory of the left flank of the North Caucasus Line was divided into four okrugs: Kabardian, Military-Ossetian, Chechen and Kumyk. Ingushetia, divided into four pristavstvos—Nagornoye, Nazranovskoye, Karabulakskoye and Galashevskoye), was incorporated into the Military-Ossetian okrug.

Imperial Russian rule

In 1862 Ingush okrug was founded as part of the Western otdel of Terek oblast. It included Nazran, Mountain, Psedakh and Karabulak uchastoks. The latter was abolished in 1865 due to the mass deportation of its residents to the Ottoman Empire. In 1866 Meredzhins and Akkins were excluded from the Ingush okrug and transmitted to the Argunsky okrug. The reform of 30 December 1869 abolished separate administration for civilian, Cossack and mountainous population of Terek oblast. On 1 January 1871 Ingush okrug was incorporated in to Vladikavkazsky okrug.

In 1888 Russian administration, in order to have full control over local population and strengthen its positions in the Terek oblast, introduced military-Cossack administration in the oblast. Therefore Ingushetia was incorporated into the Sunzhensky otdel on 5 April [O.S. 24 March] 1888.. The new reform allowed military officials to arrest and exile any representative of the local population on suspicion. From 15 March 1891, the lease of land owned by the Cossacks was prohibited, and from 25 September 1894 the local residents bore collective responsibility for crimes committed in villages and on adjacent roads. The new rules didn't help the land hunger, which pushed the mountaineers to unlawful land seizures and deforestation. Especially in a difficult situation were the mountaineers whose 40% of farms had no arable or hayfields at all. Meanwhile, the Tsarist military and officials were gifted with plots of government land. The Ingush were forced to rent their own lands from the Cossacks The land hunger caused an enormous antagonism between the Ingush and the Cossacks, which resulted in mutual killings, violence and robberies, to which followed repressions of the Russian authorities.