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Typhoon Nelson
Very strong typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
Nelson on March 25
FormedMarch 19, 1982
DissipatedApril 1, 1982
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 185 km/h (115 mph)
1-minute sustained: 195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure990 hPa (mbar); 29.23 inHg
Fatalities56
Damage$7.4 million (1985 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines
Part of the 1982 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Nelson was the second storm to strike the Philippines within a week. Nelson originated from a tropical disturbance southeast of Guam towards the end of March. Although the system was initially poorly organized, the system began to quickly develop, and was upgraded into Tropical Storm Nelson on March 19. It tracked westward, and fluctuated in intensity for several days. On March 24, Nelson intensified into a typhoon, and entered an episode of rapid intensification. On March 25, Nelson reached the peak intensity, but thereafter moved ashore in the Philippines, where the storm weakened significantly. On March 27, Nelson entered the South China Sea, and the next day, briefly re-intensified before resuming a weakening trend. Nelson dissipated on March 31. Affecting the nation less than a week after Tropical Storm Mamie did, Nelson was responsible for additional flooding across much of the Philippines. Fifty-six people were killed by the system, eight due to drownings. Over 1,200 homes were destroyed. More than 165,00 fled to shelters, including 83,000 that were displaced from their home. Thirty fishing boats and 23 ferries were destroyed due to Nelson. Damage amounted to $7.4 million 1981 USD.

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The second of three early season tropical cyclones in the West Pacific basin, Typhoon Nelson can be traced back to a low latitude area of disturbed in mid-March.[1][nb 1] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started watching the system at 0000 UTC on March 18.[3][nb 2] Initially, the system was disorganized, but the disturbance was located in a favorable environment aloft and began to develop rapidly. Ten hours after the TCFA, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression.[1] Early on March 19, the JMA classified the system as Tropical Storm Nelson.[3] Later that morning, Hurricane Hunters reported winds of 60 mph (95 km/h)* and a barometric pressure of 993 mbar (29.3 inHg).[1] Based on this, the JTWC designated the system as Tropical Storm Nelson.[5]

Nelson tracked westward, staying south of a large subtropical ridge. Despite the aforementioned favorable environment,[1] Nelson briefly weakened late on March 19, but re-intensified slightly the following morning.[5] Shortly thereafter, the JTWC upgraded the system into a typhoon. Further intensification was halted due to increased easterly wind shear,[1] and the storm began to level off in intensity[5] as it accelerated on a westward course.[1] On March 21, the JMA declared Nelson a severe tropical storm.[3] According to the JTWC, the storm fluctuated between tropical storm and typhoon status for about 60 hours,[1] even though the JMA suggest that Nelson did not become a typhoon until March 24.[3]

After becoming a typhoon, Nelson forward's speed began to slow down as the storm began to move away from the ridge and encounter more conductive conditions. Consequently, Typhoon Nelson began to deepen more rapidly,[1] and by that afternoon, both the JTWC and JMA increased the intensity to 115 mph (185 km/h)*.[5] Although the JMA suggests the system reached its peak intensity at that time,[3] the JTWC indicated that Nelson strengthen slightly on March 25, and attained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h)*, equivalent to a major hurricane or a Category 3 system on the United States-based Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.[1] Shortly thereafter, the storm moved ashore in the Philippine at peak intensity.[5] Thereafter, Nelson weakened over the south-central portion of the nation. By March 26, the JMA had lowered the winds of 100 mph (160 km/h)*.[3]

By March 27, Nelson re-emerged into the South China Sea, having weakened considerably,[1] and data from both the JMA and JTWC indicated that Nelson was no longer a typhoon.[5] The next day, Nelson briefly re-intensified slightly, and at 1800 UTC on March 28, the JMA estimated a secondary peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h)*.[3] On the following day, Nelson resumed weakening due to increased wind shear. Despite the presence of a trough, Nelson did not recurve northeast, and instead meandered westward.[1] On the afternoon of March 31, the JMA ceased watching Nelson.[3] On the next day, the JTWC followed suit while located about 450 km (280 mi)* east of Nha Trang, Vietnam.[1]

Preparations and impact

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Typhoon Nelson was the second storm to strike the Philippines within a week, following Tropical Storm Mamie, which claimed 54 lives. Considered a "pre-season" storm by newspapers, Mamie required storm warnings for parts of the nation, which were broadcast via radio.[6] Much of the southern section of the Philippines were placed on typhoon alert.[7] Due to the threat of storm surge, residents in coastal areas were advised to evacuate to higher ground.[8]

Typhoon Nelson was responsible for significant flooding across the Philippines.[9] On the offshore Leyte Island, a radio transmitter and a school were destroyed.[9] In Cebu City, schools, businesses, and government offices were closed for a day. Across the low-lying town of Abucay, flooding occurred.[10] A total of 1,261 dwellings were leveled,[11] including 703 houses were destroyed in the provinces of Cebu, Bohol, and Surigao.[12] In Loreto Town, part of the Suriago Province, 95% of all coconut trees were toppled, all but 45 of the town's 600 houses were demolished.[11] A total of 165,462 persons evacuated to shelters;[13] approximately 83,000 of which were homeless.[14] Widespread power outages occurred.[9] Bridges were washed away.[12] Shipping and air services were halted;[9] 30 fishing boats[15] and 23 ferries were destroyed.[11] In all, 56 people perished due to Typhoon Nelson.[13] Ten died in the hard-hit Leyte Province.[11] Eight of the causalities were due to drownings, which included two woman and an infant.[16] Crop and property damage totaled $7.4 million.[16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds.[2]
  2. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Western Oceanography Center (1983). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1982 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Airforce. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  2. ^ Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1980–1989 (.TXT) (Report). Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  4. ^ "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved March 26, 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1985 NELSON (1985227N16149). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved April 10, 2014.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Philippines braces for second pre-season typhoon". United Press International. March 23, 1982.
  7. ^ "International News". United Press International. March 24, 1982.
  8. ^ "Typhoon Nelson lashes Philippines". United Press International. March 25, 1982.
  9. ^ a b c d "Typhoon Nelson hits the Philippines". United Press International. March 26, 1982.
  10. ^ Del Mundo, Fernando (March 26, 1982). "Second pre-season typhoon moves to central island". United Press International.
  11. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference UPI6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b "International". United Press International. March 27, 1982.
  13. ^ a b "International". United Press International. March 27, 1982.
  14. ^ "International News". Associated Press. March 29, 1982.
  15. ^ "Typhoon leaves 60,000 homeless". United Press International. March 27, 1982.
  16. ^ a b "Typhoon Kills Eight People in the Philippines". Associated Press. March 28, 1982.
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